1

Works Cited

Primary Sources

Allen, and Udwin. "Militarism versus Feminism." ​Digital Public Library of America​, 1915,

digital.library.upenn.edu/women/florence/feminism/feminism.html. Accessed 1 Oct.

2019. This online book/article discusses how militarism involves the subjection of

women. Militarism is the belief of people that a country should maintain a strong military

capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend. It is argued that this

militarism results in the beliefs that women must surrender their liberty in the interests of

men. One group of individuals even went as far as to say that, "It has never been good for

women to be too independent," and, "[Militarism] improves a man to have to work for his

wife; it makes a man of him." These beliefs of men at the time show the challenges that

women had to face if they were to want to join the U.S armed forces. Militarism and the

beliefs that come from it result in the mindset that the military is only meant for

"aggressive men" who need to work for their wives. This helps with the understanding of

this year's NHD topic as it explains the mindset of those who opposed a gender barrier

being broken. This greatly helps with the project itself by allowing a new perspective of

the situation to be taken in. This could perhaps be used in a separate page on the website

that will be created. The following source is primary due to the fact that it was written at

the time of the event from a person who experienced the sexist situations first-hand.

"Bertha Huber Lees talks about being one of the first Navy WAVEs during WWII." ​Youtube​,

uploaded by Knoxville News Sentinel, www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSJ27sIbVKM.

Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. This Youtube video is of Bertha Lee, a veteran from WW2, who
 2

was a part of the WAVES organization. In the video clip, she discusses why she decided

to join, duties she had to do, and how the organization has affected her life today. This

supports the second control of the thesis statement because even though Brenda Lee

discusses how she was treated very well, she still mentions the fact that she was paid

differently compared to her male counterparts.

Department of Defense Women. ​Scholastic​, www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3757888.

Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. This modern/current photograph of four women about to go off

to serve in Iraq and Afghanistan is a primary source that highlights the difference

between what women's positions in the military are like now compared to a century ago.

Before, women were only thought to be helpful as nurses, but because of women facing

their challenges and breaking a huge gender-equality barrier in history, women can do so

much more.

Enlist in the WAVES​. ​Etsy,​ www.etsy.com/listing/164640598/. Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. This

illustration recruitment poster supports the second control of the thesis statement that

states how women faced the challenge of serving in the military, yet not being equally

paid compared to the men. Though treated mostly well, the women were not paid as

much as the male troops, despite the fact that they served in the same positions.

The Fallen Soldiers Cemetery of WWII. ​The National WWII Museum​,

www.nationalww2museum.org/students-teachers/student-resources/research-starters/rese

arch-starters-worldwide-deaths-world-war. Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. This photograph

shows a cemetery of fallen soldiers of WWII with the living troops paying their respects

to them. This photograph can support the first control of the thesis which states how
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women were risking their lives on the military field when serving in the armed forces.

The photo can support that fact as it shows just how many lives were taken at times of

war.

Female Marines Training. 11 Dec. 1944. ​A to Z the USA​, 11 Sept. 2011,

www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/09/world-war-ii-women-at-war/100145/. Accessed 11

Feb. 2020. This photograph shows the extent that women soldiers went through, just as

the men did. This can show the huge change of roles as women were mainly known as

being nurses, however that is seen to not be the case. This primary source can help with

the final National History Day project by providing an image for the website and

showing a comparison between this image and a photo of nurses from previous years.

Female Soldier Surrounded by Fellow Male Troops. ​A to Z the USA​, 4 Jan. 2016,

www.uso.org/stories/118-women-of-world-war-ii. Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. The

photograph shown represents the idea that women were greatly outnumbered by their

fellow male peers, therefore being an easy target among the group. Even though the

photo itself does not prove control three of the thesis (women faced discrimination from

fellow male troops), other evidence does and this photo can give the viewer an idea on

just how easy it was for women to be targeted. The fact that they were easy targets can

also show just how hard it was to overcome this obstacle and explain why this obstacle is

still very present today.

