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M. Sadeq (&)
Centre for Engineering Sustainability, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
e-mail: mohammed.sadeq@liverpool.ac.uk; mohammed.sadeq@qatar.tamu.edu
M. Sadeq E. Masad
Mechanical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
e-mail: eyad.masad@qatar.tamu.edu
H. Al-Khalid
Centre for Engineering Sustainability, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool, UK
e-mail: khalid@liverpool.ac.uk
O. Sirin
Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University,
Doha, Qatar
e-mail: okansirin@qu.edu.qa
D. Little
Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
e-mail: d-little@tamu.edu
with Sasobit® and Advera® exhibited the same performance of the original binder
after complete short-term ageing. However, Sasobit® increased the potential of
rutting resistance in the unmodified binder more than Advera® did. The viscosity
measurements revealed that adding Sasobit® to modified or unmodified binders
lowered the viscosity more than Advera® did. These measures were considered as
preliminary data required for further studies on the effect of WMA additives on the
resistance of bituminous binders to fatigue cracking.
1 Introduction
3 Testing Materials
3.2 Advera
Fig. 1 a Advera® WMA additive acquired from PQ Corporation. b Sasobit® WMA additive
acquired from Sasol Company
the bitumen production temperature by 20–30 °C. Adding Advera® would never
change the design of asphalt mix. Advera® contains about 21 % of entrapped water
in particles crystalline structure which starts to emit at temperature over 100 °C.
The emitted water causes a sustained, time-release foaming of the asphalt binder.
The foaming process temporarily increases the workability and enhances aggregate
coating. Advera® is an inorganic material that does not change the performance
grade of the asphalt binder (PQ Corporation 2014).
3.3 Sasobit
4 Experimental Work
In this study, bitumen samples with and without WMA additives were tested in the
Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) and rotational viscometer (RV). Samples were
subjected to different ageing processes and tested only at low and intermediate
temperatures. Three replicates were tested as per the experimental matrix shown in
Fig. 2.
Short-term ageing was performed with two different ageing periods; 45 and
85 min. The temperature used with both periods was the standard conventional
ageing temperature (163 °C). The conventional temperature was used to evaluate
the effect of ageing time on the asphalt binder with different WMA technologies.
On the other hand, long-term ageing process was performed by using the pres-
surized ageing vessel (PAV) system on RTFO-aged binders. This system is set on a
pressure of 2.10 MPa inside the vessel for 20 h at 110 °C (AASHTO - T 240 2009).
Using Dynamic Shear Rheometer (from TA Instruments, model HR-1), two
types of tests were conducted. The oscillation strain test measures the rheological
properties of the asphalt binder. Then, the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery test
(MSCR) measures the permanent deformation of asphalt binder under cyclically
repeated shear loading. Both tests were prepared by following the AASHTO
Standards T-315 and TP-70, respectively (AASHTO - T 315 2009; AASHTO - TP
70 2009). The oscillation strain test was performed using the strain controlled
feature at 12 % strain for the unaged binder, 10 % strain for RTFO aged binder, and
1 % for PAV aged binder. The test was performed using two plates’ sizes; 25-mm
with 1-mm gap for unaged and RTFO aged binder, and 8-mm with 2-mm gap for
the PAV aged binder (Zelelew et al. 2013). Three replicate samples were tested
using different ageing processes. The bitumen was aged for 45 min with the RTFO
ageing, aged for 85 min with the RTFO ageing, and aged for 20 h with PAV
system. The test was conducted at PG grade temperatures to assess the performance
grading of asphalt binders based on AASHTO M-320 (AASHTO - M 320 2009).
Modified PG 76-22 binders were tested at 76 °C for rutting factor and at 31 °C for
fatigue factor, while unmodified 60/70 pen binders were tested at 64 °C for rutting
factor and at 25 °C for fatigue factor. The frequency used in the test was 1.59 Hz
(10 rad/s).
