Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the research design, diagrams, and procedures in

designing the project. This also includes the criteria where the design was based

and the evaluations.

1.1 Research Design

Fig. 3.1 Research Design of the Study

Project Specification

Water Filtration Design

Design Considerations Machine Design

Fluid Mechanic Design

Presentation

Project Specification

The project specifications includes the details of the projects to be designed.

It includes the features of the project wherein related literatures were reviewed as

an aid to finalize and clear the planned project. The related studies were very
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helpful for the researchers to gain knowledge about the mechanism. It is also

helpful to determine the innovations to be made in the project.

Design Considerations

It includes the criteria that were considered in designing the project.

Primarily machine design considerations were used. It was applied in the pedal

which drives the pump. It was also applied in the moving parts of the system. Fluid

mechanics design considerations are used to design the capacity of the pump.

Lastly, design for the water filter was considered for cleaning the water from the

waste water source for household use.

Presentation

Lastly, for the presentation, the design, as a whole, is presented.

Specifications were enumerated. Results in the evaluation procedure were also

specified. Technical previews of the project are also shown.

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1.1.1 Block Diagram

Fig. 3.2 Block Diagram of the System

Waste Water

Strainer Solid Particles

Pump Pedal Mechanism

Silica
Activated
Carbon

Water Filtration Pathogens and other

Bioballs foreign materials in
System
water

Zeolite

Mineral
Sand

Chlorinating Device

Clean Water Tank Consumers

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The figure shows the block diagram of the study. First, the waste water will

pass the strainer to remove large solid particles that can affect the pump and pipes.

Then the pump will lift it high to the filter tanks. The filter systems depends on the

gravitational flow of water from the top of the tank to the lower part. It is consist of

a 5 layer canister filtering device and chlorinating device each with respective roles

in cleaning the water, specifically the removal of other foreign particles in the water,

pathogens, and the foul smell of the water. The clean water is stored in a clean

water tank with faucet in the outlet for consumers’ use.

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1.1.2 Schematic Diagram

Overall System

Fig. 3.3 Schematic Diagram of the Overall System

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Pedal Mechanism
Fig. 3.4 Schematic Diagram of the Pedal Mechanism

Water Filtration System

Fig. 3.5 Schematic Diagram of the Filtration System
From pump

5 Layer
Filtration

Chlorinating
Device

(Output)
To clean water tank
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3.2 Evaluation Criteria

For the design of the project, the following codes and criteria were utilized.

3.3.1 Chain and Sprocket

The sprockets and the chain are thus constrained to move together without slipping

and ensures perfect velocity ratio. The velocity ratio determined from the equation

given by:

(3.1)

Where:

N1 = Speed of rotation of smaller sprocket in rpm,

N2 = Speed of rotation of larger sprocket in rpm,

T1 = Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket and

T2 = Number of teeth on the larger sprocket.

The number of chain links K is given by:

(3.2)
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Where,

T1= Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket,

T2=Number of teeth on the larger sprocket,

p = pitch of the chain

𝒙 =centre distance

The length of chain (L) is the product of the number of chain links (K) and the

pitch of the chain (P)

L=K×P (3.3)

The power transmitted by the chain is given by:

Design power = Rated power × service factor (3.4)

Service factor 𝐾𝑠 = 𝐾1 × 𝑘2 × 𝑘3 (3.5)

Where,

K1 = Load factor,

k2 = Lubrication factor and

k3= Rating factor:

Pitch Line Velocity

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𝑉1 = 𝜋𝑑1𝑁1/60 (3.6)

where

𝑑1 = diameter of the smaller sprocket,

𝑁1= speed rotation of the smaller sprocket

The load on the chain is designed as follows,

W = Rated Power / Pitch Line Velocity (3.7)

3.3.2 Belt and Pulley

Center Distance

The relation between center distance and length is given by the following formula

(3.8)

This formula can be solved for center distance instead of belt length as follows :

(3.9)

Where,

Lp : Effective pitch length of belt(mm)

C : Center distance(mm)

Dp : Pitch diameter of large pulley(mm)

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dp : Pitch diameter of small pulley(mm)

b : Lp-1.57(Dp+dp)

The Effective Outside Length

EOC = 2C + πde (3.10)

Where,

EOC : Effective outside circumference of belt

C : Center distance of measuring pulleys

de : Outside diameter of pulley

Horsepower Ratings

(3.11)

Where,

Pr : The maximum horsepower recommended at 180° arc of contact for a belt of

average length. d : Pitch diameter of small pulley, inches.

r : RPM of faster shaft/1000.

KSR : Speed ratio factor

3.3.3 Selection of Bearings

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion between

moving parts to only the desired motion. The design of the bearing may, for
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instance provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation

around a fixed axis or it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of

normal forces that bear on the moving parts.

(3.8)

Where

𝐶𝑏 = basic dynamic load rating,

𝑃𝑒 = equivalent load

𝐿𝑑 = design life of the bearing

𝑁𝑑= revolutions per minutes of shaft

Z = constant for all bearing