Name Date

Reproduction of Organisms
Why do living things reproduce?

Before You Read

Before you read the chapter, think about what you know about why living things reproduce. In the
first column, share three things you already know about this topic. In the second column, identify
three things that you would like to learn more about. When you have completed the chapter, think
about what you have learned and complete the What I Learned column.

K W L
What I Know What I Want to Learn What I Learned

Chapter Vocabulary
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Lesson 1 Lesson 2
NEW NEW
sexual reproduction asexual reproduction
egg fission
sperm budding
fertilization regeneration
zygote vegetative reproduction
diploid cloning
homologous
chromosomes ACADEMIC
haploid potential
meiosis

REVIEW
DNA

A Lesson Content Vocabulary page for each lesson is provided in the Chapter Resources Files.

Reproduction of Organisms 33
 Lesson 1 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
Scan Lesson 1. Then write three questions you have about sexual reproduction in your
Science Journal. Try to answer your questions as you read.

What is sexual Model the process of sexual reproduction. Complete the

reproduction? diagram using these labels:
I found this on page 117 .
• egg • sperm • fertilization • zygote

Mother Father

Egg Sperm
Fertilization

Zygote

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

New organism

Diploid Cells Detail the relationship between diploid cells and homologous
I found this on page 118 . chromosomes.
Diploid cells have pairs of chromosomes. These

chromosome pairs, which have genes for the same traits

arranged in the same order, are called homologous

chromosomes.

Haploid Cells Define haploid cells, and explain how they are produced.
I found this on page 119 .
Haploid cells are cells that have only one chromosome

from each pair. They are produced through meiosis.

34 Reproduction of Organisms
 Lesson 1 | Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis (continued)

The Phases of Meiosis Model the stages of meiosis I. Draw and describe each stage.
I found this on page 120 .
Stage of Drawing Description
Meiosis I
Prophase I Drawings should Chromosome pairs
show chromosome condense in the
pairs condensed in center of a single
the center of a cell.
single cell.

Metaphase I Drawings should Sister chromatids

show sister line up at the center
chromatids lined up of the cell.
at the center of the
cell.

Anaphase I Drawings should Sister chromatids

show sister are pulled to
chromatids at opposite ends of the
opposite ends of the cell.
cell.

Telophase I Drawings should The cytoplasm

show cytoplasm divides around each
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

divided around each set of sister

set of sister chromatids, forming
chromatids, forming two daughter cells.
two daughter cells.

I found this on page 121 . Model the stages of meiosis II. Describe each stage.

Stage of Description
Meiosis II
Prophase II Chromosome pairs condense in the center
of a single cell.

Metaphase II Sister chromatids line up at the center of

the cell.

Anaphase II Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite

ends of the cell.

Telophase II The cytoplasm divides around each set of

sister chromatids, forming two daughter
cells.

Reproduction of Organisms 35
 Lesson 1 | Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis (continued)

Why is meiosis Summarize the importance of meiosis.

important?
I found this on page 122 . making haploid sex
Maintains
by cells that join during
diploid cells
fertilization and form a
diploid zygote

Creates that 1. maintain the correct

haploid cells help number of
chromosomes in each
generation of offspring

2. provide genetic
variation

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

How do mitosis and Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis and cell division.
meiosis differ?
I found this on page 123 .
Mitosis has Both Meiosis has
have

1 division of 1 diploid 2 divisions of

nucleus parent cell nucleus
2 diploid 4 haploid
daughter cells daughter cells
produced produced

36 Reproduction of Organisms
 Lesson 1 | Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis (continued)

Advantages of Sexual Explain why genetic variation and selective breeding are
Reproduction advantages of sexual reproduction.
I found this on page 124 .
Sample answers shown. Advantage Explanation
Genetic Instead of being exact genetic copies of
variation parents, members of the same species
have different traits, which enable some
of them to survive environmental
changes.

Selective The process of choosing and breeding

breeding individuals with desirable traits allows
breeders to create offspring with those
traits.

Disadvantages of Sexual Identify two main disadvantages of sexual reproduction.

Reproduction
I found this on page 125 . 1. takes time

2. takes energy
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Explain how the process of meiosis relates to the way in which a child
resembles but is not an exact copy of his or her parents.
Accept all reasonable responses. Student answers should identify observable

characteristics, such as eye color, hair type and color, the shapes of facial features,

and height and build, and attribute the combinations of these to the portions of DNA

inherited from each parent. Students should also indicate that a child does not carry

DNA identical to either parent.

Reproduction of Organisms 37
 Lesson 2 Asexual Reproduction
Predict three facts that will be discussed in Lesson 2 after reading the headings. Write your
facts in your Science Journal.