RTFO RTFO
Unaged (45min) (85min) PAV
Fig. 2 Experimental matrix for modified and unmodified binder mixed with WMA additives
134 M. Sadeq et al.
MSCR test was performed using DSR at two different stress levels, 0.1 and
3.2 kPa. The stress was applied on the sample for 1.0 s and then released for 9.0 s
for relaxation. AASHTO - TP 70 (2009) assigned the MSCR test for the RTFO
residue. However, in this study, the test was executed on short-term aged and
unaged samples to consider the effect of the ageing on the bitumen with different
WMA Additives (Arega et al. 2013).
Viscosity measurements were made by using two methods. The first one was by
applying different rotational speeds on the spindle at constant temperature, and then
by applying the same rotational speed at different temperatures. The first analysis
was conducted to check if adding WMA additives would affect the Newtonian
behaviours of asphalt binder. The viscosity was measured at 20, 40, 60, 80, and
100 rpm at 135 °C. While the second measurement was performed to predict the
mixing and compaction temperature for each binder type with different WMA
additives (Kim et al. 2010).
The rutting factors (G*/sin(δ)) and fatigue factors (G* · sin(δ)) were calculated
based on the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) measurements and the results are
presented in Figs. 3 and 4.
It can be noticed from the results that the trends of both binder types are similar.
Adding Sasobit® to both binders leads to higher complex modulus (G*) and lower
phase angle (δ). The complex modulus (G*) increased with ageing but the phase
angle (δ) did not. This increment led the binder to have a higher rutting factor (G*/
sin(δ)). Rutting factor of the binder after adding Sasobit® increased at the test
temperature (76 °C) which showed that the binder with Sasobit® can pass the
performance grade specification of PG 82. Similarly with 60/70 Pen when adding
Sasobit®, the binder can pass the performance grade specification of PG 70.
(a) (b)
5.0 5.0
G* / sin( ) (kPa)
G* / sin( ) (kPa)
4.0 4.0
3.0 3.0
2.0 2.0
1.0 1.0
0.0 0.0
Unaged RTFO 45 min RTFO 85 min Unaged RTFO 45 min RTFO 85 min
Original 2% Sasobit 5% Advera Original 2% Sasobit 5% Advera
Fig. 3 Rutting factor (G*/sin(δ)) for a modified PG 76-22 binder at 76 °C and b unmodified 60/70
Pen binder at 64 °C mixed with WMA additives at different ageing processes
Rheological Evaluation of Short- and Long-Term Performance … 135
G*.sin( ) (kPa)
G*.sin( ) (kPa)
5000
4000 4000
3000 3000
2000 2000
1000 1000
0 0
Original 2% Sasobit 5% Advera Original 2% Sasobit 5% Advera
Fig. 4 Fatigue Factor (G* · sin(δ)) for a modified PG 76-22 binder at 31 °C and b unmodified
60/70 Pen binder at 25 °C with different WMA additives and aged by PAV system for long-term
ageing
The effect of adding Advera® to both asphalt binder types was insignificant. The
complex modulus and phase angle values remained almost constant before and after
adding 5 % of Advera®. Rutting factor remained the same at the early stages of the
binder, but it showed a slight difference after full short-term ageing. It is also
noticeable when testing the binder at lower temperature to check the fatigue factor
while Advera® is slightly affecting the asphalt binder compared to Sasobit®.
The MSCR test was performed on RTFO aged binders in order to explore the
rutting resistance of the asphalt binder at early stages. Using the MSCR test on an
original binder was meant to show the effect of WMA additives on the binder
performance before and after the construction. Figure 5 shows the percentage of
recovery (R) and non-recoverable creep compliance (Jnr) at both stress levels and in
different ageing processes for each modified bitumen.
It can be noticed from Fig. 5a that the difference in percentage of recovery at
0.1 kPa stress level changed slightly with different ageing and WMA additives.