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader. "Decision in United States v. Virginia." ​American Government​,

ABC-CLIO, 1996, americangovernment.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/204298. Accessed

5 Nov. 2019. The following audio clip spoken by Ruth Bader Ginsburg is about the
 4

decision of the court in the case of ​United States v. Virginia​ in 1996. The court held that

Virginia Military Academy, a state-supported college, could no longer deny entrance to

women purely on the basis of gender. The main reasoning for this was the fact that there

were women who had equal physical capabilities to be a part of the program, but were

being denied entry to the college for unjustified reasons. This source helps with the

National History Day project due to the fact that it gives a modern and real-world

example on how women are still being rejected into certain military programs today and

there is still much work to do with this aspect of women's equality. While it does not help

with the background information/research part of the project, it will be very helpful for

the conclusion aspect of the project. The audio clip is a primary source because it was a

source created by the people actually involved in the event, rather that being created by

someone who has gathered information from others who were not part of the event and

placing their research into an article.

A Group of Nurses Working in Hospital Unit No. 116. 15 June 1918. ​The United States World

War One Centennial Commission​,

www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/communicate/press-media/wwi-centennial-new

s/4147-wwi-women-nurse-vashti-bartlett.html. Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. The photo shows

how nurses were helpful during times of war by showing how they created anesthesia

during war times. This primary source can be used to support the background of the

National History Day topic by providing information on how helpful women actually

were before serving in the United States armed forces.

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Harper's Weekly​. 20 July 1861. ​American History​,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1606286?terms=women+military&sTypeI

d=2. Accessed 6 Nov. 2019. This ​Harper's Weekly​ newspaper shows an illustration of

men and women filling rifle cartridges for Union troops at a Massachusetts arsenal under

the watch of men in power. This brings out how women were a great help during the

Civil War in more ways than fighting before they were legally allowed to serve in the

U.S armed forces. The fact that they helped during this war and many other wars was a

great factor into why they were first allowed to serve in the first place. This source helps

with the understanding of this year's NHD topic and the project itself because it explains

what position women were in before serving in the military, navy, and other armed

forces. The newspaper is a primary source because it was created at the time of the event

illustrated by someone who actually witnessed the event.

"I'd Rather Be with Them ... than Waiting." THE WAC.​ ​508PIR,​

www.508pir.org/posters/album/wacs_01.htm. Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. This primary

source (illustration) encourages women to enter the Women's Army Corps, which was a

volunteer organization for women to serve in military positions, but they would not be

paid. This illustration recruitment poster supports the second control of the thesis that

states how women faced the challenge of not being paid, but still serving just as much as

other men. This illustration can be on the second control page of the final website, with a

brief description explaining how it supports the fact that women faced injustice.

Join the WAC Now!​ ​A to Z the USA,​

design.tutsplus.com/articles/inspiration-80-amazing-wwii-allied-propaganda-posters--vec
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tor-3376. Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. This WAC recruitment poster can support the second

control of the thesis stating that there were women volunteers to serve during World War

II. This is due to the fact that the poster itself is promoting an organization that collected

women volunteers to help serve in the war. The primary source will be very helpful and

placed in the website to support the challenge of women not being equally paid to men,

even though they served.

Join the WAVES.​ ​Pinterest​, www.pinterest.com/pin/284219426453214171/. Accessed 11 Feb.

2020. This WAVES recruitment poster for World War II volunteer women supports the

fact that women faced the challenge of serving in military positions, but they were not

equally paid because the WAVES organization followed that restriction. In the final

National History Day project (a website), this illustration can be used along with a

caption explaining its significance of how it represents a challenge females faced.

Lt. Ellen Ainsworth. ​Twin Cities,​ 24 May 2014,

www.twincities.com/2014/05/24/only-wisconsin-woman-killed-by-enemy-fire-during-w

wii-honored/. Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. The photograph is of Ellen Ainsworth, who died at

age 24 during World War II when helping an injured soldier. This photo supports the fact

that many women died during times of war, supporting the second control of the thesis

which says that women risked their lives on the military field in order to officially serve

in the United States military.

