LABORATORY ACTIVITY 4: Chemical Equations Page

LABORATORY ACTIVITY 4

PERIODIC TABLE RELATIONSHIP AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

INTRODUCTION

The periodic law states some physical and many chemical properties of elements vary
periodically with the atomic numbers since the electron structure of the elements varies in a
regular way with increasing atomic number. Elements with similar electron arrangements are
grouped into families.
A balance chemical equation indicates a quantitative significance of the relationship
between the reactants and products. Using this balanced chemical equation, the mass of one
substance that reacts with, or is produced from, a definite mass of another can be
determined.

OBJECTIVES

A. To compare the physical and chemical properties of some common elements.

B. To recognize different elements through flame test.
C. To differentiate the mass of the product of a chemical reaction and that of the calculated
mass.

MATERIALS NEEDED

 TO BE PROVIDED BY THE STUDENTS

Ice cubes Distilled water

 PROVIDED BY THE LABORATORY

o Glasswares/Apparatus
10 Test tubes 1 Test tube rack
2 Test tube holder 1 Test tube brush
2 Beakers Nichrome wire
2 Pipets (5mL) 2 Aspirators
1 Analytical balance 2 Tripod
2 Bunsen burner 1 Clay triangle
1 Dessicator 2 Wire gauze
4 Crucibles with cover 1 Crucible tongs
1 Spatula 2 test tube cork

o Reagents (each should have its own dropper)

0.1 M NH4OH 0.1 M AgNO3

0.1 M K2SO4 0.1 M CaCl2
 LABORATORY ACTIVITY 4: Chemical Equations Page

0.1 M MgSO4 0.1 M (NH4)2CO3

0.1 M SrCl2 0.1 M NaCl
Concentrated HCl Litmus paper (red and blue)
Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) Copper powder

PROCEDURE

A. Periodic Relation
1. Place 1 mL of 0.1 M MgSO4 solution in each of four test tubes.
2. Add 1 mL 0.1 M (NH4)2CO3 solution to the first test tube. Note any change.
3. Add 1 mL 0.1 M NH4OH solution to the second test tube. Note any change.
4. Add 1 mL 0.1 M AgNO3 solution to the third test tube. Note any change.
5. Put a small piece of blue and red litmus paper in the fourth test tube and observe any color
change on the litmus papers.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 replacing MgSO4 with NaCl, CaCl2, K2SO4, and SrCl2.
B. Flame Test
1. Place 1 mL of each solution (MgSO4, NaCl, CaCl2, K2SO4, and SrCl2) in to separate test tubes.
2. Place 2 mL HCl in another test tube and cover it with a cork. This solution will be use as a
cleaning substance. (Caution: Concentrated HCl is highly corrosive. Fumes that it produce is
dangerous, do not inhale it. Face mask is highly recommended.)
3. Dip a nichrome wire loop in the MgSO4 solution and place it at the center of the blue flame
of the Bunsen burner. Note the color of the flame.
4. Repeat step 2 replacing MgSO4 with NaCl, CaCl2, K2SO4, and SrCl2. (Note: Clean the nichrome
wire with before using it by alternately dippimg the loop in concentrated HCl and bring it
to flame until there is no more characteristic color produced in the flame.)
C. Empirical Formula (Do simultaneously with procedure D)
1. Weigh an empty crucible on the analytical balance. Record its weight. (Make 2 trials)
2. Place 1g of copper powder in the crucible.
3. Heat the crucible as strongly as possible for 30 mins until a completely black substance is
obtained. The crucible should glow red if it is being heated sufficiently.
4. Cool to room temperature, then transfer to the desicator.
5. Weigh and record your results.
6. Compute the percentage composition of copper and oxygen.
7. Determine the simplest formula of the compound formed.
D. Mass Relation in a Chemical Reaction
1. Weigh an empty crucible on the analytical balance. Record its weight. (Make 2 trials)
2. Place 1 g of Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) into the crucible. Cover it.
3. Place the crucible on the clay triangle and heat gently for 2 mins.
4. Gradually increase the temperature and heat for 10 mins.
5. Open the cover slightly and heat for 2 mins.
6. Let the crucible cool to room temperature and weigh.
7. Repeat the heating process 3 times.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

A. All generated wastes should be disposed at the Inorganic waste container.

 SURNAME GIVEN NAME MIDDLE INITIAL
NAME: SCORE:

