ESDU 73031 Convective Heat Transfer During Crossflow of Fluids Over Plain Tube

ESDU 73031
Issued November 1973
Convective heat transfer during

crossflow of fluids over
ESDU Copyright material. For current status contact ESDU.
plain tube banks
Endorsed by
The Institution of Mechanical Engineers
ESDU 73031
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THE PREPARATION OF THIS DATA ITEM

The work on this particular Data Item was monitored and guided by the following Working Party:
Mr B. Jenkyns — Babcock and Wilcox (Operations) Ltd

Mr J. Lis — Central Electricity Research Laboratories
Mr R. Stinchcombe — HTFS, Atomic Energy Authority, Harwell
on behalf of the Heat Transfer Committee, which first met in 1966 and now has the following membership
Chairman
Mr E.C. Firman — Central Electricity Research Laboratories
Vice-Chairman
Dr G.F. Hewitt — HTFS, Atomic Energy Authority, Harwell
Members
Dr T.R. Bott — Birmingham University
Mr J.G. Cumming — Imperial Chemical Industries (Europa) Ltd
Prof. W.B. Hall — Manchester University
Mr E.A.D. Saunders — Whessoe Ltd
Mr M. Taylor — Foster Wheeler Ltd
Mr N.G. Worley — Babcock and Wilcox (Operations) Ltd.
The Steering Group has benefited from the participation of members from several engineering disciplines. In
particular, Mr E.C. Firman has been appointed to represent the interests of mechanical engineering as the nominee
of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and Dr G.F. Hewitt has been appointed to represent the interests of
chemical engineering as the nominee of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.
The work on this Item was carried out in the Fluid Mechanics and Physical Properties Group of ESDU under the
supervision of Mr N. Thompson, Group Head. The members of staff who undertook the technical work involved in
the initial assessment of the available information and the construction and subsequent development of the Item
were
Mr N. Thompson — Group Head

Mr M.L. Warne — Engineer .
ESDU 73031
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER DURING CROSSFLOW OF FLUIDS OVER PLAIN
TUBE BANKS
CONTENTS
Page
1. NOTATION AND UNITS 1
2. INTRODUCTION 3
3. AVERAGE HEAT TRANSFER DATA FOR A BANK WITH N TUBE ROWS 3

3.1 Calculation of Heat Transfer 3

3.2 Calculation of Nu r (Figures 1 to 4) 4
3.3 Calculation on Fluid Property Variation Factor F 1 (Figure 5) 5
3.4 Calculation of Bank Depth Factor F 2 (Figure 6) 5
3.5 Calculation of Tube Inclination Factor F 3 (Figure 7) 6
4. MEAN HEAT TRANSFER DATA FOR SEPARATE ROWS 6
5. OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER 7

5.1 Effect of Free Convection 7
5.2 Effect of Thermal Radiation 7
5.3 Effect of Vibration 7
6. EXAMPLE 7
7. REFERENCES AND DERIVATIONS 9
8. TABLES 12
9. CALCULATION PROCEDURE 14
APPENDIX A 25
A1. DERIVATION AND ACCURACY OF THE DATA 25

A1.1 Values of 25
A1.2 Values of the Factor F 3 25
A1.3 Value of the Factors F 4, F 2 26
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CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER DURING CROSSFLOW OF FLUIDS OVER PLAIN
TUBE BANKS
1. NOTATION AND UNITS
Two sets of units are given below. The SI set is part of a completely coherent system of units. The British
units are not.
Units
SI British
A min minimum cross-sectional area between tubes normal to

local flow direction (see Figures 2 and 3) m2 ft2
a parameter in Equation (3.2)
cp specific heat capacity at constant pressure J/kg K Btu/lb°F
D outside diameter of tube m ft
F1 factor accounting for variation in fluid properties

(see Section 3.3)
F2 factor accounting for effect on Nu of N ≠ 10

(see Section 3.4)
F3 factor accounting for effect on Nu of tube inclination

(see Section 3.5)
F4 factor giving row to row variation in Nun

(see Section 4)
G mass flow per unit cross-sectional area, ρ b V kg/s m2 lb/h ft2
h average external heat transfer coefficient for the bank W/m2K Btu/ft2h°F
L effective length of tube m ft
m power law index of Re b in Equation (3.2)
N number of tube rows in bank in direction of flow
Nu average Nusselt number for the bank, hD ⁄ λ b
Nu n mean Nusselt number for separate tube rows
Nu r value of Nu for the reference conditions

(see Section 3.1)
n tube row number in direction of flow
Issued November 1973

1
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Pr Prandtl number, c p µ/λ
· rate of heat transfer W Btu/h
Q
Re b Reynolds number, ρ b Vmax D/µ b , G max ( D/µb )
sl longitudinal pitch (see Sketches on Figures 2 and 3) m ft
st transverse pitch (see Sketches on Figures 2 and 3) m ft
T thermodynamic temperature K °R
∆T temperature difference between the tube wall and K °R

crossflow fluid (see Section 3.1)
V velocity of crossflow fluid m/s ft/h
W mass flow kg/s lb/h
Xl longitudinal pitch to diameter ratio, s l /D
Xt transverse pitch to diameter ratio, s t /D
θ inclination of tube axis to duct centre line degree degree