Lt. Ruth Gardner. ​Pinterest,​ www.pinterest.com/pin/24980972907647455/#. Accessed 11 Feb.

2020. The photograph of Ruth Garnder, an army air force nurse who died during WWII

while evacuating patients in Alaska, supports the first control of the thesis which states
 7

how women risked their lives on the military field in order to officially serve in the

United States armed forces. This primary source can be used in the final National History

Day website by consisting of a caption explaining her story.

Montana Historical Society. "'Cutting a New Path': A World War II Navy Nurse Fights Sexism

in the Military." ​History Matters​, 1992, historymatters.gmu.edu/d/140. Accessed 6 Oct.

2019. The following audio clip explains how young volunteering women soldiers had felt

bitterness from other male troops at the time of their serving. They were questioned by

the men as to what their purposes, motives, and morals were for being there in the first

place. However, the women fought off the sexism and strove toward gender equality. All

of this information was brought by Doris Brander, a volunteered woman soldier during

World War 2. The following information gives a first-hand perspective and opinion of

the time women had to volunteer to serve for the United States, therefore being a primary

source and helping with the National History Day project itself. This audio clip helps

with the understanding of this year's NHD project due to the fact that it mainly focuses on

the challenges women had to face in order to break the barrier of not being allowed to

officially serve in the U.S armed forces.

Nurses during WWI. ​War & Peace​, 21 Sept. 2014,

warandpeacesomerset.wordpress.com/2014/09/21/somerset-women-and-their-nursing-ex

periences-during-ww1/. Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. The photograph provides background to

just how helpful women were during times of war before they even started serving in the

armed forces. The image consists of women, supporting the fact that they still saved lives

even without officially serving for the United States. This primary source will be used on
 8

the background page, providing a big picture of just how much women contributed

during war times.

Poulos, Paula Nassen, editor. ​A Woman's War Too: U.S. Women in the Military in World War II​.

1996. ​Digital Public Library of America,​

dp.la/item/98dded94ab98650a60357c154a14e4a7?q=women%20in%20the%20military&

type=%22text%22&page=1. Accessed 6 Oct. 2019. This book discusses how women had

to face sexism in the military during World War 2 due to the fact that men were brought

out as "protectors," both in and outside of the home, therefore it was extremely difficult

for women to prove themselves and their worth in the military system for years. It is also

discussed how soldiers were brought out be "manly," another stereotype which added to

the sexist gender barrier preventing women from officially serving in the U.S military.

According to the book, women had to face many other things which are much more

explained in the text, such has harassment, discrimination, unequal opportunity, unequal

access, etc. This following information helps with the understanding of this year's

National History Day topic/theme and the project as it discusses barriers broken by

women and what they had to face during that time. The book is a primary source due to

the fact that it was written by someone who experienced the events talked about and

elaborated on first-hand.

President Harry Truman and Fellow Female Military Leaders after the Women's Armed Services

Integration Act Was Signed. 12 June 1948. ​Wordpress,​

mholloway63.wordpress.com/2015/04/27/world-war-ii-from-atozchallenge-w-is-for-wo

men-in-the-armed-services/. Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. This photograph highlights the

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success of women finally receiving their official right to serve in the United States armed

forces. Despite the challenges women faced, Congress finally agreed to let women be

seen as equals to their fellow male troops and the WAC and WAVES organizations were

destroyed. This photo can be used in the conclusion page of the final National History

Day website in order to show how the hard work of the women soldiers paid off in the

end of their long journey.

Private Laura Docherty on Patrol. 2010. ​National Army Museum​,

www.nam.ac.uk/explore/fit-fight-women-army-today. Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. This

modern photograph of a United States female soldier supports the fact that the women of

the past who overcame their challenges and broke barriers in history has made a

significant impact today. Without their bravery, the women would never be in the current

position that takes place in this picture.