SECTION: DATE PERFORMED:

LABORATORY SCHEDULE: DATE SUBMITTED:

LABORATORY ACTIVITY 4
PERIODIC TABLE RELATIONSHIP AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
A. REPORT SHEET
1. Periodic Relation

Observation (Write also the predicted product/s if there is any)

Compounds
(NH4)2CO3 NH4OH AgNO3 Litmus Paper
MgSO4

NaCl

CaCl2

K2SO4

SrCl2

2. Flame Test

Observation
MgSO4 NaCl CaCl2 K2SO4 SrCl2

3. Empirical Formula

Material Trial 1 Trial 2 Average

Empty crucible

Copper powder
Crucible with product
after heating
Computed mass of
the product

Computed empirical
formula of the
product
 4. Mass Relation in a Chemical Reaction

Material Trial 1 Trial 2 Average

Empty crucible

Copper powder
Crucible with product
after heating
Computed mass of
the product

Mass of oxygen gas

escaped (show the
solution)

Compute the
theoretical mass of
oxygen that should
escape

Compute the percent

yield

B. QUESTIONS

1. From procedures A and B; on the basis of your results, group the elements into families. Give
the experimental evidences which led you to group them according to 2 divisions: family and
summary of evidences. Do your groupings match with those of the periodic table?
2. What happened to the mass of copper powder and KClO3 after heating (do they have the
same outcome with regards to mass)? Explain your answer. (Hint: Their chemical reaction
equation could help)

CONCLUSION
 LABORATORY ACTIVITY 5: Solutions Page

LABORATORY ACTIVITY 5

SOLUTIONS
INTRODUCTION

The amount of solute that dissolves in a given amount of solvent to produce a

saturated solution in called the solubility of that solute. It is determined by the
structures of interacting substances as well as the nature of their attractive forces. For
instance, Substance X is soluble in or miscible with Substance Y when the attractive
forces between the two are equal or greater than those which exist among units of
either the solute or the solvent. In this context, it may be said that polar solutes dissolve
in polar solvents due to ionic or dipole-dipole interactions. Nonpolar substances on the
other hand, exhibit weak molecular interaction called Van der Waals forces. In the case
of a solid dissolving in a liquid, a certain amount of energy is required to overcome
lattice binding forces in the solid. The amount of heat evolved or absorbed is a measure
of the strength of the binding forces which exist with the crystal lattices of the solid.
The concentration of a solution can be expressed either qualitatively or
quantitatively. The terms dilute and concentrated are used to describe a solution
qualitatively. The quantitative expressions of concentration are % by weight, % by
volume, mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality.

OBJECTIVES

A. To describe the effect of different factors on the solubility of a solute in a solvent and
the rate of formation of a solution.
B. To be able to know how to prepare solution.

MATERIALS NEEDED

 TO BE PROVIDED BY THE STUDENTS

Distilled water

 PROVIDED BY THE LABORATORY

o Glasswares/Apparatus

10 Test tubes 1 Test tube rack

1 Test tube brush 1 Test tube holder
1 Stirring rod 2 Beakers
1 Bunsen burner 1 Pipette
1 Aspirator 1 Graduated cylinder (100 mL)
2 Volumetric flasks (250mL) 1 Spatula
 LABORATORY ACTIVITY 5: Solutions Page

o Reagents (each should have its own dropper)

NaCl Benzoic acid

Glycerine Diethyl ether
Dilute lead acetate Dilute HCl
Dilute NH4OH Red litmus paper
CuSO4 Analytical balance

PROCEDURE

Factors that Affect Solubility

1. Nature of Solute
1. Place approximately 0.5 g (or a pinch) of NaCl and Benzoic acid into 2 separate test
tubes.
2. Add 5 mL of distilled water to each substance and shake.
3. Allow to stand for 1 min and observe the solubility of each substance in water.
4. Taking another set of test tubes, mix in one test tube, 3 mL of glycerine and 3 mL of
distilled water.
5. In the other tube, mix 3 mL of diethyl ether and 3 mL of water.
6. Shake both test tubes and allow standing for 1 min. Observe the mixture.
2. Nature of Solvent
a. Place 3 mL of distilled water into a test tube and 3 mL of diethyl ether in another test
tube.
b. Add 7pprox.. 0.5 g (or a pinch) of benzoic acid in each test tube and shake. Observe the
mixtures.
3. Effect of Temperature
a. Mix 1 mL of dilute lead acetate solution and 1 mL of dilute HCl solution in a test tube
and shake.
b. Observe and heat the mixture; note what happens to the precipitate.
c. In another test tube place about 3 mL of dilute NH4OH solution.
d. Heat the solution in low flame.
e. Expose a moistened red litmus paper to the vapor of the heated solution.
f. Note the change in color of the litmus paper as well as the odor of the vapor evolved
from the reaction.