Comparison between binders at a low-stress level is insufficient. However, in the
case of high-stress level (3.2 kPa), the percent of recovery is getting higher with
more ageing. After complete short-term ageing, Advera® and Sasobit® showed
roughly similar percentage of recovery to the unaged binder. Results showed that
mixing WMA additives with asphalt binders would perform similarly against rut-
ting after the binder fully aged. Equally, the non-recoverable creep compliance (Jnr)
values were almost identical after the complete short-term ageing. Experiments on
unmodified 60/70 Pen binder shown in Fig. 6 indicate that the effect of Sasobit® on
percentage of recovery and non-recoverable creep compliance was more sufficient
than the modified binder. Sasobit® provides the binder more percent recovery
which was not presented in the case of original binder. The effect of Sasobit® on
the percentage of recovery appears in both high and low-stress levels. On the other
hand, adding Advera® to the 60/70 Pen did not improve the performance of the
136 M. Sadeq et al.
100 Pa 3200 Pa
(a) 100 (b) 100
80 80
R3.2 (%)
R0.1 (%)
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
Unaged RTFO (45 min) RTFO (85 min) Unaged RTFO (45 min) RTFO (85 min)
100 Pa 3200 Pa
(c) 0.40 (d) 4.00
Jnr3.2 (kPa-1)
Jnr0.1 (kPa-1)
0.30 3.00
0.20 2.00
0.10 1.00
0.00 0.00
Unaged RTFO (45 min) RTFO (85 min) Unaged RTFO (45 min) RTFO (85 min)
Fig. 5 MSCR results for modified PG 76-22 binder mixed with WMA additives at different
ageing processes: a R0.1 (%); b R3.2 (%); c Jnr0.1 (kPa-1); d Jnr3.2(kPa-1)
R3.2 (%)
15 1.50
10 1.00
5 0.50
0 0.00
Unaged RTFO (45 min) RTFO (85 min) Unaged RTFO (45 min) RTFO (85 min)
(c) 10 (d) 10
100 Pa 3200 Pa
8 8
Jmr0.1 (kPa-1)
Jnr3.2 (kPa-1)
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
Unaged RTFO (45 min) RTFO (85 min) Unaged RTFO (45 min) RTFO (85 min)
Original 2% Sasobit 5% Advera Original 2% Sasobit 5% Advera
Fig. 6 MSCR results for unmodified 60/70 Pen binder mixed with WMA additives at different
ageing processes: a R0.1 (%); b R3.2 (%); c Jnr0.1 (kPa-1); d Jnr3.2(kPa-1)
Rheological Evaluation of Short- and Long-Term Performance … 137
(a)
Viscosity (Pa.s) 2.5 (b) 2.5
Viscosity (Pa.s)
2.0 2.0
Original
2% Sasobit
1.5 1.5 5% Advera
Fig. 7 Viscosity measurement at different rotational speed for a modified PG 76-22 asphalt binder
and b unmodified 60/70 Pen asphalt binder mixed with WMA additives
2.0 0.5
1.5 0.4
0.3
1.0 0.2
0.5 0.1
0.0 0.0
@135°C @165°C @135°C @165°C
Original 2% Sasobit 5% Advera Original 2% Sasobit 5% Advera
Fig. 8 Viscosity measurements for a PG 76-22 b 60/70 Pen asphalt binders mixed with WMA
additives
Asphalt binders were tested using the Rotational Viscometer at 135 °C with dif-
ferent WMA additives using different rotational speeds (20, 40, 60, 80 and
100 rpm). As shown in Fig. 7, it can be noticed that asphalt binders kept the
Newtonian behaviour with various WMA additives.
However, adding WMA additives had different effects on asphalt binders in
terms of viscosity (Fig. 8). The addition of Sasobit® to modified PG 76-22 binder
had higher effect than adding Advera®. Sasobit® lowered the viscosity of the
asphalt binder at mixing and compaction temperatures. Contrariwise, Adding
Advera® had minor reduction in viscosity in both temperatures (135 and 165 °C).
6 Summary of Findings
This study was conducted to evaluate the properties of asphalt binders incorporating
warm-mix asphalt (WMA) additives under different ageing processes. These
additives are used in order to reduce mixture preparation temperature and achieve
138 M. Sadeq et al.
7 Future Work
This study will be continued to work on evaluating the fatigue cracking resistance
of warm-mix asphalt. In addition, climate of Qatar will be simulated using the
weathering machine to study the effect of ageing on WMA.
Rheological Evaluation of Short- and Long-Term Performance … 139
Acknowledgments This work was made possible by the NPRP award [NPRP 5-506-2-203] from
the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein
are solely the responsibility of the authors.
References