Sampson, Deborah. "Petition of Deborah Sampson (Gannett)." ​Gale in Context-High School​,

Primary Source Media, 28 Nov. 1797,

go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Primary&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchRes

ultsType=SingleTab&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=7&docId=GALE

%7CEJ2161000116&docType=Petition&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXBK-MO

D1&prodId=SUIC&contentSet=GALE%7CEJ2161000116&searchId=R1&userGroupNa

me=elli85889&inPS=true. Accessed 4 Nov. 2019. Reading. Deborah Sampson was the

first woman to impersonate a man in battle and receive a veteran's pension from

Congress. In 1779 Sampson enlisted as a private in the Continental Army under Captain

George Webb. She dressed as a man and claimed that her name was Robert Shurtleff. For
 10

over one year she performed her military duties without detection. After fighting in

several skirmishes, she received a wound in Tarrytown, New York and later was shot by

a musket ball in a battle at East Chester. She nursed this second serious wound herself in

order to avoid discovery. Later she was sent to New York and Philadelphia, where she

became ill and was hospitalized for a fever. Her true identity was soon discovered, and

she was discharged in 1783. The First Baptist Church of Middleborough, Massachusetts,

which Sampson had joined a few years earlier, excommunicated her for dressing as a

man and enlisting under a man's name. This source is her 1797 petition to the federal

government for a pension which was at first rejected, but then granted the woman soldier

a veteran's disability of $4 per month. After her death, Gannett's widower, John Gannett,

was given a survivor's pension of $80 a year by an act of Congress, for he claimed that he

had paid heavy medical expenses as the result of her war-related injuries. The petition

helps with the knowledge of this years NHD topic and the project by providing an

example of an important figure and icon for the topic. It is a primary source due to the

fact that it was written by the heroine herself.

Sharon Ann Lane. 7 July 1943. ​The Virtual Wall,​ www.virtualwall.org/dl/LaneSA01a.htm.

Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. This photograph of Sharon Ann Lane, the only servicewoman to

die in the Vietnam War from enemy strike supports the second control of the thesis by

explaining how she was one of many women to die during times of war, which goes

along with the control that states, "Women risked their lives on the military field." This

primary source can be used in the final National History Day website by having her photo
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and story on the page that consists of information about the first control of the thesis

statement.

Stimson, Julia Catherine. "Letter from Julia Catherine Stimson to Her Parents, 1917." Received

by Mr. and Mrs. Stimson, 25 July 1917. ​Gale in Context​, Primary Source Media,

go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Primary&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchRes

ultsType=SingleTab&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=4&docId=GALE

%7CEJ2161000195&docType=Letter&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXBK-MOD1

&prodId=SUIC&contentSet=GALE%7CEJ2161000195&searchId=R1&userGroupName

=elli85889&inPS=true. Accessed 1 Oct. 2019. Letter. This letter to home was written on

July 25, 1917 by an army nurse named Julia Catherine Stimson, serving in a World War I

hospital in France. She describes working almost non-stop, with no sleep. The horrific

wartime conditions she and the other medical personnel endured led Stimson to wonder if

she would ever have peace of mind again. She often describes the world as "cruel" and

constantly mentions the mental strains that have been brought upon her due to the no

sleep, the pain from the soldiers, and the work she never stops completely as soldiers

never stop getting injured. The following source helps with the understanding of this

year's NHD topic because it talks about the challenges women had to overcome in the

early stages of their journey, the stage in which they could only serve as nurses instead of

troops. It helps with the project itself by allowing a detailed description of the early

stages of the barrier being broken to be brought to light. The following source is a

primary source because it was written by someone who experienced the women's journey

and was part of it as well.

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"WAAC Welcome ." ​WAAC Welcome​, 1942, pp. 1-4. ​UNC Greensboro,​

libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/WVHP/id/9514/rec/1. Accessed 19

Nov. 2019. This is a four-page typed newsletter welcoming women to the Women's

Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) in 1942. It contains information about uniforms,

orientation, and classification, in addition to the words to 13 WAAC songs. This was

passed around to those who wanted to volunteer in order to serve in World War 2

alongside men. This helps with the concept of this year's National History Day:

"Breaking Barriers in History," because it was a challenge that lead up to the broken

barrier. The challenge brought out in this newsletter is the fact that women served in jobs

that would normally hand out paychecks, but were refused to get paid. This source is

primary because physical copies are no longer handed out and it was made at the time of

the event by someone who was entitled to create it.