Factors that Affect the Rate of Formation of Solution

4. Size of Particles
1. Take 2 CuSO4 crystals of approximately equal size.
2. Place 1 crystal in a test tube.
3. Pulverize the other crystal in a mortar and transfer it to another test tube.
4. Add 5 mL of distilled water to each test tube and shake simultaneously.
5. Note the color of each solution and the amount of undissolved solid in each test tube.
Observe the difference in the rate of formation of the solution
5. Temperature
a. Fill 2 test tubes with 5 mL of water and add 0.5 g (or a pinch) of CuSO4 to each test
tube. Do not shake.
 LABORATORY ACTIVITY 5: Solutions Page

b. Heat one test tube to boiling and after cooling to room temperature; compare this
solution with the unheated mixture. Observe the difference in the rate of formation of
the solution
6. Agitation
a. Mix 10 mL of water in each of 2 test tubes with 0.5 g (or a pinch) of CuSO4.
b. Shake 1 test tube and leave the other in a test tube rack. Observe the difference in the
rate of formation of the solution

Concentration of Solutions

7. Percent by Mass
a. Weigh 20 g of NaCl in a beaker.
b. Add distilled water until the solution weighs 100 g.
c. After the NaCl is dissolved compute the percent by mass.
8. Molarity and Molality
a. Weigh 14.61g of NaCl in a beaker.
b. Add 100 mL of distilled water and dissolve NaCl.
c. Transfer the solution to a volumetric flask (250 mL capacity).
d. Dilute it to the mark with distilled water.
e. Compute the molarity and molality of the solution.
9. Dilution
a. Take 50mL from the prepared solution form procedure H and transfer it to another
volumetric flask (250 mL capacity).
b. Dilute to the mark with distilled water. Compute the new concentration in molarity and
molality.

FORMULAS

Percent by mass: Percent by volume:

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆

𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎% 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Molarity: Molality:

𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝒊𝒏 𝑳𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔) 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝒊𝒏 𝑲𝒊𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒔)

Dilution factor:

CInitialVInitial = CFinalVFinal
Where:
C= Concentration
V= Volume

WASTE MANAGEMENT

A. Wastes generated from procedure A to F (except wastes with diethyl ether) should to
dispose to Inorganic waste.
B. Wastes with diethyl ether should be placed in Organic waste container.
C. Wastes generated from procedures G to I could be safely disposed to the drain.
 SURNAME GIVEN NAME MIDDLE INITIAL
NAME: SCORE:

SECTION: DATE PERFORMED:

LABORATORY SCHEDULE: DATE SUBMITTED:

LABORATORY ACTIVITY 5
SOLUTIONS
REPORT SHEET

Factors that Affect Solubility

1. Nature of Solute

Mixture Observation
NaCl + water

Benzoic acid + water

Glycerine + water

Ether + water

2. Nature of Solvent

Mixture Observation
Benzoic acid + ether

Benzoic acid + water

3. Effect of Temperature

Observation
Mixture
Before heating After heating
Lead acetate + HCl

NH4OH solution

Factors that Affect the Rate of Formation of Solution

Observation
4. Size of Particles
Whole crystal + water Powdered crystal + water
 5. Temperature
CuSO4 + water (before heating) CuSO4 + water (after heating)

6. Agitation
CuSO4 + water (without shaking) CuSO4 + water (with shaking)

Concentration of Solutions

7. Percent by Mass
Computation:

8. Molarity and Molality

Computation (molarity):

Computation (molality):

9. Dilution
Computation (molarity):

Computation (molality):
QUESTIONS

1. Will an increase in temperature always increase the solubility of the solute in the
solvent? Why or why not?

2. Why is glycerine soluble in water but not in diethyl ether?

3. How will you construct a procedure in preparation of 3 M NaCl (100mL solution)?

CONCLUSION