Republic of the Philippines

Western Mindanao State University

College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department
Normal Road, Baliwasan, Zamboanga City

RIVER NAVIGATION

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. ABDURAKIB KADDU

INSTRUCTOR

SUBMITTED BY:

LADJAMALIK, FATIMAH MONIKHA Y.

BREMNER, REECHEL MAE G.
BSCE-5
 RIVER NAVIGATION
Water layer occupies two thirds of the total area of our planet, while the rest of the
mainland. Basically the amount of water contained in the earth, we never run out, and experience
the water cycle (cycle) that takes place does not stop the periodic cycles of sunlight, wind, plants,
mountains, etc..
Improving water availability index decreases with population growth, a sign that the
deficit of the watershed. Considering this is necessary to increase the availability of water. One
solution is to take the steps of technology development, water supply, conservation of water
resources and improving water conservation and river management.

I.Explanations of Rivers and Watershed

Basically, the river is a natural watercourse that flows into the lake water, sea or ocean.
The river consists of several parts, starting from the springs that flow into rivers. Several
tributaries join to form the main river. water flow is usually bordered by the channel with the
base and the cliff on the left and right. End of the river where the river meets the sea known as
the river mouth.

This river is one part of the hydrologic cycle. The water in the river is generally collected
from rainfall, such as rain, dew, springs, underground streams, and in some countries also
tertantu river water comes from melting ice / snow. In addition to water, river sediment and
pollutants flowing properly. The biggest benefit of the river for irrigation, drinking water raw
materials, as the channel rain water and waste water, even the true potential of the river became a
tourist attraction. In Indonesia there are currently 5950 watersheds (DAS).
Watershed (DAS) is an area that is surrounded and bounded by natural topographic ridge
or mountain range, where the rainfall that falls on the flow through a specific exit point (outlet),
which eventually empties into the lake or sea. Natural boundaries of the watershed can be used
as a natural ecosystem boundaries, which may overlap with artificial ecosystems, such as the
areas of administrative and economic areas. Often, however, limit cross-border river basin
district, provincial and even cross country. A watershed may consist of several sub-basin, basin
area and then divided again into sub-watershed.
 Components of Rivers
The main components of river ecosystems, consisting of: humans, animals, vegetation,
soil, climate, and water. Each component has unique properties and its existence does not stand
alone, but associated with other components to form the unity of ecological systems
(ecosystems). Humans play an important and dominant role in influencing the quality of river
flow. Disruption of one component of the ecosystem will be felt by the other components with
the nature of the impact chain. Ecosystem balance will be guaranteed if the condition of mutual
relations between the components work properly and optimally. Quality of interaction between
the components of the ecosystem can be seen from the quality of output from the ecosystem. In a
watershed ecosystem quality physically visible from the magnitude of erosion, runoff,
sedimentation, fluctuations in runoff, and land productivity.
 River Flow Patterns
River flow patterns when viewed from above looks like some form, resembling a tree
branch (dendritic), square (rectangular), the radius of the circle (radial), and Trellis. This flow
pattern could be an early indication about the type and structure of the existing rock.
a. Dendritic pattern : generally found in rocky areas with similar characteristics and
widespread, for example, closed areas and the largest deposits of
sediment which is located in the horizontal plane, as in the
eastern lowlands of Sumatra and Kalimantan.
b. Rectangular pattern : Generally found in areas of limestone producing areas, such as
in the area of Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta.
c. Radial pattern : generally found on the slopes of the volcano, such as G.
Semeru, G. Ijen, G. Merapi.
d. Trellis Pattern : found in areas with a layer of sediment in the folds of the
mountain, as in West Sumatra and Central Java
II. River Navigation

Management of the river is the river which covers the use of business coaching, use,
development and conservation in the form of protection and control of rivers that are part of river
management, which aims to acquire control of water in order to provide maximum benefits to
meet the various interests to the welfare of society.

River flow management is to control the river bed (bed flow control) and the river
channel settings (control alignment). Working for river flow regulation and stabilization of river
channels can be done by making the building, building control and monitoring with the riverbed,
quarrying natural carpets, making the effect of the flow.

1. Correction and Stabilization Of The River Flow

To increase the flow of the river, carried out by adjusting the cross-section and depth
of groove for pengandalian goals and needs of navigation. Setting the flow direction
(alignment control), in planning the direction of the straight river channel with an
irregular cross section (uniform) is not stable because if the slightest disturbance will
occur deflection (meanders) from the bottom of the groove, and the deposits are formed
from sediment char-char.

