Department of Electronics and Communications

ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION – ELEC 0307

ASSIGNMENT SPRING 2010

Done by:-Qais Al-Amri

ID:- 07s2996

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 ASSIGNMENT:

1. The E field pattern of an antenna, independent of φ ,varies as follows: (Each 2 Marks)

10 ° ≤θ ≤ 30 °
E=
{
030 ° ≤θ ≤ 60 °
0.5 60 ° ≤θ ≤ 90 °
0 9 0° ≤θ ≤ 180 °

a. Calculate the directivity of the antenna.

4 πU max
D=
Prad
U max =wr 2
E2
w=
2η
E 2 r2
U max =
2η
Prad =∬ U max . d Ω
E2 r 2
Prad =∬ .sin θdθdφ
2η
r2
Prad = ∬ E2 . sin θdθdφ
2η
2π 30 90
r2
Prad = ∫ dφ
2η 0
2π
[∫
0
30
E . sin θdθ+∫ E2 . sin θdθ
2

60
90
]
r2
Prad = ∫ dφ
2η 0
2π
[∫
0
30
(1 ) .sin θdθ+∫ (0 .5 )2 .sin θdθ
2

90
60
]
r2
Prad = ∫ dφ
2η 0 [∫
0
1
sin θdθ+ ∫ sin θdθ
4 60 ]
r2 2 π 1
Prad =
2η 0 [
φ| −cosθ ]30
0 +
4 ()
−cos θ ]90
60 ]

2
 r2 1
[
Prad = 2 π 0 , 1339+ ×0 .5
2η 4 ( )]
0 .2589 πr 2
Prad = watt
η
4 πU max
D=
Prad
4 πr 2 E2 η
D=
2 η 0 .2589
4
D=
2×0 .2589
D=7 . 72499

b. If the electric field at that distance is equal to 10 V/m for θ=0° and the current is 5A
calculate the radiation resistance of the antenna at 200m from it.

1
Prad = I 2 Rr
2
2 Prad
Rr = 2
I
2 2
0 .2589 πr E
Prad =
η
2 2
0 .2589 π (200) (10)
Prad =
377
Prad =8 .5997×103
2×8 .5997×103
Rr =
25
Rr =687 . 98 Ω

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2. A parabolic antenna with a 6m diameter dish has an aperture efficiency of 65%. The
operating frequency is 10GHz. For the antenna find: (Each 2 Marks)
a. Effective capture area

Aem
ecd=
Area
Aem=ecd×area
2
Aem=0,65×πr
Aem=0,65×π (3)2
Aem=18 .378 m2

b. Gain

G=ecd . D
λ2
Aem= D. ecd
4π
4 π Aem
D= 2
λ . ecd
c 3×108
λ= = =0 . 03 m
f 1×1010
4 π Aem
D= 2
λ . ecd
4 π 18 . 378
D=
0 . 032 ×0 . 65
D=394 . 777×103
G=ecd . D
G=0 , 65×394 .777×103
G=265 . 605×103

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3. A transmission line of length 70 meters is terminated with an antenna of input impedance
134 ∠210. The frequency of operation is 3MHz and the characteristic impedance of the line
is230 ∠ 00. Use a Smith Chart to calculate the:

ZL=134 ∠21,,,,, 125+ j 48

Z 0 =230
ZL 125+ j 48
z l= =
Z 0 230
z l=0 . 543+ j 0 .182

a. VSWR=1.95
b. Characteristic impedance at the input of the line.

l=70m
λ=100m
l=0.7 λ
0.7 λ+0.037 λ=0.737 λ
0.737 λ−0.5 λ=0.237 λ
0.237 λ+0.037 λ=0.274 λ
Zat 0.274 λ=1.825− j 0.34×230
Zat 0.274 λ=419.75− j78.2

c. Shortest length and distance of a stub to match the line and antenna.