(see Figure 7)
λ thermal conductivity W/m2(K/m) Btu/ft2h (°F/ft)
µ dynamic viscosity kg/m s lb/ft h
ρ density kg/m3 lb/ft3
Suffixes
b appropriate to conditions in the bulk of crossflow fluid
c appropriate to constant fluid property conditions
m mean value
max relating to value calculated for minimum flow area

between tubes normal to local flow direction (see
Figures 2 and 3)
N relating to value for bank with N rows
w appropriate to conditions at wall of a tube
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2. INTRODUCTION
For the calculation of heat transfer in a tube bank, data are required for the internal heat transfer between
the tube walls and the fluid flowing through the tubes and the external heat transfer due to the crossflow
of fluid over the tubes. Item Nos. 67016, 68006 and 68007 (References 2-4) deal with the internal heat
transfer; this Item covers the case of convective heat transfer for the crossflow of a fluid over tube banks
of circular cylinders of negligible thermal radiation and zero heat generation within the fluid.
The case of forced convection heat transfer into or out of the tubes is covered in detail but no data are
available from which to assess the effects of combined forced and free convection (see Section 5.1).
The data are presented in non-dimensional form and are valid for the crossflow of a single-phase Newtonian
fluid within the bounds of Table 8.2. This includes most normal liquids and gases. In applying the data to
the heating of liquids, the temperature of the tube outside surface at all points in contact with the liquid
must be less than the saturation temperature for the liquid concerned.
Section 3 presents data averaged for a complete bank of tubes and Section 4 considers the variations in heat
transfer from row to row. Section 5 considers briefly a number of other factors that may influence convective
heat transfer. The methods presented here are expected to yield heat transfer coefficients accurate to within
about ± 15 per cent over most of the Reynolds number range but Appendix A and Table 8.2 discuss the
derivation and accuracy of the data in greater detail. A summary of the calculation procedure is given in
Section 9.
3. AVERAGE HEAT TRANSFER DATA FOR A BANK WITH N TUBE ROWS
3.1 Calculation of Heat Transfer
In general terms, when free convection effects can be ignored, the Nusselt number can be related to the
flow parameters, fluid properties and tube bank geometry by the expression
Nu = f ( Re b, Pr b, Pr w, X t, X l, N, L ⁄ D, θ ) .
This general equation can be expressed in the simplified form
Nu = Nu r × F 1 × F 2 × F 3 , (3.1)
where the term Nur (see Section 3.2 and Figures 2 and 3) is defined as the average Nusselt number based
on the following reference conditions,
(i) constant fluid properties corresponding to bulk fluid conditions,
(ii) tube bank having 10 tube rows with at least 6 tubes in each row,
(iii) tube bank normal to oncoming flow,
(iv) L/D > 5
The terms F1 , F2 and F3 are factors to account for the effect on Nu of departures from the reference
conditions given in the following Table. (No information is available for L/D < 5 ).
3
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Factor Description Section Figure
F1 Correction factor for the variation of fluid properties 3.3 5

due to difference between T w and T b .
F2 Correction factor for a bank having N ≠ 10 . 3.4 6a, 6b
F3 Correction factor for banks having inclined tubes. 3.5 7
Thus the mean Nusselt number for a particular tube bank is found by evaluating the various terms on the
right-hand side of Equation (3.1) as described in the following Sections. The mean heat transfer coefficient
is then given by
h = Nuλ b ⁄ D
and the heat transfer rate is
·
Q = h∆TπDL (number of tubes)
where ∆T is the appropriate mean temperature difference between the tube wall and the bulk of the
crossflow fluid, evaluated by such methods as given in Reference 1 for example.
When large temperature changes occur in the fluid flowing over the bank it is more accurate to assess the
heat transfer by splitting the bank into sections containing a few tube rows where the use of mean
temperatures does not lead to significant errors in the temperature driving force or physical properties.
Information relating to the heat transfer for individual rows is discussed in Section 4.
3.2 Calculation of Nu r (Figures 1 to 4)
The variations Nu r of with Re b and Pr b covering gases and liquids are given by Figures 2a–2c and
Figure 4 for various in-line tube banks and Figures 3 and 4 for staggered tube banks. Figure 1 gives a guide
to enable the appropriate curve in Figure 2 to be chosen for in-line tube arrangements. Values of Nu r given
by Figures 2–4 are represented by the equation
m 0.34
Nu r = aRe b Pr b (3.2)
where Re b and Pr b are based on bulk fluid conditions. Values of the parameters a and m are given in
Table 8.1 and represent a best fit to the available data over the quoted ranges of Reynolds number.
Because Re b is based on the maximum velocity between tubes, Vmax , which in turn is dependent on the
transverse tube spacing, the effect of Xt on the variation of Nu with Re b for a given Pr b is minimised.
However, an effect of tube row spacing on the parameters in Equation (3.2) remains for in-line tube banks
with small longitudinal pitching. The grouping of the data in Table 8.1 for various tube row spacings,
together with the dependency of the parameters on Re b , is discussed in Appendix A in relation to the
uncertainty of the data.
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Note that in the evaluation of Nur for banks of tubes inclined to the axis of the duct, values of Vmax or
Gmax used in the calculation of Reb should be estimated assuming that the tubes are not inclined. The
factor F3 (Section 3.5) makes allowance for the effect on Nu of inclined tubes.
3.3 Calculation on Fluid Property Variation Factor F 1 (Figure 5)
The values of F1 to be used in Equation (3.1) for both staggered and in-line tube banks are given in Figure 5.
This factor takes into account the effect on Nur of variable fluid properties due to the difference in
temperature between the bulk fluid and the tube wall. It is given by the empirical equation
Pr 0.26
F1 = ---------b- (3.3)
Pr w
which was derived from an analysis of data for both staggered and in-line tube banks, for values of Pr b
up to about 600, and can be applied in practice for Re b > 10 .
Equation (3.3) is applicable to both gases and liquids and within the scatter of the available data appears
to be valid for both heating and cooling cases.
3.4 Calculation of Bank Depth Factor F 2 (Figure 6)
Values of the factor F 2 = Nu N ⁄ Nu N = 10 to be used in Equation (3.1) are given in Figures 6a and 6b
for in-line and staggered tube banks respectively. This factor accounts for the effect on the average Nusselt
number of the number of tube rows (in the direction of the flow) being greater or less than 10.
Values of F2 were derived by summing and averaging the mean data from measurements carried out on
individual tubes in a bank (see Section A1.3 of Appendix A). The method by which the row to row variation
of Nun can be obtained is discussed in Section 4.
Equations relating F2 and N in the form
2 3
F2 = C0 + C1 ⁄ N – C2 ⁄ N + C3 ⁄ N (3.4)
are valid for 4 ≤ N ≤ 20 with the following values of C0, C1, C 2 and C 3 . (For N > 20 , the value of F2 for
N = 20 can be assumed.)
Arrangement ( Xl – 1 ) ⁄ ( Xt – 1 ) Re b range C0 C1 C2 C3
3
In-line > 0.2 > 2 × 10 0.990 0.873 9.60 18.6
In-line 0.5 to 2 102 to 103 1.055 0.548 14.7 37.3