Woman's Place in War-The Women's Army Corps'​. ​American History​, ABC-CLIO,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/334288?terms=military+women&sTypeId

=2. Accessed 17 Nov. 2019. The illustration advertisement explains how women were

needed during World War 2 to take over traditional male roles in the U.S armed forces.

However, they would not get paid as if it was their normal, full-time job. Instead, it

would be as if they were volunteers, without getting paid. This source helps with the

understanding of this year's National History Day Project due to the fact that it explains

an accomplishment, being able to help serve, with a challenge, not getting paid. It brings

out how complex things were at the time and how this topic does not have just challenges

on one side and accomplishments on the other, there's a mix of both. This source is a
 13

primary source because it is a real illustration advertisement that was posted at the time

of the event and was made by someone who was alive during the event.

Women of the WAC. 6 Apr. 1944. ​A to Z the USA,​ 12 Aug. 2016,

thediscoverblog.com/tag/canadian-womens-army-corps/. Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. The

photograph demonstrates the idea that there were female volunteers during World War II

in an organization called the Women's Army Corps. This allowed women to support the

military, but they were not equally paid to male troops, supporting control two of the

thesis overall. The photo shows women in the WAC uniform, proving that this was an

organization that many participated in.

"Women's Army Corps Newsletter." ​WAC News Letter,​ July 1943. ​UNC Greensboro,​

libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/WVHP/id/9354/rec/3. Accessed 19

Nov. 2019. This United States Women's Army Corps [WAC] Newsletter consists of

articles that include information about various WAC publications, proper nutrition,

information on the WAC director Oveta Culp Hobby, WAC recruitment practices, and

enlistment standards in order to volunteer to serve during World War 2. This source helps

with the understanding of this year's National History Day project due to the fact that it

supports the aspect that women had to overcome the challenge of enlisting in a career for

the good of their country and not getting paid while men could get paid and serve the

United States at the same time. This source is a primary source because it is a newsletter

that was posted during the time of World War 2 rather than being a source from the

present created from second-hand information.

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Secondary Sources

Bellafaire, Judith. "America's Military Women—The Journey Continues." ​The Women's

Memorial,​ Women's Memorial, 2017,

www.womensmemorial.org/americas-military-women. Accessed 1 Oct. 2019. The

following source discusses heroines in the Revolutionary War, nurses, women who

dressed in disguise, the Armed Services Integration Act, volunteer forces, and more.

Women started out as nurses to disguising as men to fight in wars/battles to being

recruited and then "thrown away" to being volunteers to be fully enlisted in the U.S

armed forces today. The fight for women to serve has lasted ever since before the late

1700s all the way to the 1990s where they just recently lifted the ban on women serving

as crew members on combat aircraft and combat vessels. All in all, women faced many

challenges over these centuries to serve and break a gender equality barrier, which is

brought out in this article, helping with the understanding of this year's NHD topic. The

following source also helps with the project itself by bringing out how there were many

stages to the process of breaking this barrier, stages in which could be easily included in

the project. The following source is secondary as its information is taken from multiple

other sources created by those who did not experience the events discussed first-hand.

Blakemore, Erin. "How Women Fought Their Way into the U.S. Armed Forces." ​History.com,​ 29

July 2018, www.history.com/news/women-fought-armed-forces-war-service. Accessed 1

Oct. 2019. This article discusses how during World War 1, women were finally allowed

to enlist in the armed forces during wartime instead of being nurses, washerwomen,

caregivers, prostitutes, etc. for the male troops. However, after wartime they were
 15

expected to immediately step down from their positions and not be paid (the majority, at

least). In World War 2, recruiting became extremely difficult, so Congress created the

Women's Army Corps in 1943, allowing women to attain a military rank and serve

overseas. While this was a huge accomplishment for women, discrimination came with

their success. Women troops were often mocked and sexually harassed. Rumors were

also spread, the majority of them involving the inference that women traded sexual favors

for their military ranks and that women were only allowed in the army as a Nazi plot to

weaken the armed forces. After the war, many women became jobless, but President

Truman signed the Women's Armed Services Integration Act in 1948, allowing women

to finally serve as full, permanent members of all of the branches of the military. Just a

year ago, some women were excluded from military drafts, but in February 2019, a U.S.