What is asexual Identify key points about asexual reproduction. Cross out
reproduction? the terms that do not apply to the process.
I found this on page 129 .
single parent genetically
fertilization meiosis
organism identical

diploid parent offspring 2 parent haploid

cells produced organisms daughter cells

I found this on page 129 . Summarize asexual reproduction in your own words.
Sample answer: In asexual reproduction, one parent

organism produces offspring without going through

meiosis and without fertilization.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Types of Asexual Identify the 6 types of asexual reproduction.
Reproduction
I found this on page 130 .

fission
I found this on page 131 .
mitotic cell budding
division

I found this on page 131 . Types of

Asexual
Reproduction

I found this on page 132 .

animal
cloning
regeneration

vegetative
I found this on page 134 . reproduction

38 Reproduction of Organisms
 Lesson 2 | Asexual Reproduction (continued)

I found this on page 130 . Sequence the steps of cell division through fission.

1. Fission starts with a prokaryote, which does not have a

membrane-bound nucleus.

2. The prokaryote’s DNA molecule

is copied.

3. The cell grows longer, pulling the two copies of DNA

apart.

4. The cell membrane pinches inward along the middle of

the cell .

5. The cell splits. Two identical daughter cells

are formed.

I found this on page 131 . Write a complete sentence that defines mitotic cell division
and identifies what type of organism undergoes the process.
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: Mitotic

cell division is a form of asexual reproduction in which an

organism, such as a unicellular eukaryote, divides into two

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

individual offspring through mitosis and cell division.

I found this on page 131 . Draw a representation of budding. Write a definition of the
term on the lines below your drawing.
Drawings should show a smaller but identical organism
attached to a larger mature organism.

Definition: Sample answer: Budding is the form of asexual

reproduction in which an offspring grows on the body of

its genetically identical parent until it is mature enough to

break off and live on its own.

Reproduction of Organisms 39
 Lesson 2 | Asexual Reproduction (continued)

I found this on page 132 . Explain how animal regeneration can produce two results.

Animal regeneration
produces

new organisms . new parts of organisms.

A complete offspring grows An organism can grow a

from a piece of a new part when a piece

parent . of it is removed .

I found this on page 133 . Identify the structures of plants usually involved in
vegetative reproduction.

roots stems leaves

I found this on page 134 . Explain how the definition of cloning has changed
over time.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Cloning

In the past Today

any process that a technique developed
produced genetically by scientists and
identical offspring performed in the lab

I found this on page 134 . Identify three advantages of using tissue culture to clone plants.
1. Plant growers can make many copies of plants with
desirable traits.

2. A greater number of plants can be produced more

quickly than by vegetative reproduction.

3. Growers can reproduce plants that have become

infected using disease-free meristem.

40 Reproduction of Organisms
 Lesson 2 | Asexual Reproduction (continued)

I found this on page 135 . Sequence the steps scientists used to produce the cloned sheep,
Dolly.

1. A cell is removed from the first animal. DNA is removed from an

unfertilized egg cell from a second animal.

2. The cells from the two animals are fused . The new cell

contains only DNA from the first animal .

3. The cell develops into an embryo in the lab.

4. Embryos are implanted into the

animal that donated the unfertilized egg.

5. A new individual is born. This individual is an exact genetic

copy of the original animal .

Classify features of asexual reproduction as advantages

or disadvantages. Write “A” for advantage and “D” for disadvantage
in the center column of the table below. Explain your reasoning in
the right-hand column.

I found this on page 136 . Does not require A Because organisms do not need
a mate to search for mates in order to
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

reproduce, they use less time

and energy.
Can occur rapidly A Organisms can reproduce
rapidly, producing a large
number of offspring.

Produces little D Less genetic variation within a

genetic variation species makes it more
vulnerable to environmental
changes.

Use your understanding of asexual reproduction to explain why it is

important that organisms reproduce in a variety of ways.
Accept all reasonable responses. Answers should reflect that a variety of means of

reproduction permits a diverse range of organisms to survive a variety of

environmental challenges.

Reproduction of Organisms 41
 Review Reproduction of Organisms
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned. Complete the What I
Learned column on the first page of the chapter.

Use this checklist to help you study.

Complete your Foldables® Chapter Project.
Study your Science Notebook on this chapter.
Study the definitions of vocabulary words.
Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.
Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson.
Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.

Reread the chapter Big Idea and the lesson Key Concepts. Imagine
how the human population would be different if humans reproduced asexually.
Explain how this could be both an advantage and a disadvantage to humans and to
other organisms.
Accept all reasonable responses. Students should observe that asexual

reproduction would result in faster growth of the human population and that the

genetic variation that leads to individuality would diminish.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Challenge Design two models that demonstrate how genetic material is passed from parents to
offspring in meiosis and in mitotic cell division. Present your models to the class, and explain the
processes that they represent.

42 Reproduction of Organisms