Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
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Mariya V. Krymskaya
TU Delft
Mathematical
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
A Reservoir
General information
> 40, 000 oil fields in the world
300 m to 10 km below the surface
2 − 500 million years old
Ghawar oil field
the biggest among discovered
Location: Saudi Arabia
Recovery: since 1951
Size: 280 × 30 km
Age: 320 million years old
Production: 5 million barrels
(800, 000 m3 ) of oil per day
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Oil Recovery
I Primary
20% extracted
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Oil Recovery
I Primary
20% extracted
I Secondary (water flooding)
25% to 35% extracted
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Oil Recovery
I Primary
20% extracted
I Secondary (water flooding)
25% to 35% extracted
I Tertiary
50% left
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Oil Recovery
I Primary
20% extracted
I Secondary (water flooding)
25% to 35% extracted
I Tertiary
50% left
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Reservoir Properties
I Rock properties
I Porosity
I (Absolute) permeability
I Rock compressibility
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Reservoir Properties
I Rock properties
I Porosity
I (Absolute) permeability
I Rock compressibility
I Fluid properties
I Fluid compressibility
I Fluid density
I Fluid viscosity
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Reservoir Properties
I Rock properties
I Porosity
I (Absolute) permeability
I Rock compressibility
I Fluid properties
I Fluid compressibility
I Fluid density
I Fluid viscosity
I Fluid-rock properties
I Fluid saturation
I Capillary pressure
I Relative permeability (Corey-type model)
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Reservoir Properties
I Rock properties
I Porosity
I (Absolute) permeability
I Rock compressibility
I Fluid properties
I Fluid compressibility
I Fluid density
I Fluid viscosity
I Fluid-rock properties
I Fluid saturation
I Capillary pressure
I Relative permeability (Corey-type model)
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Reservoir Properties
I Rock properties
I Porosity
I (Absolute) permeability
I Rock compressibility
I Fluid properties
I Fluid compressibility
I Fluid density
I Fluid viscosity
I Fluid-rock properties
I Fluid saturation
I Capillary pressure
I Relative permeability (Corey-type model)
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Reservoir Properties
I Rock properties
I Porosity
I (Absolute) permeability
I Rock compressibility
I Fluid properties
I Fluid compressibility
I Fluid density
I Fluid viscosity
I Fluid-rock properties
I Fluid saturation
I Capillary pressure
I Relative permeability (Corey-type model)
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Reservoir Properties
I Rock properties
I Porosity
I (Absolute) permeability
I Rock compressibility
I Fluid properties
I Fluid compressibility
I Fluid density
I Fluid viscosity
I Fluid-rock properties
I Fluid saturation
I Capillary pressure
I Relative permeability (Corey-type model)
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Model Discretization
⇓
p
X=
S
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Historical Match
Z
fffff ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
fffffffff ZZZZZZZ
s ffff
f ZZZZZZ-
Manual Automatic
ii
iiiiii
approaches
i
ii
t iii
i
Traditional
Kalman Filtering
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Data Assimilation Problem Statement
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF)
Case Study
Iterative Ensemble Kalman Filter (IEnKF)
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Ensemble Forward
Forecasted
generation / model / ensemble / Data
and state assimilation
(ξi )0 , X0 , P0 integration
O (ξi )fk , Xfk , Pfk
@A
Analyzed ensemble
and state
(ξi )ak , Xak , Pak
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Data Assimilation Problem Statement
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF)
Case Study
Iterative Ensemble Kalman Filter (IEnKF)
Results
Conclusion
Questions
ED
mak
[m0 , Y0 ]T , o
P0
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Analyzed ensemble Estimated