2
Staggered X l, X t > 1.0 > 10 1.025 0.093 4.06 6.60
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3.5 Calculation of Tube Inclination Factor F 3 (Figure 7)
When the tube bank is inclined to the oncoming flow (see Figure 7) the heat transfer is decreased by a factor
F3 where
Nu θ
F 3 = --------------------------
Nu θ = 90°
Values of the factor F3 are given in Figure 7 and have been derived as described in Section A1.2 of
Appendix A. For values of θ between 90° and 20° Figure 7 is represented by the equation
0.6
F 3 = ( sin θ ) (3.5)
and this can be assumed to apply to all tube banks for values of Re b between about 102 and 106.
For values of θ less than 10° it is recommended that the problem be regarded as one of internal flow (in
the space along and between tubes) using data from References 2-4 and an equivalent hydraulic diameter
derived from the cross-sectional area between the tubes in the axial direction.
4. MEAN HEAT TRANSFER DATA FOR SEPARATE ROWS
The row to row variation in heat transfer depends in general on the spacing between tube rows and the
Reynolds number. In most cases the heat transfer from tubes in the first row is considerably less than that
from succeeding rows. Turbulence created by the first few rows of tubes causes an increase in the heat
transfer coefficient on inner rows although the heat transfer becomes more or less constant after the first 3
or 4 rows. An exception to this is for in-line banks at low level Reynolds numbers. In this case the first row
contributes a greater proportion to the overall heat transfer because of a shielding effect on subsequent
rows, particularly where the longitudinal spacing between tubes is small compared with the lateral spacing.
For most cases the heat transfer for a particular row may be obtained in a similar way as for a bank
(Equation (3.1)) except that the factor F2 is replaced by a new factor F4 , relating the performance of a
particular row (the nth) to the average for a 10 row bank. Thus
Nu n = F 4 Nu N = 10
= Nu r × F 1 × F 3 × F 4 (4.1)
where Nun is the mean Nusselt number for the nth row and F4 is a function of n . Values of the factor F4
are given in Figures 8a and 8b for in-line and staggered tube banks respectively.
3
For in-line tube banks the data of Figure 8a for Re b > 2 × 10 are applicable for arrangements where
( X l – 1 ) ⁄ ( X t – 1 ) > 0.2 . The data of Figure 8a for Reynolds numbers between 102 and 103 may be
tentatively applied for values of ( X l – 1 ) ⁄ ( X t – 1 ) in the range 0.5 to 2. For more detail of the special
case when ( X l – 1 ) ⁄ ( X t – 1 ) is very small reference should be made to Derivation 22.
2
The data for staggered tube banks were derived for Reb > 10 and, within the scatter of data between the
various sources, can be assumed independent of Re b and tube spacing.
The accuracy of the data presented in Figures 8a and 8b is discussed in Section A1.3 of Appendix A.
6
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5. OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER
5.1 Effect of Free Convection
Two factors should be distinguished. Firstly, that due to the distribution of buoyancy forces arising from
temperature variations in the fluid close to the tube surface; no experimental data exist for this effect with
turbulent crossflow in tube banks, although it is known that in flow through vertical pipes such forces can
significantly affect turbulence production and hence heat transfer. Secondly, in the case of a crossflow heat
exchanger in which the tubes are horizontal and the flow vertical, there will of course be a “chimney effect”
so that the change in average density of the fluid must be accounted for in, for example, the determination
of pressure drop across the heat exchanger.
5.2 Effect of Thermal Radiation

For all cases of liquid heating, and for most cases of gas heating, thermal radiation will be negligible
compared with forced convection. In cases where large surface to surface temperature differences occur,
or where surface to gas temperature differences are very large and the gas has significant absorption
characteristics (e.g. CO2 and H2O), a special investigation will be required (see, for example, Reference 1).
5.3 Effect of Vibration
No account has been taken in this Item of the effect on the heat transfer of vibration of the tubes or of sound
waves propagated through the fluid. Frequencies in certain narrow band ranges can have a significant effect,
usually to increase the heat transfer, so that if this effect is ignored performance will err on the safe side as
far as surface area calculations are concerned.
6. EXAMPLE
A rectangular duct, 0.95 m by 5 m is used to carry an airflow of 12 000 kg/h across a simple plain-tube
heat exchanger consisting of 5 rows of tubes containing 20 tubes in each row each having an outside
diameter of 2.5 cm. Steam at atmospheric pressure is condensed within the tubes which have an effective
length of 5 m and are arranged on a 4.5 cm equilateral triangular pitch. What will be the rise in temperature
of the air across the tube bank due to forced convection heat transfer assuming the tube wall temperature
to be 100°C and the air inlet temperature to be 20°C?
The steps of the calculation procedure (see Section 9) will be followed.
(i) T w, m = 100°C .
The mean bulk temperature of the air flow across the bank is not known but a value of Tb, m = 30°
will be assumed as a first approximation.
(ii) For air the following physical properties apply at Tb, m and Tw, m .
3
c pb = c pw = 1.013 × 10 J/kg K ,
–6 –6
µ b = 19 × 10 kg/m s , µ w = 22 × 10 kg ⁄ m s ,
–3 –3
λ b = 26.4 × 10 W ⁄ m K , λ w = 31.6 × 10 W⁄ m K.
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3 –6 –3
(iii) Pr b = 1.013 × 10 × 19 × 10 ⁄ ( 26.4 × 10 ) = 0.729 .
3 –6 –3
Pr w = 1.013 × 10 × 22 × 10 ⁄ ( 31.6 × 10 ) = 0.705 .
Pr b ⁄ Pr w = 1.034 .
(iv) Referring to Figure 3, the minimum flow area between tubes is

