INFORMATION SHEET "XXX" b.
Solid wire is made of a single strand of copper or aluminum
Hydraulic means using pressurized fluid oil to accomplish
work.
Hydraulic oil is a specially formulated oil for hydraulic
pumps.
(Note: No oil or fluid should ever be substitute for hydraulic
oil.)
Chuck is a portion of drill that holds the bit.
Ram is a device used to transfer hydraulic pressure to a
mechanical device
COMMON ELECTRICAL POWER TOOLS
Tools are used to modify raw materials for human use.
Tools can be considered as extension of the human hand thereby
increasing its speed, power, and accuracy.
Advantages of using the proper tools
1. Efficiency of the work
2. High quality of work is achieved
3. Speed of accomplishment is faster
4. Accuracy
Definition of Terms
Ampere - a unit of measure of electric current
Circuit - the path of electric current from the source to the
components and goes back to the source
Kilowatt - a unit of power which is equivalent to 1000w
Conductor - a wire or a cord which provides path for current
flow
Resistance - the quality of electric current measured in ohms
that resist the flow of current
Hot wire - a wire through which current flows
Insulator – material used to cover electric wires which may be
made from plastic, rubber, or asbestos.
Tools - are implements used to modify raw materials for
human use Corrugated plastic conduit (CPC) - commonly
known as flexible non-metallic conduit or the “moldflex”
Metallic Conduits- metal raceways that was classified into
four; rigid steel conduit (RSC), intermediate metallic conduit
or tubing (IMC or IMT), electrical metallic conduit or tubing
(EMC or EMT) and the flexible metallic conduit (FMC)
Non-metallic conduits- plastic conduits or raceways designed
to be a channel of wire that are classified as; rigid non-metallic
conduit or the PVC, the flexible nonmetallic or CPC, and the
surface plastic molding
Connectors and Adapters - accessories that are used to connect
from boxes to conduits or raceways to the other boxes in the
electrical system
Electrical Supplies and Materials
Electrical materials are developed and constructed for a
special purpose such as to:
1. control the flow of current in an electrical circuit;
2. carry electrical current from the source to the load or
current consuming apparatus;
3. hold and secure wires to its fixtures inside and outside
houses and buildings; and
4. protect the houses, buildings, appliances’ and instruments
from any destruction and damage.
Switch - a device that connects and disconnects the flow of
electric current in a circuit. There are many shapes, designs,
and types and they are classified as hanging, flush, and surface
types.
Fuse - a circuit protective device that automatically blows and
cut the current when and over load or short circuit happens.
Circuit Breaker - a protective device used to automatically
blows and cuts the current when trouble in the circuit such as
short circuit or overload occurs.
Junction Box - an octagonal shaped electrical material where
the connections or joints of wires are being done. It is also
where the flush type lamp holder is attached. This could be
made of metal or plastic (PVC) Polyvinylchloride.
Utility Box - a rectangular shaped metallic or plastic (PVC)
material in which flush type convenience outlet and switch are
attached.
Electrical Wire/Conductor- electrical material that could be:
a. Stranded wire which is made of multiple strands joined
together to make a single wire.
wire. These are used in wiring installation inside and outside
the buildings.
Conduits/Pipes- electrical materials used as the passage of
wires for protection and insulation. These could be rigid
metallic, flexible metallic conduit (FMC), rigid nonmetallic
(PVC), and flexible non-metallic or corrugated plastic conduit
(CPC)
Definition of Terms
Amperage (Amps) - a unit of measurement of electrical
current flow
Ampere - a unit of measurement which describes the amount
of electric current passing a certain point at a particular time
Centimeter - hundredth of a meter
Inch - a portion of a foot, which is an English unit of linear
measurement
Megger - an instrument used to measure the insulation
resistance of conductors or wire. It gives measurement in
ohms or meg-ohms
Millimeter - one-thousandth of a meter
Multi-tester - an electrical measuring instrument used to
measure the voltage, the resistance or the current of a circuit.
It is connected either through parallel or series with the circuit
depending on what to measure
Ohm - the unit of measurement used to express resistance
Ohmmeter - an instrument used to measure resistance in ohms
Volt - a unit of measurement of electrical pressure or voltage
Voltmeter - an instrument specially designed for measuring
voltage
Wire Gauge - used to measure the diameter of magnetic wire
MEASURING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS
Measurement is the process or the result of determining the
ratio of a physical quantity, such as a length, time,
temperature, etc., to a unit of measurement, such as the meter,
second or degree Celsius. The science of measurement is
called metrology. The English word measurement originates
from the Latin mēnsūra and the verbmetiri through the Middle
French mesure.
