REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- one of the most important components of a
good investigatory research paper
 properly planned
 adeptly conceptualized
 well written
Reviewing and organizing related studies is basic
to all research. This will provide you with additional
knowledge and insights into the topic. It will also
help you organize the concepts and principles
fundamental to your research.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- briefly summarizes studies directly related to
your research
- includes: purpose, procedures, major findings,
and recommendation
It discusses: relevant information, reviews: most
recent findings, and identifies: gaps in existing
knowledge about the problem or area being
studied.
Through an extensive review of research you can
learn which procedures and techniques have
proved useful and those that seem less promising.
A thorough search of related studies also avoids
unintentional replication of studies that have been
concluded in the past.
Helpful Tips in Writing the RRL
a. it must document accepted facts, concepts, and
processes upon which there search is based
b. reference information should be correctly
recorded so that proper documentation of
sources can be made and appropriate credit be
given the author
c. describe similarities and differences among
research studies as background information for
current study
d. include the following as general background
information of your paper:
 Living Things/Organisms (microorganisms,
plants, animals)
 Behavior
 Process/Procedure
 Matter
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- exhaustive search of existing studies,
preferably published, materials on topics
related to the project
- preparing the RRL enables the researcher to
formulate the methods and procedures for the
project
- when you search for literature for your project,
you want to find out what has been done, and
what concepts and procedures exist that could
be used as part of the solution to the real life
problems under study
- the RRL is not complied only for your use, but
also for the benefit of other researchers and
lay persons who may be interested in the
research study topic
FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION
1. General information
- basic concepts and background information
about the projects that would make the
readers:
 understand what the project is about
 appreciate the significance of the project
2. Theoretical and technical concepts
- scientific or technical theories and facts that:
 provide credibility to the solution
proposed
 substantiate existing facts
 help clarify inconsistencies
 fill in the existing gaps in the knowledge
of the researcher
3. Procedures and processes
- existing technologies and methods that
have been used or discovered for projects
of a similar nature, that:
 provide insights as to how similar
problematic situations were resolved in
the past
 present new ideas and approaches that
had not occurred to the researcher
4. Past researches and current works
- reports of works of a similar nature as that
of the proposed project that:
 ascertain the extent of work done on the
same area, thus avoiding application
 justify the need for new or further
investigation by showing that a gap in
this field of study exists that your
research hopes to fill
  do not put ANOVA tables/statistical test in the
 when you search the literature, find out what has results in the abstract. Results should be
been done discussed
 when you are done with the study, remember
the scientific principles and theories that were PLAGIARISM
used behind your project - act of presenting another’s work or ideas as
your own
Introduction - word “plagiarism” come from the Latin
- should include documented background plagiarus meaning “kidnapper”
research on the entity being studied, the - Merriam:
independent and dependent variables of the  to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of
experiments, and the various method that are another) as one’s own: use (another’s
used in the study production) without crediting the source
- it must present the:  to commit literary theft: present as new
1) background of the study and original an idea or product derived
2) statement of the problem from an existing source
3) objectives
4) significance  Plagiarism is theft of intellectual property.
5) limitations of the study without sub-  Plagiarism is cheating.
sections  Plagiarism may result in receiving a failing grade
or zero for the assignment. Plagiarism could
Parts of result in a disciplinary referral. Students caught
the Description Guide Questions plagiarizing may be denied admittance to or
Abstract removal from the National Honor Society
Present the
innovation, Misconceptions about Plagiarism:
Why you did this
problem, if...
1st Part project? What is
objective for  dead or alive author
its purpose?
proposed
project  translated or paraphrased
 picture from the internet
then cite your source!
Describe the What methods did
2nd Part methods of you use? How did
experiment you use them? TWO TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
Intentional Plagiarism Unintentional Plagiarism
Present what What did you  copying friend’s work  careless
3rd Part
was observed observe?  buying/borrowing paraphrasing
papers  poor documentation
With the use of
What do your  cutting and pasting  quoting excessively
findings mean? blocks of text from  failure to use your
results, give the
4th Part How does this electronic sources own “voice”
contribution and
relate to the without documenting
novelty
problem?  media “borrowing”
without
documentation
 abstract should be written AFTER the study
 web publishing
 abstract is the overview of the study without permissions
 abstract should be concise and direct to the of creators
point
Paraphrasing requires a citation.
REAL LIFE CONSEQUENCES Review of Related Literature and Studies
 damaged reputation of two prominent
historians Stephen Ambrose and Doris Kearns Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
Goodwin
 Kearns left television position and stepped
down as Pulitzer Prize judge for “lifting” 50
passages for her 1987 book The
Fitzegralds and the Kennedys (Lewis)
 Senator Joseph Biden dropped his 1987
campaign for the Democratic presidential
nomination (Sabato)
 copied in law school and borrowed from
campaign speeches of Robert Kennedy

Figure 2.1 Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

ILLUSTRATING
ADDING SEQUENCING Photo taken by: Vendiola, 2013
AFFIIOST
AAAFIMO FMNNS
As shown by Common name Dog
And First, firstly, first
For example Kingdom Animalia
Another point of all
For instance
is Second, ... Order Carnivora
Illustrated by
As well as Third, ...
In the case of Family Canidae
Furthermore Meanwhile
One example
In addition Next Genus Canis
is...
Moreover Now Speciea C. lupus
Such as
On top of that Subsequently
Take... me char Bi/Trinomial name C.l. familiaris
CONTRASTING
QUALIFYING Table 1.1 Taxonomy of Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
COMPARING ACHHNOWU
AAABEHIU
AEILLS
Alternatively
Although
As with Conversely
Apart from
Equally Having said that
As long as
In the same However
But
way Nevertheless
Except
Like On the other
However
Likewise hand
If
Similarly Whereas
Unless
Unlike

CAUSE AND EMPHASIZING

EFFECT SUMMARY AEIINS
ABBCDOTT GIIIIOO

As a result of Generally Above all

Because In brief Especially
Because of In other words Indeed
Consequently In general In particular
Due to In short Notably
Owing to On the whole Significantly
Therefore Overall
Thus