CHAPTER II

Framework of the Study

Essential Elements:

1. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A survey of existing knowledge on the research topic is gathered from previously
published materials. This part serves to define, classify and facilitate objective
comprehension of the variables being studied.

Why is it necessary to have a review of related literature?

• It is important to gather literature related to the study in order to clarify the
different variables being studied.
• As the related literature and studies are gathered appropriately and adequately,
the different variables and sub-variables of the study are clarified and the
delimitation of the study is determined.

Conducting a Review of Related Literature:

The review of related literature is a systematic process that involves three steps:
1. Finding relevant materials
2. Actual reading
3. Note-taking

Where can we find it?

All indicators are clearly based on read articles from different published materials
like:
- Reference books - Bulletins
- Textbooks - Broadsheets
- Manuals - Journals
- Encyclopedias - Periodicals
- Dictionaries - Electronic References (internet)

The materials or references cited must be:

• As recent as possible
• Objective and unbiased as possible
• Relevant to the study
• Not too few but not too many
• Foreign and local literature

Examples of review of related literature:

Thesis Title: Correlates of Leadership Competencies and Management Skills of Classroom

Managers: A Basis for the Development of a Management Intervention Program

There are two factors to consider in leadership. These are: spiritual factors: (1) the
leader must be called of God; (2) he/she must meet the biblical requirement in his/her life; (3)
the leader must be empowered by the Holy Spirit to accomplish his/her job; (4) he/she must
have an understanding of the biblical principles and be able to apply them to the ministry of
the Sunday school; and (5) he/she must be a man/woman of prayer; and natural factors
(Barron, 2010; Hayden, 2005; Hersman, 2007): (1) he/she should understand basic human
relationship and how to get along with the people; (2) he/she should understand how to
motivate people to get jobs done; (3) he/she must know how to train people, both technically
and in informal settings; (4) he/she should have the ability to supervise and evaluate workers;
and (5) he/she should understand how to solve interpersonal problems, produce a cohesive
staff, and keep everyone working toward a goal.

(Cristobal, 2003)
As this study is focused on the effectiveness of managers, a study conducted by
Catacutan (1992) is related. Its objective is to analyze the effectiveness of middle level
managers in six selected private elementary schools in Metro Manila where she assessed 42
subject coordinators, 25 head teachers, 6 principals and 275 teachers under such variables as
management skills focusing on human relations; and non-manipulative variables like
educational attainment, years of experience as managers, and management trainings as well
as the different categories of respondents.

(Cortes, 1992)
Cortes (1992) conducted a study on the competencies of presidents of state colleges
and universities in the Philippines. Some of her findings were as follows: (1) in terms of
decision-making, the presidents were rated most effective as perceived by themselves; (2) the
correlates of competencies of presidents of state colleges and universities were education,
scholarships and experience, travel, training fellowships, and study grants; (3) the factors that
affect performance of these presidents were professional development, professional maturity,
and recognition.

2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

theory – Greek word – “theoria” – vision

- A theory is a conceptual invention that is used to describe, explain, predict, or
understand a certain phenomenon.

framework – is similar to a skeleton; it is a basic structure or a frame of reference

(Webster, 2006). This serves as the building blocks to strongly clarify the bases of the
study.

What is Theoretical Framework?

• Theories that are partially or fully related to the present study are discussed to
serve as a backgrounder on the variables being investigated.
• It may be formulated from an existing theory/ies and serve as the foundation of
the study.

Examples of relevant theories used in studies:

(Valenton, 2009)
There are four theories on how children learn a language: behaviorism, linguistics, social
interactionism, and the neuro-biological perspective (Vukelich,2002). Only the theory of social
interactionism is adopted in this study.
Social interactionist theory does not come from either the nature or the nurture side. Rather,
it acknowledges the influence of genetics and parental teaching to language learning.
However, it shares with behaviorists the belief that environment plays a central role in
children’s language development. Likewise, along with the nativist, it believes that children
possess an innate predisposition to learn a language. Parents and teachers also support
children’s efforts to learn a language by focusing the children’s attention on objects in the
immediate environment and by labeling each object and action.
 This social interactionist theory was conceptualized in English language since English is the
Philippines’ second language. This study assumed the performance of second year high school
students in terms of factors such as social- demographic, schools, and home. Considering the
generally recognized performance of students in achievement test but poor command of the
English language, this study aims to find out what influences their performance for the S.Y.
2008-2009.