2
A min = ( 0.95 – 20 × 0.025 ) × 5 = 2.25m .
2
Thus G max = ρ b V max = W ⁄ A min = ( 12 000 ⁄ 3600 ) ⁄ 2.25 = 1.481 kg ⁄ s m .
–6 3
(v) Re b = G max D ⁄ µ b = 1.481 × 0.025 ⁄ ( 19 × 10 ) = 1.949 × 10 .
(vi) From Figures 3 and 4, ( Nu r ) = 33.5 and Nu r ⁄ ( Nu r ) = 0.90 .

Pr b = 1 Pr b = 1
Thus Nu r = 33.5 × 0.90 = 30.2 .
(vii) From Figure 5, for Pr b ⁄ Pr w = 1.034 , F 1 = 1.009 .
(viii) From Figure 6a, for N = 5 rows, F 2 = 0.934 .
(ix) For θ = 90° , F 3 = 1.0 .
(x) Nu = Nu r × F 1 × F 2 × F 3 = 30.2 × 1.009 × 0.934 × 1.0 = 28.5 .

–3 2
(xi) h = Nu × λ b ⁄ D = 28.5 × 26.4 × 10 ⁄ 0.025 = 30.1 W ⁄ m K .
·
(xii) Q = h∆TπDL (number of tubes)
= Wc pb ( T 2 – T 1 )
where T1 and T2 are the inlet and outlet temperatures of the airflow in °C and ∆T is here taken
as the log-mean temperature difference between the tube wall and the airflow over the tubes.
The equation in step (xii) reduces to
3
30.1 × ∆T × π × 0.025 × 5 × 100 = ( 12 000 ⁄ 3600 ) × 1.013 × 10 ( T 2 – 20 ) .
Thus,
∆T = 2.856T 2 – 57.12 . (6.1)
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This equation can be solved by trial and error:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Tw T1 T2 T w – T 1 T w – T 2 (4) – (5) (6) ∆T

∆T = ---------------------------------
°C °C °C loge ( ( 4 )/ ( 5 ) ) Eqn (6.1)
100 20 40 80 60 20 69.5 57.1

45 80 55 25 66.6 71.4
50 80 50 30 63.8 85.7
By graphical interpolation ∆T = 67.4°C and T 2 = 43.6°C *.
Thus the rise in temperature of the airflow is 43.6 – 20 = 23.6°C .

7. REFERENCES AND DERIVATIONS
References
1. McADAMS, W.H. Heat transmission. 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill, 1954.

2. –– Forced convection heat transfer in circular tubes. Part I: Correlations for
fully developed turbulent flow – their scope and limitations.
Engineering Sciences ESDU 67016, 1967.
3. –– Forced convection heat transfer in circular tubes. Part II: Data for
laminar and transitional flows including free convection effects.
Engineering Sciences ESDU 68006, 1968.
4. –– Forced convection heat transfer in circular tubes. Part III: Further data
for turbulent flow. Engineering Sciences ESDU 68007, 1968.
Derivations
5. PIERSON, O.L. Experimental investigation of the influence of tube arrangement on

