CHEMISTRY

PROJECT
(SESSION 2015-16)

PRESENTED BY-
Bhavya Jain
Class 12-A
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Bhavya Jain, student of Class XIIth–A, The
Srijan School, Model Town has completed the project having the aim
“To Detect The Presence Of Different Anions And Cations In Different
Brands Of Toothpaste” during the academic year 2015-16 for the
chemistry practical evaluation of CBSE 2016 and submitted
satisfactory report as compiled in the following pages under my
supervision.

Mr. BK Goel
Department of Chemistry
The Srijan School, Model Town
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my deep gratitude to my mentor/teacher Mr.
BK Goel who was a constant source of encouragement and valuable
advices. This project wouldn’t have come to a successful completion
without his guidance.
I would also like to thank our lab assistant Mr. Jha who was always
there at my beck and call, serving me in every best possible way. He
made sure that all the requirements of the project were fulfilled.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents for being there with
continuing support morally and financially.
THANKYOU.
 INDEX
1.Objective/Aim
2.Introduction
3.Sample collection
4.Requirements
5.Theory
6.Tests for different samples
7.Comparative table
8.Conclusion
9.Precautions
10. Bibliography
 OBJECTIVE/AIM
To Detect The Presence Of Different Anions
And Cations In Different Brands Of
Toothpaste.
 Introduction

There’s a wide variety of toothpastes and related products available

today in the market for oral hygiene. However, for a common man,
differentiation on the basis of quality is really difficult with all the
fancy advertisements and offers.
A toothpaste contains a mildly abrasive substance such as calcium
carbonate and a detergent or soap, some sweetening agent other than
sugar and flavouring oils to make it pleasant to taste and smell. Some
toothpastes contains fluorides which make the enamel surface of the
tooth more resistant to bacterial activity and act against micro-
organisms as a metabolic poison. Generally any standard toothpaste
contain calcium carbonate, sodium monofluoro phosphate, sodium
lauryl sulphate, zinc sulphate, alum, some flavouring oils are also
added.
This project basically deals with the detection of various ions in
toothpaste that determine its quality, and thus, a comparison between
the prominent toothpaste brands.
SAMPLE COLLECTION
 REQUIREMENTS

Toothpaste(s):
Colgate, Pepsodent, Close-UP, Dabur Red, Babool.

Chemicals:
Hydrochloric acid, dilute Sulphuric acid, concentrated
Sulphuric acid, Barium chloride, Ammonium chloride,
Ammonium hydroxide, Ammonium carbonate, Acetic
acid, Nitric acid, Silver nitrate, Calcium chloride,
PottasiumFerrocyanide, H2S gas.

Test tubes, Beakers, Flasks, flame, spatula etc.

 THEORY
In qualitative analysis, the given compound is analysed for the
radicals, that is, cations and anions that it contains. The common
procedure of testing on unknown salt is to make its solution and then
test this solution for the ions present in it. Then Preliminary tests such
as colour, odour, dry heating, flame test etc. are performed. These
tests are common for all samples under salt analysis. Further, there are
separate procedures for detecting cations and anions.

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL (ANION)

After the preliminary tests are over with, to identify the anion, three
indicatory tests are carried out. They can be divided in to three
categories each with separate group reagent. Therefore anion may be
identified by performing the following tests in the order given.
Dilute H2SO4 test
Concentrated H2SO4 test
Independent Group (SO42-, PO43-)
After an anion is indicated, confirmatory tests are carried out,
corresponding to the anion.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)

To identify the cations, we have been using the flame test(a
preliminary test) for indication. Whichever cation is indicated, it is
confirmed on the basis of corresponding tests.
 TESTS FOR DIFFERENT SAMPLES

COLGATE
S.N
O.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Preliminary Tests
Colour White
Odour Minty smell(of
colgate)
Dry Heating Colourless, CO32- may be
odourless gas. present.
Flame test Reddish Flame Ca2+ may be
present.
2. Dil H2SO4 test- Colourless, CO32- may be
To the sample, odourless gas. present.
added some drops
of Dil H2SO4.
3. Confirmatory
tests.
To the sample A white ppt. CO32-confirmed
added MgSO4
solution.
Took an O.S, Brisk CO32-confirmed
added dil HCl. effervescence.
4. Conc. H2SO4 test- No change Conc. H2SO4
To the sample group absent
added some drops
of conc.H2SO4
5. Independent tests-
For SO42- -
To the sample White ppt. SO42-confirmed.
added
BaCl2solution.
To the sample White ppt. SO42-confirmed.
added Lead
acetate soln.
For PO43--
Added conc HNO3 Deep yellow PO43- confirmed.
to O.S and boiled. colouration.
Added ammonium
Molybdate soln in
excess and again
boiled.