District judge ruled that requiring only men to register for a military draft is

unconstitutional. This information from the source helps with the understanding of this

year's NHD topic due to the fact that it explains the challenges faced by women in the

military and how they overcame them, allowing them to finally be in the military today

with equal rights. Since this information came to light, it will greatly help with the project

by providing a great amount of background information about the topic and supporting

the fact that women faced the challenge of discrimination in the U.S armed forces. The

following source is secondary as it was conducted and created by people who were never

directly at the events stated in the article.

Blanton, DeAnne. "Women Soldiers of the Civil War." ​National Archives,​ U.S. National

Archives and Records Administration, 1993,

 16

www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html.

Accessed 18 Nov. 2019. This article gives very specific examples of women who

disguised themselves as men during the Civil War in order to serve. Women would do

more that serve in order to help as well. They would be spies, nurses, or just be brave

women who would keep domestic duties in order during the war. It is estimated that there

were a little less than 400 women soldiers who illegally contributed during the Civil War.

This source helps with the understanding of this year's National History Day project due

to the fact that it supports the first reasoning of the thesis statement. It brings out how

women had to face the challenge of breaking the law and risking their lives just to help

protect their country. This source is secondary because the information included in it has

been collected from others who have collected it from others et cetera, et cetera.

The Colonial Hilliamsburg Foundation. "Time Line: Women in the U.S Military." ​history.org​,

2008,

www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume7/images/nov/women_military_tim

eline.pdf. Accessed 25 Sept. 2019. This timeline discusses how women at first were only

cooks, laundresses, and rarely nurses during the Revolutionary War, but one woman,

Deborah Sampson disguised as a man to serve, but was eventually discovered,

discharged, and received a military pension from Congress. In the 1800's, women were

allowed to serve as nurses, cooks, and some were even allowed to be spies. While it was

still illegal for women to serve, many disguised themselves as men to fight and ignored

this law. Women were finally allowed to serve at the end of World War 1, but had to

immediately step down from their positions once the war was over. Many nurses were
 17

killed as they were in line of combat and many became prisoners of war. Finally in 1973,

men-only military drafts ended and women were allowed into military academies three

years later. Women grow to earn awards, fight in battles, and over 16,000 of them serve

all over the world today. This information from the source helps with the understanding

of this year's NHD topic due to the fact that it explains how women had to overcome

legal challenges in order to get to where they are in present day. This information will

help with the project itself by getting into detail about the legal aspects of women trying

to serve in the U.S. military. The following source is secondary as it is made up of

information that was taken from first-hand (primary) sources.

Keco, Ena. "Sexual Assault on Women in the U.S. Military." ​Safe World for Women,​

www.asafeworldforwomen.org/global-news/n-america/usa/4925-sexual-assault-in-militar

y.html. Accessed 11 Feb. 2020. This secondary source discusses the sexual assault that

the majority of women have faced and still face today that are in the military. It will

allow me to have my NHD topic make a modern day connection, discussing how some

challenges just cannot be overcome and some victories can come to light even without

solving challenges. This source supports the third control of the thesis, "Women faced

discrimination from fellow male troops," which included sexual harassment, sexual

assault, rumors, and resentment against females.

Lineberry, Cate. "The Women Who Also Gave Their Lives." ​Fox News​, 24 May 2013,

www.foxnews.com/opinion/the-women-who-also-gave-their-lives. Accessed 10 Jan.