convection heat transfer and flow resistance in crossflow of gases over
tube banks. Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs, Vol. 59, pp. 563-572, 1937.
6. HUGE, E.C. Experimental investigation of effects of equipment size in convection
heat transfer and flow resistance in crossflow of gases over tube banks.
Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs, Vol. 59, pp. 573-581, 1937.
7. LOKSHIN, V.A. Influence of angle impingement upon heat transfer in tube bundles. (In
Russian.) Teplo i Sila, Vol. 16, p. 29 et seq., 1940.
8. ORNATSKI, A.P. Heat transfer in tube bundles as a function of the angle of impingement.
(In Russian.) Sovetskoe Kotloturbostroenie, Vol.2, p.148 et seq., 1940.
9. OMOHUNDRO, G.A. Heat transfer and fluid friction during viscous flow across banks of
BERGELIN, O.P. tubes. Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs, Vol. 71, pp. 27-34, 1949.
COLBURN, A.P.
*
If an arithmetic mean temperature difference had been used a value of T 2 = 43.8°C would have been obtained.
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10. BERGELIN, O.P. A study of three tube arrangements in unbaffled tubular heat
DAVIS, E.S. exchangers. Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs, Vol. 71, pp. 369-374, 1949.
HULL, H.L.
11. BERGELIN, O.P. Heat transfer and fluid friction during viscous flow across banks of
BROWN, G.A. tubes - III: a study of tube spacing and tube size. Trans. Am. Soc. Mech.
et al. Engrs, Vol. 72, pp. 881-888, 1950
12. BERGELIN, O.P. Heat transfer and pressure drop during viscous flow across unbaffled
COLBURN, A.P. tube banks. Univ. Delaware, Engng Exp. Stn, Bull.2, 1950.
HULL, H.L.
13. SNYDER, N.W. Heat transfer in air from a single tube in a staggered-tube bank.
A.I.Ch.E. Symp. Ser.5, Vol.49, pp.11-20, 1950.
14. BERGELIN, O.P. Heat transfer and fluid friction during flow across banks of tubes - IV: a
BROWN, G.A. study of the transition zone between viscous and turbulent flow. Trans.
DOBERSTEIN, S.C. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs, Vol. 74, pp. 953-960, 1952.
15. FRITSCHE, A.F. Gestaltung und Berechnung von Ölkühlern. Verlag Leeman, Zürich,
1953.
16. KAYS, W.M. Heat transfer and friction characteristics for gas flow normal to tube
LONDON A.L. banks – use of a transient test technique. Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs,
LO, R.K. Vol. 76, pp. 387-396, 1954.
17. DWYER, O.E. Crossflow of water through a tube bank at Reynolds numbers up to a
SHEEHAN, T.V. million. Ind. Engng Chem., Vol. 48, pp. 1836–1846, 1956.
et al.
18. BERGELIN, O.P. Heat transfer and pressure drop during viscous and turbulent flow
LEIGHTON, M.D. across baffled and unbaffled tube banks. Univ. Delaware, Engng Exp.
et al. Stn, Bull. 4, 1957.
19. JONES, C.E. Convection heat transfer and pressure drop of air flowing across in-line
MONROE, E.S tube banks. Part I – apparatus, procedures, and special effects. Trans.
Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs, Vol. 80, pp. 18-24, 1958.
20. GRAM, A.J. Convection heat transfer and pressure drop of air flowing across in-line
MACKEY, C.O. tube banks. Part II – correlation of data for ten-row-deep tube banks.
MONROE, E.S. Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs, Vol. 80, pp. 25-35, 1958.
21. FAIRCHILD, H.N. Convection heat transfer and pressure drop of air flowing across in-line
WELCH, C.P. tube banks at close back spacings. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs, Paper
61-WA-250, 1961.
22. WELCH, C.P. Individual heat transfer in a crossflow in-line tube bank. J. Heat Transf.,
FAIRCHILD, H.N. Vol. 86, pp. 143-148, 1964.
23. AUSTIN, A.A. Convective heat transfer in flow normal to banks of tubes. Ind. Engng
BECKMANN, R.B. Chem., Vol. 4, pp. 379-387, 1965.
et al.
24. HAMMEKE, K. Wärmeübergangs-und Druckverlustmessungen an Querangeströmten
HEINECKE, E. Glattrohrbündeln, insbesondere bei hohen Reynoldszahlen. Int. J. Heat
SCHOLZ, F. Mass Transf., Vol. 10, pp. 427-446, 1967.
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25. SCHOLZ, F. Einfluss der Rohrreihenzahl auf den Druckverlust und Wärmeübergang
von Rohrbündeln bei hohen Reynoldszahlen. Chem. Ing. Techn, Heft
40, pp. 988-995, 1968.
26. ZHUKAUSKAS, A. Heat transfer in banks of tubes with crossflow of fluid. (In Russian.)
et al. Mintis, Vilnius, USSR, 1968.
27. BOISSIER, A. Les pertes de change et le transfert thermique, côté gaz, dans les
de CHATILLON, M. échangeurs de chaleur à tubes lisses, à circulations orthogonales.
et al. Electricité de France Bull. Dirn des Etudes et Rech., Série A, No. 2/3,
pp. 1-242, 1971.
28. SMITH, E.M. Thermal performance of cross-inclined tube bundles measured by a
COOMBS, A. transient method. J. Mech. Engng Sci., Vol. 14, No. 32, pp. 205-220,
1972.
29. ZHUKAUSKAS, A. Heat transfer from tubes in crossflow. Advances in heat transfer, Vol.8,
pp.93-160, 1972.
30. LIS, J. Unpublished data. Central Electricity Research Laboratories,
Leatherhead, England, 1973.
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8. TABLES
TABLE 8.1
Values of the Parameters to be used in Equation (3.2)
(i) In-line Tube Arrangement
Curve no. in
Range of Re b Xt Xl Xt ⁄ Xl a m
Figure 2
10 – 3 × 102  1* 0.742 0.431

3 × 102 – 2 × 105  1.2 – 4 ≥ 1.15 ≥ 0.6 1* 0.211 0.651
2 × 105 – 2 × 106  1* 0.116 0.700
2 × 102 – 2 × 105 ≥ 1.2 0.4 – 0.5 2 0.291 0.609

1.05 – 1.1. 0.35 – 0.55 3 0.177 0.643

4–6 1.4 – 1.7 4 0.223 0.626
2–3 1.1 – 1.15 5 0.107 0.708
4–6 1.1 – 1.2 6 0.0624 0.730
1.1 1.0 7 0.206 0.639
1.25 1.0 8 0.123 0.679
1.5 1.0 9 0.0834 0.707
2.0 1.0 10 0.0593 0.727
4–6 1.0 11 0.0435 0.744
*
Curve 1 in Figure 2 is also applicable to cases when X t /X l = 1.0 for values of X t ≥ 1.05 .
(ii) Staggered Tube Arrangement
Range of Re b Xt Xl a m
10 – 3 × 102 All values 1.309 0.360
3 × 102 – 2 × 105 between 0.273 0.635
2 × 105 – 2 × 106 0.6 and 4 0.124 0.700
12
ESDU 73031
TABLE 8.2
Ranges of Experimental Values Used in the Correlations and Uncertainty of the Data
Figure Derivation No. Range of Range of Range of

No. (see Section 7) Re b Pr b Pr b ⁄ Pr w
5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16

10 to 0.7 to
2, 4 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
2 × 106 760
25, 27, 28, 29, 30
5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

10 to 0.7 to
3, 4 16, 17, 18, 23, 24, 25, 26
2 × 106 760
27, 28, 29, 30
5 9, 10, 11, 12, 26, 29 <104 <600 0.2 to 3