d=0.151 λ−0.037 λ=0.114 λ

d=0.114×100=11.4m
l=0.461 λ−0.25 λ
l=0.211 λ
l=0.211×100=21.1m

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4. The input reactance of a linear dipole antenna of length l = λ/60 and radius r =λ/200 is

X ¿ =−120
[ ln ( rl )−1] . The wire is made up of Copper (σ=5.7×10 7)
and the operating
tanβl
frequency is 1 GHz. The radiation resistance of the antenna is 0.22Ω. Calculate:
a. The loss resistance(high frequency resistance)
l l ωμ
Rhf =
P
R s=
P 2σ√ohms

λ=0.3 m
λ
l= =5×10−3
60
λ
r= =1.5×10−3
200
p=2 πr=9. 4×10−3
ω=2πf =6.282×109
μ=4 π×10−7=1. 256×10−6

5×10−3 6 .282×109 ×1 .256×10−6

Rhf =
√
9 .4×10−3 2×5.7×10 7

=3
Rhf =0 .5305×8.3×10
Rhf =4 .15×10 =3 Ω

b. Radiation Efficiency

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 Rr
ecd= R + R
L r

0 .22
e cd =
(0 . 22+4 . 15×10=3 )
e cd =0 . 98. 14

c. VSWR when connected to a 50Ω line.

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 1+K
VSWR=
1−K
Z −Z
K= L 0
Z L+Z 0
Z L=(R r +R L )+ jX in
l

X in = -120
[ () ]
ln
r
−1

tan βl
2π 5. Assume that an ionised layer of
β= =20 . 943
λ atmosphere with height h reflects
radio wave like a mirror and the

X in = -120
[(
ln
5×10−3
)
1. 5×10−3
−1
] earth is flat. If the critical
frequency is fc ,prove that the
tan (20. 943×1. 5×10−3 )
X in =−13 . 38×103 skip distance D for a given

Z L=(R r +R L )+ jX in maximum usable frequency, f muf

Z L=(0 .22+ 4 .15×10=3 )− j13 . 38×103

Z L−Z0
K=
Z L+Z 0
(0 .22+4 .15×10=3 )− j13 . 38×103 −50
K=
(0 .22+4 . 15×10 =3 )− j13 . 38×10 3 +50
−49 .796− j 13 .38×103 is given by
K=
50 . 2045− j13 . 38×10 3
13 . 38×103 ∠−90 . 2
K=
13 . 38×10 3 ∠−89. 75
K=1
1+K f muf 2
VSWR=

VSWR=
1−K
1+1
D=2h
√( fc ) −1

1−1
2
VSWR= =∞
0

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 CA = √ ( AB )2 ( BC )2

h
cos i=
2

√(2D ) + h2

h
cos i=
2

cos i=
2h
√( D4 )+ h 2

√ D 2 +4 h2
sin i
μ=
sin r
sin i
μ max =
sin 90
81 N max
μ max =sin i=

f c =9 √ N max
√ 1−
f
2
muf

f
μ max =sin i=

f
c2
√ 1−
f
c
2
2

muf

sin 2 i=1− 2
muf
f
sin 2 i=1−cos 2
f 2
4 h2
cos2 = c 2
=
f muf D 2 +4 h2
f 2
c 4 h2
2
=
f
muf D 2 + 4 h2
2
f muf
D 2 + 4 h2
=
f 2 4 h2
c
2
f muf
D2 4 h2
= 2
+
f 2 4 h 4 h2
c
2
muf
f D2
= +1
f 2 4 h2
c
2
muf
f D2
−1=
f 4 h2
c2
2
muf

( f
f
c
2
− 1 × 4 h 2= D 2
)
2

D=
√( f
f
c
muf

2 )
−1 ×4 h2

references

1. Prasad, K.D. Antenna and wave propagation. 3rd ed. New Delhi.: SATYA Prakashan, 1996 (Reprint ed.
2007)

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 table of contacts

Question 1 2-3
Question 2 4
Question 3 5
Smith chart 6
Question 4 7-8
Question 5 9

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