Test Light is a pocket size tool used to test the line wire or
circuit if there is current in it.
Micrometer is used to measure the diameter of
wires/conductors in circular mils. It can measure small and big
sizes of wires and cables.
Wire Gauge is used in determining the size of
wires/conductors. The gauge ranges from 0 to 60 awg (
American wire gauge).
Ruler/foot rule is a measuring tool used to measure length,
width and thickness of short flat object and in sketching
straight lines
Pull-Push Rule is a measuring tool used to measure the length
of an object in centimeter and inches
Ammeter is an instrument used to measure the amount of
electrical current intensity in a circuit. The unit of measure is
ampere (a). It is connected along or series to the circuit.
Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure electrical pressure
or voltage of a circuit. The unit of measure is volt (v). This is
connected across or parallel to the circuit.
Clamp Ammeter is also called tong-tester. It is used to
measure current flowing in a conductor. It is clamped or
hanged in a conductor.
Volt-Ohmmeter (VOM) otherwise called as Multi-tester; is
used to measure the voltage, resistance and current of a circuit.
It is connected in parallel or series with the circuit depending
on what to measure.
SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
A system of measurement is a set of units which can be used
to specify anything can be measured.
These are common units of measurement used in making
layout and installation of electrical materials:
A. Linear measures
1. English system provides the creative way on how people
can measure by themselves. For example, people measure
shorter distance on the ground with their feet. They measure
long distances by their palms which is equal to a yard.
1. Inch The load considerations for residential buildings in terms
2. Yard of power are typically the same – household loads and
3. Miles admin/common area loads.
2. Metric system is a decimalized system of measurement. It
exists in several variations with different choices of base units. Split-type ACU A/C Lighting Receptacle Misc Total
Residential (ACCU)
Metric units are widely used around the world for personal, kw / tr tr / sqm pf VA / sqm VA / sqm VA / sqm VA / sqm VA / sqm
commercial and scientific purpose. Res Units 1.3 0.05 0.8 81 24 8 37 150
1 Millimeter 2 Centimeter 3 Decimeter 4 Meter Office 1.3 0.06 0.8 90 28 30 0 148
Example Core Areas (Non-AC) n/a n/a n/a 0 4 4 4 12
A 300W load will have a _____ kW rating. Non - food 1.3 0.06 0.8 90 24 8 0 122
(a) 300 kW Food 1.3 0.10 0.8 163 16 8 18 205
(b) 3,000 kW Parking n/a n/a n/a 0 4 4 0 8
(c) 30 kW Low Voltage Wires and Cables
(d) 0.30 kW A. Sizing of wires and cables shall be based from the
• Answer: (d) 0.30 kW kW = Watts/1,000 kW = 300W/1,000 following considerations:
= 0.30 kW 1. Wire/cable sizing should be rated maximum of–
The letter “k” is used in the electrical trade to abbreviate the
metric prefix “kilo” which represents a value of 1,000. To a. 100% for non-continuous (cyclic) loads.
convert a number which includes the “k” prefix to units, b. 80% for continuous loads (loads that
multiply the number preceding the “k” by 1,000. operate for 3hrs or more).
Ohm’s Law 2. Wire/cable shall be sized to meet Code defined
Ohm’s Law expresses the relationship between a dc circuit’s voltage drop limits at its design load current.
current intensity (I), electromotive force (E), and its resistance a. Voltage Drop Considerations
(R). This is expressed by the formula: I = E/R.
The German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854) stated
√3 I∗R∗L
that current is directly proportional to voltage, and inversely 𝑉𝐷 =
305
proportional to resistance.
Direct proportion means that changing one factor results in a VD
direct change to another factor in the same direction and by %𝑉𝐷 = x 100
NV
the same magnitude.