13, 15, 16, 22, 25, 26

6 102 to 106 Gases
27, 29
7 7, 8, 29 104 to 105 Gases
13, 15, 16, 22, 25, 26

8 102 to 106 Gases
27, 29
Staggered In-line
Re b
tubes tubes
Scatter bands within ± 30% ± 30% 10

which 90% of values ± 20% ± 25% 102
of Nu r × F 1 × F 2 ± 15% ± 20% 103
occur ± 15% ± 15% 104 – 106
13
ESDU 73031
9. CALCULATION PROCEDURE
In general the inlet temperature, T1 , of each fluid will be given but the outlet temperature, T2 , may or may
not be specified. If the outlet temperatures are not known then it is necessary to assume tentative values in
order to obtain corresponding first estimates of Tb, m and Tw, m . Once a first estimate of the heat transfer
has been obtained a second approximation to the mean temperatures can be made and the calculations
repeated, if necessary.
The following procedure applies where the use of mean temperatures is satisfactory. When very large
changes in temperature are anticipated the tube bank should be divided into groups containing a sufficiently
small number of tubes (no more than about 20) so that the use of mean temperatures does not lead to
significant errors.
(i) Obtain or assume values of Tb, m and Tw, m .

(ii) Determine values of c p , µ and λ at Tb, m and Tw, m .
(iii) Evaluate Prb and Pr w corresponding to Tb, m and Tw, m and evaluate Prb ⁄ Pr w (for gases
Prb ≈ Prw ).
(iv) Evaluate Gmax = ρb Vmax at minimum flow area between tubes (see Figures 2 and 3).
(v) Evaluate Re b = ρ b V max D ⁄ µ b = G max D ⁄ µ b .
(vi) Determine Nur using Figures 1, 2 and 4 for in-line banks and from Figures 3 and 4 for staggered
banks. Alternatively, use Equation (3.2) with values of a and m from Table 8.1.
(vii) Knowing Prb ⁄ Prw determine F1 from Figure 5 or Equation (3.3).
(viii) Given N determine F2 from Figures 6a or 6b, or use Equation (3.4). For separate groups of tubes
between rows n 1 and n 2 the factor F2 is given by
n 2
1
∑
F 2 = ------------------------------ F 4
n2 – n1 + 1 n
1
where F4 is obtained from Figures 8a or 8b.
(ix) For θ ≠ 90° determine F 3 from Figure 7 or Equation (3.5).
(x) Evaluate Nu = Nur × F1 × F2 × F3 .
(xi) Evaluate h = Nu × λ b ⁄ D .
(xii) Evaluate Q· = h∆T∆πDL (number of tubes in bank) where ∆T is the appropriate mean temperature
difference between the tube wall and crossflow fluid (see Section 3.1).
·
If outlet temperatures were not specified then these can now be re-estimated using the value of Q (step(xii))
in a heat balance for the crossflow or tube flow, e.g.
·
Q = Wc pb ( T b2 – T b1 ) .
14
ESDU 73031
New estimates of Tb, m and Tw, m can then be obtained and the calculations repeated until a convergence
of assumed and calculated values is obtained.
·
If the outlet conditions are specified (i.e. Q is predetermined) then the required surface area, and hence
number of tubes, can be obtained knowing the average heat transfer coefficient for the whole bank (or for
separate groups of tubes).
15
ESDU 73031
FIGURE 1 A GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE CURVES GIVEN IN FIGURES 2a-2c

FOR IN-LINE TUBE BANKS
16
104
8
7
6
5
4
Sl
3 St
2
W
103
8
7
6
5
1
4 2
3
Row number 1 2 3 3
2
Reb = ρb Vmax D / µb = Gmax D / µb where Gmax = W / Amin
(Nur)Pr
b=1
and Amin is the flow cross-sectional area between
102
8 tubes calculated along the full lines
7
6
17
5 For Nur at Prb … 1 use Figure 4.

4
3
2
Curve Xt
2 Xt Xl
number Xl
1
101 1.2 to 4 >1.15 >0.6
3 1
ESDU 73031
8 >1.05 1.0
7
6 2 >1.2 0.4 to 0.5
5
4 0.35 to
3 1.05 to 1.1
0.55
3
a. Curve numbers 1 to 3
10
10
101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 102 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 103 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 104 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 105 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 106
Reb
FIGURE 2 NUSSELT NUMBER FOR THE REFERENCE CONDITIONS AND Pr b = 1.0 . IN-LINE TUBE BANKS
104
8
7
6
5 Curve Xt Xl
4 number
3 4 4 to 6 1.4 to 1.7
2 5 2 to 3 1.1 to 1.15
6 4 to 6 1.1 to 1.2
103
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
(Nur)Pr
b=1 For values of Nur at Prb … 1 use Figure 4.
102
8
7
18
6
5
4
3
4
101
8
5
7
6 6
5
ESDU 73031
4
3
b. Curve numbers 4 to 6
10
10
101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 102 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 103 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 104 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 105 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 106
Re
FIGURE 2a
104
8
7 Curve Xt Xl
6
5 number
4 7 1.1 to 1.2 1.0
3 8 1.2 to 1.4 1.0
2
9 1.4 to 1.75 1.0
10 1.75 to 3 1.0
11 3 to 6 1.0
103
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
(Nur)Pr
b=1 For values of Nur at Prb … 1 use Figure 4.
102
8
7
19
6
5
4
3
7
101 8
8 9
7
6 10
11
ESDU 73031
5
4
3
c. Curve numbers 7 to 11
10
10
101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 102 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 103 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 104 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 105 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 106
Reb
FIGURE 2b
104
8
7
6 Sl
5
Reb = ρb Vmax D / µb = Gmax D / µb where Gmax = W / Amin
4
3 St and Amin is the minimum flow cross-sectional area between
2
tubes calculated along the full lines or the dashed lines
W
whichever is the smaller
103
8
7
6
5 For Nur at Prb … 1 use Figure 4.
4
Row number 1 2 3
3
2
(Nur)Pr
b=1
102
8
7
20
6
5
4
3
2
Applicable for all values of
Xt , Xl between 0.6 and 4
101
8
7
6
5
ESDU 73031
4
3
10
10
101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 102 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 103 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 104 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 105 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 106
Reb
FIGURE 3 NUSSELT NUMBER FOR THE REFERENCE CONDITIONS AND Pr b = 1 . STAGGERED TUBE BANKS
101
9
8
7
6
4
Nur
(Nur)Pr = (Prb)0.34
3 b=1
Nur
(Nur)Pr
b=1
10
10
0.9
0.8
21
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
ESDU 73031
0.2
10-1
10-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10
10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 102 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 103
Prb
FIGURE 4 EFFECT OF Pr b ON VALUES OF ( Nur )Pr = 1 FOR BOTH IN-LINE AND STAGGERED TUBE BANKS
b
ESDU 73031
1.4
F1 = (Prb / Prw) 0.26
1.2
F1
1.0
0.8
0.6
0 1 2 3 4
Prb / Prw
FIGURE 5 THE FACTOR F 1 TO ACCOUNT FOR VARIABLE FLUID PROPERTIES
22
ESDU 73031
F2 = NuN / NuN=10
1.1
Reb > 2 x 103