2. Riverbed Settings

River flow and elevation changes caused by the movement of alluvial river
bottom material. These changes tend to cause the occurrence agradasi and degradation in
the long run, it makes controlling the riverbed. Basic equilibrium in the longitudinal river
is determined by the balance between the amount of sediment by rivers to the sediment
transport capacity. Degradation of the riverbed can be affected by the decline in ground
water, foundation stability of bridges and other structures and decreasing depth of the
navigation channel disturbed this problem can be solved by building the basic control
structure of the river (land) or weir. Agradasi riverbed can cause the problem to reduce
the flow capacity, thus increasing the occurrence of floods, reducing the traffic capacity
of the bridge so that the necessary elevation and disruption of the building.

III. River Navigation Steps

1. River Drainage Area Conservation

Conservation of natural resources due to rampant exploitation of land, forests do,

and water. The impact will be changing the layout of water such as floods, droughts, and
increasing the rate of erosion and sedimentation. This technology is carried out in the
conservation of vegetative methods and methods of Civil Engineering.

 Vegetative method, to reduce the destructive force of the rain that falls, reducing
runoff and erosion. Included in the method of planting trees in reforestation and
forest outside the forest area using the
 Civilian method, is a method of making civilian buildings to reduce annual crop
of civil runoff and erosion, and enhance land use, and zoom into the ground
 water recharge. Included in these methods are: controlling the dam, dams,
embankments, terraces, creation of irrigation in agricultural areas, guludan, etc..

2. Flood Control Technology

Floods that occur regularly every year to destroy the area around the plains of the
river, the river is greatly reduced capacity due to sedimentation in the riverbed. To cope with
the flood effort that needs to be improved include:

- Improve the function of reservoir

- Increased capacity of the river canalization of rivers

- Improving the condition of the estuary and explore the potential

- Controlling the flow of the river downstream

- Maintenance of embankments

3. River damage reduction technology

C-class minerals, sand, gravel, stone blocks, crushed stone, natural pozzolans, lime
and soil are important building materials in the construction of physical infrastructure in
peyiapan land or buildings. Given a good sand for construction dalah river sand, then a few
rivers around the region who are building a lot of damaged infrastructure. River body is
damaged by the process of degradation caused by the excavation of sand, they require some
effort to control, namely:

- Compilation of class C mining technical guidelines on the river.

- The preparation of the map on the section or sections of the river that can or may be
mined by the rules.
- Development of basic-controller applications for buildings and building water under
the bridge.

4. Soil Water Conservation Technologies

One technique is to return to recharge ground water reservoirs and ways of rain water
infiltration in the housing so that in addition to changing the ground water also prevent local
flooding. Technology recharge reservoir that can absorb rainwater and surface water for
groundwater recharge. Besides the availability of ground water conservation efforts,
 conservation kualitanya also needed because the evidence in some urban and industrial
pollution of ground water.

IV. Benefits of River Navigation

a) Flood and Drought Prevention
Floods happen because the rivers and other drainage channels can not accommodate
the rain water that falls to earth. Full of water on the surface of rivers and lakes and other
drainage channels caused by rain water does not soak into the earth, but flows into surface
water. The cause flooding including heavy rainfall, forest cover and land which is not
adequate, and treatment of the soil.
For floods and droughts can be anticipated, it needs to make petarawan bajir and
drought in their respective regions, to prepare a plan of flood and drought management, and
preparing the facilities and infrastructure to adapt.

b) Prevention of Erosion And Sedimentation

Erosion and sedimentation is the event erodes the surface layer of the earth by wind
or water. The deciding factor is sedimentation, topography, and nature of soil and vegetation
conditions. The biggest factor is the cause of erosion by water erosion. Therefore, prevention
efforts that occurred with flood prevention. Erosion can also occur on the river because the
river could not hold the land affected by water currents.

c) Prevention of Damage To The Riverbanks

Damage along the river can be caused by water flow, erosion and human activities
with waste disposal, and backfill material to protect the residence. Prevention of damage
along the river can be done:

• protect the riverbank and technical pembetonan by vegetation to be planted with trees
in bantran river so resistant to etching;

• prohibit and take action to those who use the river flood plain for residential buildings;

• banning the disposal activities waste and materials that cause damage to the
riverbank.
V. Obstacles River Navigation

There are several obstacles that need to be addressed in the planning of the ecosystem as
part of watershed management strategies, namely:

- the fragmentation of responsibility for various parts of the ecosystem between the
various institutions

- the lack of information about the ecosystem, the absence of ecosystem thinking by
policy makers,

- planners and resource users lack of accountability, and - absence of the rule of law and
rules.