2020. The evidence stated supports the first control of the thesis because it brings out

how many women sadly passed away while serving in the military as volunteers in
 18

WWII. This helps with my National History Day project as a whole because it provides

information on how women had to face the challenge of possible harm and/or death in

order to break the barrier of being able to serve in the U.S military as a career. The source

is secondary due to the fact that is discusses events from more than half a century ago and

was only made very recently by someone who did not experience these events first-hand.

The source brings to perspective just how many women risked their lives for the United

States during times of crisis, even without doing it as a career.

Mcgrath, Jane. "Did Women Volunteers Serve in World War II?" ​HowStuffWorks,​

money.howstuffworks.com/economics/volunteer/information/women-volunteers-world-

war-ii2.htm. Accessed 11 Jan. 2020. The source explains how women who served in the

armed forces did not receive a paycheck nor benefits compared to the male troops. This

source helps with the National History Day project as a whole due to the fact that it

brings out how women had to face the challenge of being unequally treated and not

getting paid for risking their lives. This source is a secondary source due to the fact that it

was created by a person who was not able to experience the events discussed first-hand.

Norwich University Online. "How Roles Have Changed for Women in the Military." ​Norwich

University Online​, 26 Nov. 2018,

online.norwich.edu/academic-programs/resources/how-roles-have-changed-for-women-i

n-the-military. Accessed 1 Oct. 2019. This article discusses how during the

Revolutionary War, Deborah Sampson dressed as a man and served in many battles while

most women were cooks, laundresses, and nurses to support their husbands. During the

Civil War, the first female surgeon came to light, Dr. Mary Walker, and became a
 19

prisoner of war for many years. The nurses were also put in harms way as they were right

behind the battle. Over 3,000 women joined the military during World War 1, and a

debate began on whether or not women should serve. At this time, they were only used in

crisis. The Women's Armed Services Integration Act allowed women to be full members

in the U.S military while claiming benefits. In January of 2013, the ban on women in

combat roles were lifted, resulting in open opportunities for women to become of the

highest ranks in the American military. The following information from the source helps

with the understanding of this year's NHD topic because it explains the facts of how

women were first only recognized to now fully respected in military aspects. This

information will help with the project itself by providing a comparison of where women

began to where they currently are. This source is secondary as it contains facts learned

from other sources that are secondary sources as well.

"Part 6 of 8: Women Participated in Every Phase of the Revolution." ​Youtube,​ uploaded by

American Revolution Institute, 9 Apr. 2014,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=I55o997YMJo&feature=emb_title. Accessed 11 Feb. 2020.

This video posted by the American Revolution Institute provides background on how

helpful women were during the American Revolution by being nurses, taking care of

domestic duties, being spies and even disguising as men to illegally serve in war. Since

women were underestimated, they were able to get away with a lot, which is especially

brought to the viewer's attention in this video.

Quigley, Samantha L. "Women of World War II." ​USO​, edited by USO, Inc., 4 Jan. 2016,

www.uso.org/stories/118-women-of-world-war-ii. Accessed 18 Nov. 2019. This

 20

extremely informational source explains the process of how women were able to finally

serve (even though they weren't getting paid), and the thought processes that went into

that event from opposers and supporters. For example, when it was first learned that

women were needed to serve in World War 2, General Dwight D. Eisenhower said he

was "violently against" women serving. However, women had to prove themselves

worthy for him to finally change his mind. This source helps with the understanding of

this year's National History Day project because it shows the challenge aspect of

breaking barriers. This challenge demonstrated in this article was the fact that women had

to prove themselves worthy to have a job they weren't even getting paid for; they were

just doing it for the good of the United States.This source is a secondary source because

the only facts presented are from those who were not there to witness the events

discussed first-hand.

"These Were the First Women to Join Each U.S. Military Service." ​Military.com​, Marine Corps

News, 2019,

www.military.com/history/womens-history-month/first-women-join-military. Accessed 1

Oct. 2019. This source discusses specific women who were the first to serve in each

military service and their stories. For example, Loretta Walsh was the first women to

serve in the U.S Navy after permission was given to enlist one woman. This was due to

the fact that the enlistment of a woman would "prompt" younger men to follow suit. She

became the first female chief petty officer and the first woman to officially enlist in the

army. The first woman to serve in the U.S army, but who did not officially enlist was

Deborah Sampson. She joined the Continental Army by disguising herself as a man by
 21

the name of Robert Shurtleff. At one point she fell ill and was discovered by Dr.