1.0 (Xl − 1) / (Xt − 1) > 0.2 }
2 3
10 < Re < 10
F2
{0.5 b
< (X − 1) / (X − 1) < 2
l t
0.9
Tentative data
a. in-line tube banks
0.8
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
N
1.1
1.0
F2 Reb > 102
0.9
b. Staggered tube banks Tentative data
0.8
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
N
FIGURE 6 THE FACTOR F 2 TO ACCOUNT FOR BANK DEPTH
F3 = Nuθ / Nuθ=90° = (sin θ) 0.6

1.0
0.9
0.8
F3 102 < Re < 106
0.7
0.6
0.5
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
θ°
FIGURE 7 THE FACTOR F 3 TO ACCOUNT FOR TUBE INCLINATION. STAGGERED

AND IN-LINE TUBE BANKS
23
ESDU 73031
F4 = Nun / NuN =10

1.2
1.1
1.0
Reb > 2x103, (Xl − 1) / (Xt − 1) > 0.2
0.9
F4
2 3
{10 < Re <10
b
0.5 <, (X − 1) / (X − 1) < 2
l t
0.8
0.7
a. in-line tubes Tentative data
0.6
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Tube row number n
1.1
1.0 Reb > 102
0.9
F4
0.8
0.7
b. Staggered tubes
0.6
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Tube row number n
FIGURE 8 ROW TO ROW VARIATION OF HEAT TRANSFER
24
ESDU 73031
APPENDIX A
A1. DERIVATION AND ACCURACY OF THE DATA
The information given in this Item is based on correlations of experimental data from the sources noted in
Table 8.2. Table 8.2 also gives the ranges of experimental data used to derive the correlations. Outside these
ranges the uncertainties are not known and the data should be used with caution.
The following notes give additional information on the derivation of some of the data.
A1.1 Values of Nu r
The values of the parameters in Table 8.1 to be used in Equation (3.2) for the calculation of Nu r are
dependent on the type of flow (i.e. laminar or turbulent) in the boundary layer on the surface of a tube. For
2
tube banks this is determined mainly by Reynolds number, as indicated in Table 8.1. For Reb < 10 the
5
boundary layer flow is predominantly laminar and for Reb > 2 × 10 the boundary layer is predominantly
turbulent. Most of the available data are for Reynolds numbers between these values.
The value of Reb at which transition from one flow regime to another occurs (giving different values of
the parameters a and m ) is affected by several factors, the most influential being the spacing between tubes
since this influences the onset and spread of turbulence. However, in the variation of the reduced
–0.34
experimental data (in the form Nur × Pr b ) with Reb , trends with varying tube spacing are difficult to
define precisely because of inconsistencies (and the fairly considerable scatter of data) between the results
of various sources, even after the reduction of the data to the common reference conditions. For this reason
the mean values given in Table 8.1 have been selected for various groups of tube spacings and, within a
particular group, the values of the parameters can be taken as constant. The groups were chosen so that the
uncertainty of the data, indicated by the scatter of the majority of experimental values about the selected
mean curves, was within about ± 15 per cent of Nu . In practice the correlations of reduced experimental
–0.34
data, in the form Nu × Prb × 1⁄ ( F1 F2 ) , with Reb indicate that about 90 per cent of the data lie within
scatterbands of ± 15 per cent about the selected mean curves, except at low Reynolds numbers when a
greater uncertainty applies (see Table 8.2) due to the presence of free-convection effects.
A1.2 Values of the Factor F 3
For inclined tubes, using simple yaw theory, the Reynolds number, based on the component of flow normal
m
to the cylinder axis ( Vmax sin θ ) , is Reb sin θ . Thus, since Nu can be assumed proportional to Re b for a
given Pr b , then for inclined banks
Nu θ m
- = ( sin θ ) .
------------------------ (A1.1)
Nu θ = 90°
The values given in Table 8.1 indicate that a typical value of m is about 0.6 for most tube banks so that
0.6
F 3 = ( sin θ ) . (A1.2)
Values of F3 given by Equation (A1.2) are the basis of Figure 7 and these values agree with the few available
data (Derivations 7 and 8) for a staggered and in-line tube bank ( Xt = 2 , Xl = 2 ) to within about 5 per
cent for 90° ≥ θ ≥ 30° .
25
ESDU 73031
A1.3 Value of the Factors F 4, F 2
Insufficient data are available to assess precisely the accuracy of Figures 8a and 8b giving row to row
variation of heat transfer. However, the available data, for both staggered and in-line tube banks, indicate
an uncertainty of about ± 20 per cent on the first row, decreasing to about ± 10 per cent at the third row and
to about ± 5 per cent for the remaining rows. The large uncertainty for the first few rows is a reflection of
the large scatter of data between various sources. In particular, data for the first row are greatly influenced
by the turbulence level of the flow approaching the tube bank and Re b .
Values of the factor F2 , giving the effect on Nu of a varying number of tube rows in the bank, are derived
from Figures 8a and 8b assuming
Nu N N
1
Nu N = 10
∑
F 2 = ----------------------- = ---- F .
N n = 1 4
(A1.3)
The factor F 4 is derived from data for tube banks with 10 or more rows. Equation (A1.3) assumes that the
average heat transfer of a tube bank with N rows of tubes can be obtained by summing and averaging the
individual row mean heat transfer of the first N rows of a tube bank with more than N rows. Few data are
available from which to check this assumption for small values of N , although the error is likely to be small
providing N ≥ 4 .
26
ESDU 73031
KEEPING UP TO DATE
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ESDU 73031
Convective heat transfer during crossflow of fluids over plain tube
banks
ESDU 73031
ISBN 978 0 85679 055 3, ISSN 0141-402X
Available as part of the ESDU Series on Heat Transfer. For information