CATIONS
S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATI INFERENCE
O. ON
6. Group 0- No change Group 0
To the sample absent
added NaOH and
heated
7. Group-1 No change Group I absent
To the sample
added dilute HCl
8. Group-II No change Group II
To the above test absent
tube added H2S
9. Group-III No change Group III
To the sample absent
 added NH4OH
and NH4Cl
10. Group-IV No change Group IV
To the above test absent
tube add H2S
11. Group-V A white ppt. Group V
To the sample present.
added NH4OH,
and (NH4)2CO3
solution.
Dissolved the
ppt. in CH3COOH
and divided the
solution into 3
parts.
(i) To the first part No change Ba2+absent
added
K2CrO4solution
(ii) To the second No change Sr2+absent
part added
(NH4)2SO4
(iii) To the third part A white ppt. Ca2+confirmed.
added (NH4)2C2O4
13. Group-VI A white ppt. Mg2+
Took the filtrate confirmed.
of above step
and added a few
drops of amm.
oxalate solution,
boiled, filtered.
Took the ppt,
boiled, added
 NH4OH and NH4Cl
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a
glass rod.

PEPSODENT
S.N EXPERIMENT Observation Inference
O.
1. Preliminary tests
Colour Baby pink
Odour That of
pepsodent.
Dry Heating White fumes, Cl- may be
pungent smell. present.
Flame test Reddish flame. Ca2+ may
be present.
2. Dil. H2SO4 test- Colourless, CO32- may
To the sample, odourless gas. be present.
added dil. H2SO4.
3. Confirmatory Tests
To the O.S added Brisk CO32-
dil HCl solution. effervescence. confirmed.
To the solution White ppt in CO32-
added MgSO4 cold. confirmed.
solution.
4. Conc. H2SO4 test- A colourless Cl- may be
 To the sample pungent gas. present.
added conc. H2SO4
5. Confirmatory tests
To the sample Greenish, Cl-
added MnO2 conc. yellow gas, confirmed
H2SO4. Heated. pungent smell.
To the sample A white ppt. Cl-
added dilute HNO3, confirmed
Boiled, cooled and
added AgNO3

CATIONS
S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIO INFERENC
O. N E
6. Group-0 No change Group 0
To the sample absent
added NaOH and
heated
7. Group-I No change Group I
To the sample absent
added dilute HCl
8. Group-II No change Group II
To the above test absent
tube added H2S
9. Group-III White Ppt. Group-III is
To the sample Formed. present.
added NH4Cl, Al3+
boiled, cooled, detected.
 added NH4OH in
excess.
Lake test- A blue ppt. Al3+
To the ppt, added floating in confirmed
dil HCl, 2 drops of colourless
blue litmus, and solution.
NH4OH dropwise.
10. To the filtrate of No change Group IV
group-III added absent
H2S solution.
11. To the sample A white ppt. Group V
added NH4OH and present.
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
Dissolved the ppt.
in CH3COOH and
divided it into 3
parts.
(i) To the first part No change Ba2+ absent
added
K2CrO4solution
(ii) To the second part
added (NH4)2SO4
solution
(iii) To the second part A white ppt. Ca2+
added (NH4)2C2O4 confirmed.
and NH4OH
solution.
13. Group-VI A white ppt. Mg2+
Took the filtrate of confirmed.
above step and
added a few drops
of amm. oxalate
 solution, boiled,
filtered. Took the
ppt, boiled, added
NH4OH and NH4Cl
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass
rod.

CLOSE-UP
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
.
1. Preliminary Tests
Colour Red
Odour Close up-smell
Dry Heating Suffocating SO32- may be
smell present.
Flame test Reddish flame. Ca2+ may be
 present.
2. Dil. H2SO4 test- Colourless, SO32- may be
To the sample, pungent smell, present.
added Dil. H2SO4 turned acidified
K2Cr2O7 solution
green.
3. Confirmatory tests
To the O.S added White ppt. SO32-
BaCl2 solution. confirmed.
To the ppt from Pink colour SO32-
above step added discharge. confirmed.
KMnO4solution.
4. Conc. H2SO4 Test- No change Conc. H2SO4
To the sample group absent
added
conc.H2SO4solution.

CATIONS
S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIO INFERENCE
O. N
5. Group-0 No change Group 0
To the sample absent
added NaOH and
heated
6. Group-I No change GroupI absent
To the sample
added dilute HCl
7. Group-II No change Group II
To the above test absent
tube added H2S
8. Group-III A brown ppt. Group-III
 To the sample present.
added NH4Cl, Fe3+ detected.
boiled, cooled,
added NH4OH in
excess.
Dissolved the ppt. prussian blue Fe3+ confirmed
in dilute HCl and colour
added Potassium
Ferrocyanide.
9. To the filtrate of No change Group IV
group-III added absent
H2S solution.
10. To the sample A white ppt. Group V
added NH4OH and present
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
Dissolved
CH3COOH and
divided into three
parts.
(i) To the first part No change Ba2+ absent
added K2CrO4
solution
(ii) To the second part No change Sr2+ absent
added (NH4)2SO4
solution
(iii) To the third part A white ppt. Ca2+ present
added
(NH4)2C2O4and
NH4OH
11. Group-VI No change Mg2+absent
Took the filtrate of
above step and
added a few drops
of amm. oxalate
solution, boiled,
filtered. Took the
ppt, boiled, added
NH4OH and NH4Cl
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass
rod.
 Dabur-RED
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
.
1. Preliminary Tests
Colour Red
Odour Dabur Red-smell
Dry Heating Colourless, CO32- may be
odourless gas. present.
Flame test Reddish flame. Ca2+ may be
present.
2. Dil. H2SO4 test- No gas evolved. Dil. H2SO4
To the sample, group
added Dil. H2SO4 absent.
4. Conc. H2SO4 Test- No gas evolved. Conc. H2SO4
To the sample group absent
added
conc.H2SO4solution
.