Initial condition / / and state / model parameter
EnKF
_ _ X _ 0 ,_ P_0 _ _ (ξi )ak , Xak ,Pak mak
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
State Vector Feasibility
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Re-scaling state vector
Case Study
Experimental Setup
Results
Conclusion
Questions
gf
ml
Ensemble / Forward model / / Confirmation
Data
generation integration g step
g g g
assimilation
O
g g g
g g g
a
mk
Yk−1g g g g
a
g
g g g
Re-initialized Confirmed
g g
New static sg
ensemble Forward model ensemble
/ and state / integration / and state
parameters (ξi )ak−1 , from k − 1 to k (ξi )ck ,
Xk−1 , Pak−1
a
Xck , Pck
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
State Vector Feasibility
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Re-scaling state vector
Case Study
Experimental Setup
Results
Conclusion
Questions
log k
p
X=
S ,
Y
10−7
A 10 ⇒ AML
= −7
B 10 BL
103
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
State Vector Feasibility
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Re-scaling state vector
Case Study
Experimental Setup
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Ensemble update
(ξi )ak = (ξi )fk + K Z − M(ξi )fk + Vi
= (ξi )fk + B−1 K1 A Z − M(ξi )fk + Vi
= (ξi )fk + B−1 K1 AZ − AM(ξi )fk + AVi
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
State Vector Feasibility
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Re-scaling state vector
Case Study
Experimental Setup
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Experimental setup
Twin experiment
Initialization
True permeability field (log(m2)) Mean of permeability fields ensemble (log(m2))
−28
2 2
−28.5 −28.5
4 4
6 −29 6 −28.6
8 −29.5 8
−28.7
10 10
−30
12 12 −28.8
14 −30.5 14
−28.9
16 −31 16
18 18 −29
−31.5
20 20
−29.1
−32
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques EnKF
Case Study IEnKF
Results
Conclusion
Questions
1.6
RMS error (log(m2))
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (days)
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques EnKF
Case Study IEnKF
Results
Conclusion
Questions
18 1
−31.5 5 −29 5
20
−32
0.8
5 10 15 20
10 10
−30 0.6
15 15 0.4
−31
0.2
20 20
−32 0
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques EnKF
Case Study IEnKF
Results
Conclusion
Questions
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
(21,1)(−)
0.4 0.4
(1,1) (−)
0.2 0.2
0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500
Time t ( days) Time t ( days)
1 1
w
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
(21,21)(−)
(1,21)(−)
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500
Time t ( days) Time t ( days)
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques EnKF
Case Study IEnKF
Results
Conclusion
Questions
2 2
Ensemble mean Ensemble mean
Ensemble members Ensemble members
1.8 1.8
1.6 1.6
RMS error (log(m2))
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (days) Time (days)
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques EnKF
Case Study IEnKF
Results
Conclusion
Questions
2.2 2.2
Ensemble mean Ensemble mean
Ensemble members Ensemble members
2 2
1.8 1.8
RMS error (log(m2))
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Time (days) Time (days)
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques EnKF
Case Study IEnKF
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Mean of initial ensemble (log(m2)) Variance of initial ensemble ((log(m2))2) Mean of initial ensemble (log(m2)) Variance of initial ensemble ((log(m2))2)
−28 −28
1 1
5 −29 5 5 −29 5
0.8 0.8
10 10 10 10
−30 0.6 −30 0.6
15 15 0.4 15 15 0.4
−31 −31
0.2 0.2
20 20 20 20
−32 0 −32 0
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
2 2 2
Estimated permeability field (log(m )) Variance of estimated ensemble ((log(m )) ) Estimated permeability field (log(m )) Variance of estimated ensemble ((log(m2))2)
2
−28 −28
1 1
5 −29 5 5 −29 5
0.8 0.8
10 10 10 10
−30 0.6 −30 0.6
15 15 0.4 15 15 0.4
−31 −31
0.2 0.2
20 20 20 20
−32 0 −32 0
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
Outline
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
Two-Phase Water-Oil Fluid Flow Model
Kalman Filtering Techniques
Case Study
Results
Conclusion
Questions
Conclusion
Questions