Report:

THE ROLES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

MENTAL ABILITY AND PERSONALITY

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
-refers to the variation on how people respond to the same situation based on personal
characteristics.
-each person is different from all others and that these differences are usually substantial
rather than meaningless

DIFFERENTIAL OR TRAIT PSYCHOLOGY

-study of individual differences.

CONSEQUENCES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

1. People differ in productivity
2. People differ in the quality of their work
3. People react differently to empowerment
4. People react differently to any style of leadership

TYPES OF LEADERSHIP STYLES

a. Democratic Leadership
b. Autocratic Leadership
c. Laissez-Faire Leadership
d. Strategic Leadership
e. Transformational Leadership
f. Transactional Leadership
g. Coach Style Leadership
h. Bureaucratic Leadership

5. People differ in terms of need for contact with other people

6. People differ in terms of commitment to the organization
7. People differ in terms of level of self-esteem
 Low self-esteem – less productive, avoid accepting more responsibilities
 High self-esteem – many great inventions, literary work, and discoveries are being
made

WHAT MAKES PEOPLE DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER

1. Demographic
2. Aptitude and Ability
3. Personality

A. DEMOGRAPHIC

a. Differences in gender
b. Generational Differences and Age
c. Culture
 B. APTITUDE AND ABILITY

Aptitude- the capacity of a person to learn or acquire skills.

Ability - individual’s capacity to perform the various task in a job.

2 Factors:
1. Physical Ability
2. Mental Ability

PHYSICAL ABILITY
-capacity of an individual to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength and similar
characteristics
Examples of Physical Abilities
1. Dynamic Strength
2. Trunk Strength
3. Static Strength
4. Explosive Strength
5. Extent Flexibility
6. Dynamic Flexibility
7. Body Coordination
8. Balance
9. Stamina
MENTAL/INTELLECTUAL ABILITY
-also referred to as intelligence
-the capacity to do mental activities, such as thinking, reasoning and problem solving

DIMENSIONS OF INTELLECTUAL ABILITY

1. Number Aptitude
2. Comprehension
3. Perceptual Speed
4. Inductive Reasoning
5. Deductive Reasoning
6. Special Visualization
7. Memory

PHYSICAL ABILITY VS. MENTAL ABILITY

Mental Ability Physical Ability

1. Intellectual ability is the capacity to do 1. Physical ability is the capacity to do tasks

activities like thinking, reasoning, and that demand stamina, desired, strength and
problem-solving. similar characteristics.
2. Intellectual ability is doing with the
2. Physical ability is doing with the body.
mind.

3. It is a measure of intelligence, and 3. It is the capability of performing physical

involves understanding complex accomplishments, such as flexibility,
concepts and thinking critically. coordination, basic motor skills.

4. It is related to the capabilities of the physical

4. It is related to the skills of the mind.
structure.

5. It plays a vital role in complex jobs

5. It gains importance for successfully doing
with demanding information processing
less-skilled and more standardized jobs.
requirements.

6. Intellectual ability is the ability of the

6. Physical ability is the ability of the body – i.e.
mind – i.e. how clever, intuitive, etc. a
how strong, agile, etc. a person is.
person is.

7. Types of physical ability are dynamic

7. Types of intellectual ability are
strength, static strength, trunk strength,
number attitude, verbal comprehension,
explosive strength, extent flexibility, dynamic
perceptual speed, inductive reasoning,
flexibility, body coordination, balance, and
deductive reasoning, and memory.
stamina.

ROBERT JEFFREY STERNBERG

-an American psychologist known for his theories on love, intelligence, and
creativity.
-Developed the intelligence test known as the Sternberg Test of Mental Ability
(STOMA).
-also known for his research on love. His triangular theory of love identifies
commitment, passion, and intimacy as the three main components of love.

THE TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE BY ROBERT STERNBERG

- Originated as an alternative to the concept of general intelligence
 1. Componential Intelligence (analytical)- ability to solve problems
2. Experiential Intelligence (Creative)- ability to deal with novel situations or issues
3. Contextual Intelligence (Practical)-ability to successfully function in one’s environment.

THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES BY HOWARD GARDNER

Howard Gardner
-is a developmental psychologist best-known for this theory of multiple intelligences.
- He believed that the conventional concept of intelligence was too narrow and restrictive
and that measures of IQ often miss out on other "intelligences" that an individual may possess
-His 1983 book Frames of Mind, outlined his theory and his eight major types of
intelligence.

1. Visual-spatial intelligence

-it enables people to perceive and manipulate images in their brain and to re-create
them from memory
-blessed with abilities concerning keen observation, visual thinking, mental images,
metaphor, essence of a whole and gestalt.