CATIONS
S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
O.
5. Group-0 No change Group 0 absent
To the sample
added NaOH and
heated
6. Group-I No change Group I absent
To the sample
added dilute HCl
7. Group-II No change Group II absent
 To the above test
tube added H2S
8. Group-III No change. GroupIII absent
To the sample
added NH4Cl,
boiled, cooled,
added NH4OH in
excess.
9. To the filtrate of No change Group IV absent
group-III added
H2S solution.
10. To the sample A white ppt. Group V absent
added NH4OH and
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
(i) To the first part No change Ba2+ absent
added K2CrO4
solution
(ii) To the second part No change Sr2+ absent
added (NH4)2SO4
solution
(iii) To the third part No change Ca2+ absent
added
(NH4)2C2O4and
NH4OH
11. Group-VI No change Mg2+absent
Took the filtrate of
above step and
added a few drops
of amm. oxalate
solution, boiled,
filtered. Took the
ppt, boiled, added
 NH4OH and NH4Cl
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass
rod.

Babool
S.N EXPERIMENT Observation Inference
O.
1. Preliminary tests
Colour Reddish
Odour Babool smell
Dry Heating Colourless CO32 may be
odourless gas. present.
Flame test Reddish flame. Ca2+ may be
present.
2. Dil. H2SO4 test- Colourless, CO32- may
To the sample, odourless gas. be present.
added dil. H2SO4.
3. Confirmatory Tests
To the O.S added Brisk CO32-
dil HCl solution. effervescence. confirmed.
To the solution White ppt in CO32-
added MgSO4 cold. confirmed.
solution.
4. Conc. H2SO4 test- No gas evolved. Conc. H2SO4
To the sample group
added conc. H2SO4 absent.
5. Independent Group
Tests-
 For SO42- -
To the sample White ppt. SO42-
added confirmed.
BaCl2solution.
To the sample White ppt. SO42-
added Lead acetate confirmed.
soln.
For PO43--
Added conc HNO3 No change. PO43-
to O.S and boiled. absent.
Added ammonium
Molybdate soln in
excess and again
boiled.

CATIONS
S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
O.
6. Group-0 No change Group 0
To the sample absent
added NaOH and
heated
7. Group-I No change Group I
To the sample absent
added dilute HCl
8. Group-II No change Group II
To the above test absent
tube added H2S
9. Group-III No change. Group-III
To the sample absent
added NH4Cl, .
 boiled, cooled,
added NH4OH in
excess.
10. To the filtrate of No change Group IV
group-III added absent
H2S solution.
11. To the sample A white ppt. Group V
added NH4OH and absent
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
(i) To the first part No change Ba2+ absent
added K2CrO4
solution
(ii) To the second part No change Sr2+ absent
added (NH4)2SO4
solution
(iii) To the third part White ppt. Ca2+ present.
added
(NH4)2C2O4and
NH4OH
11. Group-VI No change Mg2+absent
Took the filtrate of
above step and
added a few drops
of amm. oxalate
solution, boiled,
filtered. Took the
ppt, boiled, added
NH4OH and NH4Cl
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass
rod.
 COMPARATIVE
INFERENCE TABLE

NAME OF Ca2+ CO32 SO32- C SO42- Al3+ Fe3+ Mg2+

-
THE l-
TOOTHPAST
E
COLGATE
PEPSODENT
CLOSE-UP
Dabur-RED
Babool
 CONCLUSION

On the basis of the comparative inference table, we see that

_________ is the best of all toothpastes as it contains a majority of the
essential constituents (anions and cations) of a toothpaste.
 PRECAUTIONS

1. Handle the chemicals carefully.

2. Use test tube holder to hold the test tube.
3. Never add water to conc. acids
4. Never touch any chemical with hands directly.
5. Use a dropper for concentrated Acids.
6. Don’t smell the vapours from too close.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste
 http://www.seminarsonly.com
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/78515818/Chemistry-Project-
Work
 http://www.britannica.com/topic/Colgate-Total
 http://www.dabur.com/Export-Dabur%20Red%20Toothpaste