Barnabas Binney, but he kept her secret. However, the doctor's niece became attracted to

Sampson, and not wanting to lead her on, the young soldier wrote a revealing letter,

which the woman's uncle showed to the unit's commanding officer. While this discovery

would have most likely resulted in execution, General George Washington authorized her

honorable discharge from the Army and she returned to her home in Massachusetts in

1784. The following information from the source helps with the understanding of this

year's NHD topic by explaining what specific challenges women faced all just to serve in

the U.S military forces. This information helps with the project itself by providing

examples for challenges that women had to overcome in order to break a gender

inequality barrier. The following source is secondary as it includes information only from

those found in other sources that are secondary as well.

"Women Fighters in the American Revolution." ​American History,​ ABC-CLIO, 2019,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1535845. Accessed 11 Nov. 2019. The

following video brings out the fact of how women fought alongside men in the

Revolutionary War, despite the fact that it was illegal to do so. It provides many

examples of the heroines who did this. For example, Deborah Sampson dressed/disguised

herself as a man in order to fight in the American Revolution, and Mollie Pitcher along

with Nancy Morgan Hart fought alongside their husbands. The video also shows clips of

multiple illustrations from the time that bring out how women were of great help during

the war. Some images illustrate women taking weapons from wounded/dead soldiers,

women dragging injured troops to help and safety, heroines firing rifles while on horses,
 22

etc. This source helps with the National History Day Project because it provides evidence

and examples to support the first reasoning of the thesis, which is that women risked their

lives to fight in wars illegally, which is a challenge they overcame toward being able to

legally serve in the U.S armed forces. The video is secondary because the information is

from people who were not directly at the events discussed, even though the video

included primary sources, the illustrations.

"Women in the Army." ​Women in the U.S. Army,​ www.army.mil/women/history/. Accessed 1

Oct. 2019. This extremely informational source discusses how women fought their way

into the U.S military using a very detailed timeline and specific examples. For example, it

is told that more than 400 women disguised themselves as men and fought in the Union

and Confederate armies during the Civil War; Deborah Sampson is most famously

known for this during the Revolutionary War. Also, more than 35,000 American women

served in the military during World War 1; this legacy factored in the women's eventual

right to vote. This was allowed due to the need of troops during World War 1, but women

could not officially serve, they only could when needed. However, the Women's Armed

Service Integration Act signed in 1948 enabled a permanent presence of women in the

military, Marine Corps, and the Air Force. While many men resented serving alongside

women, this only pushed boundaries further as they paved the way for the racial

desegregation of the Army. The following information from the source helps with the

understanding of this year's NHD project as it brings to light the boundaries that were

pushed, people who were involved, and laws that were passed, indicating successes. This

information will help with the project itself by allowing a page for interesting facts,
 23

important people, and important laws involved in the path of the women's journey to

include in the website. This source is secondary as it only includes information taken in

by other primary and secondary sources. Even if information is used from a primary

source, it is still obviously secondary.

Ziobro, Melissa. "'Skirted Soldiers': The Army's Gender Integration During World War II."

Military.com,​ Military Advantage, 2019,

www.military.com/history/skirted-soldiers-armys-gender-integration-during-world-war-ii

.html. Accessed 17 Nov. 2019. This extremely informational article supports one of the

main reasons that supports my claim: the reason that even though women faced sexual

harassment, they still were able to have the success of being able to serve in the U.S

armed forces. In the article, a woman states that she and her peers constantly were

whistled at, discriminated against, etc during their time serving. This source helps with

the understanding of this year's National History Day project topic due to the fact that it

brings out challenges that women faced during the time. The article is a secondary source

because the author was not alive during the events that are discussed and only states

information that was discovered by other sources.