Where:
If the voltage increases 25 percent, the current increases 25 VD = Voltage Drop NV
percent—in direct proportion (for a given resistance). If the = Nominal Voltage at Source I=
voltage decreases 25 percent, the current decreases 25 1.15* FLC for running condition or I
percent—in direct proportion (for a given resistance). = LRC for starting condition R=
Inverse proportion means that increasing one factor results in a DC resistance ohm/305m L=
decrease in another factor by the same magnitude, or a Feeder wire length
decrease in one factor will result in an increase of the same 3. Selected wire/cable temperature rating shall be
magnitude in another factor. coordinated with all temperature limits,
If the resistance increases by 25 percent, the current decreases particularly at its terminations.
by 25 percent—in inverse proportion (for a given voltage), or
a. Select 60 ˚C temperature rating up to
if the resistance decreases by 25 percent, the current increases
by 25 percent—in inverse proportion (for a given voltage). 100A
b. Select 75 ˚C temperature rating for
WATTS Formula; more than 100A
The PIE formula circle demonstrates the relationship between 4. Wire/cable short circuit withstand current and
power, current, and voltage, and it is expressed in the formula time shall be coordinated with that of its
P = I x E. This formula can be transposed to I = P/E or E = P/I.
upstream circuit breakers.
Overcurrent Protection not over 600V
Circuit Breakers shall be the standard overcurrent
protective devices of equipment and conductors for
low voltage systems. Air Circuit Breakers shall be
used for main switchgears and synchronizing panels.
Molded Case Circuit Breakers shall be used for
distribution, power, and lighting panelboards.
A. Sizing of Circuit Breakers shall be based from
In order to use these the following considerations:
formulas, two of the values must be known. 1. The next higher size of circuit breaker above the ampacity
Current Example
of the conductors being protected shall be permitted up to
What is the current flow in amperes through a 7.50 kW heat
strip rated 230V when connected to a 230V power supply? 800A circuit breaker rating except –
a) 25A a. The conductors being protected supply branch
(b) 33A circuit muti-outlet receptacles.
(c) 39A b. The conductors being protected supply motor
(d) 230A branch circuit.
• Answer: (b) 33A 2. Where the circuit breaker exceeds rating over 800A, the
Step 1: What is the question?
ampacity of the conductor it protects shall be equal or
What is “I?”
Step 2: What do you know? P = greater than the rating of the circuit breaker.
7,500W, E = 230V The interrupting capacity of the circuit breaker shall be
Step 3: The formula is I = P/E greater than the maximum available three-phase short circuit
Step 4: The answer is I = 7,500/230V current.
Step 5: The answer is 32.6A LIGHTING AND RECEPTACLE OUTLET CIRCUIT
Design Parameters A. Lighting Circuits
1. Residential Buildings B. Individual lighting circuit shall be sized on the
maximum of 2500VA.
 1. If not otherwise specified, each lighting fixture
shall be assumed with a minimum of 100VA
rating.
2. A voltage drop not exceeding 3% shall be
considered in each branch circuit.
3. Lighting circuit installation shall be in accordance
with PEC.
C. Receptacle Outlet Circuits
1. Individual receptacle outlet circuit shall be sized
on the maximum of 1800VA.
Each receptacle outlet shall be assumed with a
minimum of 180VA rating.
A voltage drop not exceeding 3% shall be considered
in each branch circuit. Receptacle outlet circuit
installation shall be based on PEC
CIRCUITING GUIDELINES based on the Philippine
Electrical Code (PEC) requirements:
1. The code requires sufficient circuitry to supply residential
load of 30 watts per square meter.
2. The requirement 30 watts per square meter is up to 80
square meters for 20amp circuit (2400 watts) or 60 square
meters for 15 ampere circuit (1800watts).
3. The code requires a minimum of 20 amperes fo appliance
branch to feed all small appliances outlet in the kitchen,
dining, and living room.
4. The general purpose branch shall be rated 20 amperes.
Wire no. 12 AWG is the minimum size of conductor
required for all convenience outlets.
5. The minimum circuit load of 15 ampere circuit breaker
shall be used for light circuit.
6. Plug outlet or convenience receptacles shall be counted in
computing the load if it’s not in the load of general
lighting circuit.
• For 15 amp circuit: 9/1.5 = 6 outlets
• For 20 amp circuit: 12/1.5 = 8 outlets\
7. Convenience outlet should be planned properly.
It should not be placed in one circuit so that the
failure of one will not deprive the supply of
power to the other circuit.
8. All kitchen outlets should be fed from any of the
circuits except lighting circuit.
9. Certain outlet in the room should be designed as
appliances outlet.
10. The code requires that at least 20 amp circuit
to the laundry outlets.
11. Provide a separate circuit for air conditioning
units. ( Consider it as special purpose circuit/
outlet).