Infinitesimal

o Everything would work out fine if the interval could be made infinitely small
o in mathematics, a quantity less than any finite quantity yet not zero. Even though no such
quantity can exist in the real number system, many early attempts to justify calculus were based
on sometimes dubious reasoning about infinitesimals: derivatives were defined as ultimate
ratios of infinitesimals, and integrals were calculated by summing rectangles of infinitesimal
width. As a result, differential and integral calculus was originally referred to as the infinitesimal
calculus. This terminology gradually disappeared as rigorous concepts of limit, continuity, and
the real numbers were formulated
so the humanity was curious about calculus

HOW MATHEMATICS IS USED IN:

Calculus
o the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of
shape and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.
o Providing tools that let scientists calculate what nature is doing
o Providing new questions for mathematicians to sort out their own satisfaction
Applied Mathematics
o Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as
science, engineering, business, computer science, and industry.
Pure mathematics
o Pure mathematics is the study of mathematical concepts independently of any application
outside mathematics.
nature

Monk Gregor Mendel

o through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced
that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent.
o He tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant
or recessive traits. He recognized the mathematical patterns of inheritance from one generation
to the next.
Erwin Chargaff
o was one of those men, making two discoveries that led James Watson and Francis Crick to the
double helix structure of DNA.
o noticed that DNA, whether taken from a plant or animal, contained equal amounts of adenine
and thymine and equal amounts of cytosine and guanine.
o These equalities provided clues into the chemical pairings that make up the double helix.
o In addition, Chargaff also found that amounts of guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine vary by
species – an indication that DNA, not protein, might be the genetic material for life.

DNA
o Has double helical structure consists of two spiral chains of deoxyribonucleic acid. The shape is
similar to that of a spiral staircase.
o is a nucleic acid composed of nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine), a
five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and phosphate molecules
o . The nucleotide bases of DNA represent the stair steps of the staircase, and the deoxyribose
and phosphate molecules form the sides of the staircase.