 a statement about the real world reinforced by reliable evidence - can express explicit or obvious

information - remains the same - a true piece of information

 14. -a statement expressing one's feelings or personal judgment

 Empirical facts - facts that can be proven by scientific observation, experience, or experiment
Examples: a.The Philippines is composed of three major islands, namely Luzon,Visayas, and Mindanao.
b. Benigno Aquino, Jr. was gunned down at the tarmac of Manila International Airport.

 Analytical facts - facts that make use of various operations in mathematics to prove a statement
Example: 5 x 3 means 5 + 5 + 5 = 15

 Evaluative facts- facts that are supported by laws, local and international, and ideally give order
Example: Philippines owns Spratly Island.

 Metaphysical facts- facts that are verified by revelatory evidence or self-evidence Example: All men
are created equal. - facts that are assumed to be true without external evidence

 Claim -a statement that the author wants the reader to accept - writer's point or position regarding
the chosen topic - inferred from a reliable source of information –

Claim of Facts relates to the statement that can be verified, no matter how difficult - not dependent on
merely on a person's preference, but can be true or false - claim that can be proven by steadfast
information or data

 21. Examples: a. All men are created equal. b. Cancer is not contagious. d.The atmosphere has too
much carbon dioxide. c.The earth is warming rapidly.

 22. - depends on an existing policy, rule, or law –

Claim of Policy-an argument that asserts the implementation of a certain policy - posits that specific
action should be chosen as solution to a particular problem - begins with “should,” “ought to,” or
“must.”

 23. Examples: a.The government must devote more funds to building schools than building roads.
b.The death penalty must be revived. d. A national ID system should be adopted. c. Beauty contests
should be banned.

 claim of value - is based on personal taste or practices and morality - a statement about which is
better, more important, more desirable, more neede, or more useful - argues whether something is
good or bad

 25. Examples: a.This is very good school. b. It is more advantageous for a Filipino child grow up
speaking Filipino instead of English. d. Buying and fixing a house ibetter than building a new one. c. It is
better to be feared than loved. e. It's more fun in the Philippines. f. It is better to have loved and lost
than not to have loved at all.