on all ESDU validated engineering data contact ESDU International plc,
27 Corsham Street, London N1 6UA.
ESDU 73031 gives a method for estimating the heat transfer from a bank
of plain tubes in fluid crossflow (as, for example, in a shell-and-tube heat
exchanger). The data apply to single-phase gas or liquid flow and were
obtained by an empirical correlation of experimental results from a wide
range of sources. Graphs enable mean heat transfer from the complete
bank to be estimated when the tubes are in-line or staggered, and allow
for variation of fluid properties with temperature and, if appropriate, tube
inclination to the flow. The heat transfer from individual rows of the bank
can also be predicted. From a comparison of the method with
experimental results it is accurate to within 15 per cent.
© ESDU International plc, 2008
All rights are reserved. No part of any Data Item may be reprinted, reproduced, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, optical, electronic or mechanical including
photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without
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copyright and other intellectual property rights belong to ESDU International plc.

ESDU 73031 Convective Heat Transfer During Crossflow of Fluids Over Plain Tube

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ESDU 73031 Convective Heat Transfer During Crossflow of Fluids Over Plain Tube

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ESDU 73031

Issued November 1973

Convective heat transfer during

plain tube banks

THE PREPARATION OF THIS DATA ITEM

Mr B. Jenkyns — Babcock and Wilcox (Operations) Ltd

Mr N. Thompson — Group Head

1. NOTATION AND UNITS 1

3. AVERAGE HEAT TRANSFER DATA FOR A BANK WITH N TUBE ROWS 3

3.1 Calculation of Heat Transfer 3

4. MEAN HEAT TRANSFER DATA FOR SEPARATE ROWS 6

5. OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER 7

7. REFERENCES AND DERIVATIONS 9

A1. DERIVATION AND ACCURACY OF THE DATA 25

1. NOTATION AND UNITS

A min minimum cross-sectional area between tubes normal to

local flow direction (see Figures 2 and 3) m2 ft2

a parameter in Equation (3.2)

cp specific heat capacity at constant pressure J/kg K Btu/lb°F

D outside diameter of tube m ft

F1 factor accounting for variation in fluid properties

F2 factor accounting for effect on Nu of N ≠ 10

F3 factor accounting for effect on Nu of tube inclination

F4 factor giving row to row variation in Nun

G mass flow per unit cross-sectional area, ρ b V kg/s m2 lb/h ft2

L effective length of tube m ft

m power law index of Re b in Equation (3.2)

N number of tube rows in bank in direction of flow

Nu average Nusselt number for the bank, hD ⁄ λ b

Nu n mean Nusselt number for separate tube rows

Nu r value of Nu for the reference conditions

n tube row number in direction of flow

Issued November 1973

Re b Reynolds number, ρ b Vmax D/µ b , G max ( D/µb )

sl longitudinal pitch (see Sketches on Figures 2 and 3) m ft

st transverse pitch (see Sketches on Figures 2 and 3) m ft

∆T temperature difference between the tube wall and K °R

V velocity of crossflow fluid m/s ft/h

W mass flow kg/s lb/h

Xl longitudinal pitch to diameter ratio, s l /D

Xt transverse pitch to diameter ratio, s t /D

θ inclination of tube axis to duct centre line degree degree

λ thermal conductivity W/m2(K/m) Btu/ft2h (°F/ft)

µ dynamic viscosity kg/m s lb/ft h

ρ density kg/m3 lb/ft3

b appropriate to conditions in the bulk of crossflow fluid

c appropriate to constant fluid property conditions

max relating to value calculated for minimum flow area

N relating to value for bank with N rows

w appropriate to conditions at wall of a tube

3. AVERAGE HEAT TRANSFER DATA FOR A BANK WITH N TUBE ROWS

3.1 Calculation of Heat Transfer

This general equation can be expressed in the simplified form

(i) constant fluid properties corresponding to bulk fluid conditions,

(iii) tube bank normal to oncoming flow,

(iv) L/D > 5

Factor Description Section Figure

F1 Correction factor for the variation of fluid properties 3.3 5

F2 Correction factor for a bank having N ≠ 10 . 3.4 6a, 6b

F3 Correction factor for banks having inclined tubes. 3.5 7

and the heat transfer rate is

3.2 Calculation of Nu r (Figures 1 to 4)

3.3 Calculation on Fluid Property Variation Factor F 1 (Figure 5)