2. Linguistic-verbal intelligence

-makes people able to communicate through language including reading, writing

and speaking.

3. Mathematical intelligence

-covers abstract thought, precision, counting, organization and logical structure,

enabling the individual to see relationship between objects and solve problems.

4. Bodily Kinesthetic intelligence

-enables people to use their body and perceptual and motor systems in skilled ways
such as dancing, playing sports and expressing emotion through facial expression.

5. Musical intelligence

-gives people the capacity to create and understand meanings made out of sounds
and to enjoy different types of music.

6. Interpersonal intelligence

-makes it possible for persons to recognize and make distinctions among the
feelings, motives and intention of others, as in managing people and parenting
children.

7. Intrapersonal intelligence

-has highly accurate understanding of himself or herself

- sensitive to his or her own values, purpose, feelings and has developed sense of
self.

8. Naturalistic intelligence

-possesses the ability to seek patterns in the external physical environment.

C. PERSONALITY

-refers to the sum total ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.

DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

HEREDITARY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

 Facial attractiveness’  Cultural

 Gender  Social
 Temperament  Situational
 Muscle composition and reflexes
 Energy level
 Biological rhythms

PERSONALITY FACTORS AND TRAITS

1. Emotional Stability
a. Emotionally stable person – calm, self-confident, secure
b. Emotionally unstable person – nervous, depressed,
insecure

2. Extraversion
a. Extravert – sociable, gregarious, assertive
b. Introvert – reserved, timid, quiet

3. Openness to Experience
a. Open minded person – imaginative, cultured, curious,
original, broadminded, intelligent, artistically sensitive
b. Closed minded person-conventional, finds comfort in the
familiar

4. Agreeableness
a. Agreeable Person – cooperative, war, trusting
b. Disagreeable Person – cold, disagreeable, antagonistic

5. Conscientiousness
a. Highly Conscientious Person-responsible, organized
dependable and persistent
b. Person with low score on Conscientiousness – early
distracted, disorganized, unreliable

6. Self-monitoring Behavior
a. High Self-monitor – pragmatic, often say what others want
to hear
b. Low self-monitor – avoid situations that require him to
adapt to different outer images and is often inflexible

7. Risk taking and thrill Seeking

a. Risk Taker – willingness to take risks and pursue thrills
b. Play safe person – not willing to take risks and pursue
thrills

8. Optimism
a. Optimist - tendency to experience positive emotional
states and to believe that positive outcome will be
forthcoming from most activities
 b. Pessimist - tendency to experience negative emotional
states and to typically believe that negative outcomes will
be forthcoming from most activities.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE or EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ) by Daniel Goleman

Daniel Goleman

-is an internationally known psychologist who lectures frequently to professional groups,

business audiences, and on college campuses

Peter Salovey

-is an American social psychologist and current President of Yale University.

-Salovey is one of the early pioneers and leading researchers in emotional intelligence.

John Mayer

-is an American psychologist at the University of New Hampshire. He is a personality

psychologist and measurement

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE/EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT (EQ)

- the ability of a person to accurately perceive, evaluate, express and regulate emotions
and feelings

5 COMPONENTS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

1. Self-awareness:
-Observing, understanding and being aware of your own your emotions, moods and
behavior
-It involves keeping track of emotions and noticing different emotional reactions, as well as
being able to identify the emotions correctly.

2. Self-regulation:

-Ability to control impulses, think before speaking/acting, and expressing yourself

effectively

3. Motivation:
-Having the interest to improve yourself, learn and seek self-improvement/growth

Intrinsic motivation
- means that an individual is driven to meet personal needs and goals, rather than being
motivated by external rewards such as money, fame, and recognition.
People who are intrinsically motivated also experience a state of ‘flow’, by being immersed in an
activity.

4. Empathy:
- Capable of putting yourself in someone else’s shoes and being able to assess someone’s
emotions and reactions.

5. Social Skills:
-Ability to pick up jokes, sarcasm, customer service. Understanding how to build and
maintain friendships/relationships.

Those with below average EQ scores can increase their emotional intelligence by learning
to:
 Reduce negative emotions.
 Stay cool and manage stress
 Be assertive and express difficult emotions when necessary
 Stay proactive, not reactive in the face of a difficult person
 Bounce back from adversity
 Express intimate emotions in close, personal relationships

Developing your Emotional Intelligence

Here are 5 ways to develop, enhance and grow your emotional intelligence so you may continue
to build and maintain healthy relationships for the future.

1. Observe how you feel, react and behave

2. Taking responsibility for your emotions, feelings and behavior
3. Know your stressors
4. Rise up from adversity
5. Practicing empathy
6. Create healthy relationships

Reporter: Krestine U. Elona