(Landar, 2008)
As cited by Jarvilehto (1999), Koffha (1935) defined environment not as it is, but as it is
perceived and experienced. This phenomenological approach was expanded by Lewin’s
(1936) field theory of life space as discussed by Smith (2001). Lewin defined behavior not as
a function of the objective physical properties of the stimulus environment, but a s environment
transformed into an “innerworld” by a cognizing organism. Thus, it is psychological
environment rather that the physical environment that determines the individual’s behavior.
The assumed interplay of student’s profile and classroom climate quality could influence the
nature and the kind of faculty development activities a school may create. Likewise, the
faculty development activities may, to some extent, directly or indirectly affect the classroom
climate quality and aspects of student’s profile. Recognizing the cognitive and affective needs
of the teacher in improving student performance in the classroom and enhancing the teacher’s
ability to provide and adapt instruction to meet the needs of individual students is assumed to
lead in establishing and maintaining a harmonious and dynamic classroom climate. Assessing
the present quality of classroom climate of high school students will help the school plan and
implement a feasible intervention program if a need warrants it.

3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

• It refers to a model which explains how variables are interrelated.

• It elaborates the research problem in relation to relevant literature.
• This section may summarize the major (dependent and independent) variables in
your research.

PARADIGM
• It is a diagrammatic presentation of the study.
• Paradigm is a pattern, model or set of forms which contains particular elements. It
is a scientific imagination of the researcher which is expressed visually through
drawing or sketches. (Webster, 2006)

The common paradigms or models of the study used:

1. IPO (input-process-output) model

 This model is largely used when the research studies attempt to isolate the
factor or major variable that causes the problem, subject or phenomenon under
investigation.

 Profile of entrepreneurs
a. Age
b. Sex Improved role of
c. Seminars Analysis of data entrepreneurs
attended through the
questionnaire, Higher returns
 Roles of entrepreneurs
a. Assessment informal interviews, Better quality of
b. Planning and statistical services
c. Implementation treatment
d. Evaluation
 Specimen collection
 Performance

Entrepreneurs’ Roles Toward Improved Work Performance

2. IV-DV (independent variable-dependent variable) model

This is used in experiment-based studies. The questions raised are higher-order and
may be factor-relating, situation-relating, or situation-producing.

Teaching methodology used Level of performance of

by instructors college students

 computer-assisted  academic grades

 instruction  practicum grades
 demonstration method  parent’s satisfaction

The Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction and Demonstration Method to the Level of

Performance of College Students

3. CP (criterion-predictor) model
This is used when relating and assessing the effects of two or more variables.
Studies that focus on relationships, associations, differences and effects will benefit
from the model.

Teaching competence of Level of performance of

clinical instructors nursing students

 knowledge-level  Academic grades

 pedagogical skills  Related Learning
 classroom management Experience (RLE)
skills  patient’s satisfaction

Relationship of the Teaching Competence of Clinical Instructors to the

Level of Performance of Nursing Students

4. -P model stands for additional box

This is used in research studies that propose a program or any intervention measure. This
model fits the situation-producing level of questioning.
  Profile of entrepreneurs Analysis of data through the questionnaire,
d. Age informal interviews, and statistical treatment
e. Sex
f. Seminars
attended
 Roles of entrepreneurs
e. Assessment Improved role of entrepreneurs
f. Planning
Higher returns
g. Implementation
h. Evaluation Better quality of services
 Specimen collection
 Performance

Proposed Intervention Program

The Proposed Program for Improved Quality Service of Entrepreneurs

Teaching Level of
competence of performance of
clinical instructors nursing students
 knowledge-level  Academic
 pedagogical grades
skills  Related
 classroom Learning Faculty
management Experience (RLE) Development
skills  patient’s Program
satisfaction

Relationship of the Teaching Competence to the Performance of

Nursing Students Towards Faculty Development Program

5. POM (proposed original model)

This is used when the researcher is presenting an original paradigm. The requirements
is that it must be scientific.
Student Infection control practices Extent of
respondent’s participation in
profile Preparation of IV fluids infection control
Preparation of IV medication program
 age
 sex Assistance in administration of IV Cl’s assessment of
 civil status medications the students’ extent
 Hospital of participation in
assignments Skin care infection control
practices
Umbilical cord care
Eye care

Enhanced Related Learning Experience (RLE) Supervisory Program

Extent of Participation of the Nursing Students in

Infection Control Practices: Basis for Enhance RLE Supervisory Program
(Quiazon, 2007)