Scientific method;

chemical view of matter

Milagros B. Rabe, M.D., M.S.,Ph.D.
Steps:
Scientific method
At the end of discussion, the student should be able to:

• Define matter
• Give the characteristics of matter
• Distinguish between physical vs. chemical
properties of matter
• Classify matter
• Give the states of matter
• Distinguish pure substances from mixtures
• Distinguish homogenous vs heterogenous mixtures
• Give the methods to separate mixtures
• Distinguish physical from chemical change
 Matter
• defined or described as
anything that takes up
space and has mass
• it is composed of
particles called atoms
ice vs. water vapor: # hydrogen bonds

http://www.chem.uwec.edu/Chem150_S07/
elaborations/unit3/unit3-a-states.html
 Matter is characterized by
1. composition : 2. properties :
refers to the different qualities/attributes
components of matter that distinguish one
along with their sample of matter from
relative proportions another.
a. physical property
b. Chemical property
 Properties of matter
1. Physical property – 2. Chemical property -
can be observed a characteristic that
without changing can only be
its form
a. Intensive – same
determined by
regardless of changing the
amount of matter chemical identity of
b. Extensive – a substance.
changes if amount • ability of a substance
of matter will to react to form new
change substances
• Eg. Reaction with
acid/base
Properties of matter
 Physical properties of matter
• Intensive • Extensive
1. Density =mass/volume 1. Mass
2. Color 2. Volume
3. Melting point 3. Length
4. Boiling point 4. shape
5. Electric conductivity
6. Physical state at a
given temperature
 Densities of some substances
Substance Density at 25°C (g/cm3)
blood 1.035
body fat 0.918
whole milk 1.030
corn oil 0.922
mayonnaise 0.910
honey 1.420
Summary
 Chemical view of matter
• Pure substances – have • Mixtures – have more
only one kind of than one kin d of pure
molecule = either molecule
elements or compounds • Eg sea water – has H2O
• Eg. Distilled Water= and NaCl
H2O = compound
• Aluminum foil -element
• Salt = NaCl- compound
 comparison
• Homogenous mixture • Heterogenous mixture –
• Same composition and combination of
properties regardless of different substances
where you obtain the that remain physically
sample; one phase of separate; non uniform
matter, appear uniform compositionl may have
• Eg. Air = composed of different phases
different gases but in • Eg. Sand and sugar
same proportion • blood
 Examples of
• Homogenous mixture • Heterogenous mixture
• Alloys – bronze (copper & • Cement mixutre
tin) , stainless steel (, steel • Soup
mixed with elements such • Oil & water
as chromium, nickel,
molybdenum, silicon, • Blood
aluminum, and carbon. • Soil mixture
• Iron mixed with carbon to
produce steel is the main
component of stainless
steel. Chromium is added to
make it resistant to rust.
brass (copper & zinc)
• suspension
mixtures
• made up of two or more
substances that are
physically mixed but not
chemically combined.

• Solutions and alloys are

examples of mixtures.
 crystallization
• is the slow precipitation of crystals from a
solution of a substance. Crystallization can
also refer to the solid-liquid separation and
purification technique in which mass transfer
occurs from the liquid solution to a pure solid
crystalline phase.

Eg. Crystallizatio of sugar

Separation technique - decantation
• Separation of liquid
portion (supernatant)
after the solid particles
have settled
 Separation of heterogenous mixtures

• Filtration – use
filter paper, pore
size limits passage
through the filter
chromatography
Distillation of ethanol
Separation of salt water to its elements
 Element vs. allotrope
• Element is a substance • Allotropes have
consisting of atoms different chemical and
which all have the same physical properties. For
number of protons - i.e. example, graphite and
the same atomic diamond are allotropes
number. of carbon (element)
• Elements are chemically
the simplest substances
and hence cannot be
broken down
using chemical methods
Physical change
• Physical changes are – Liquid to gas – vaporization
limited to changes that – Solid to gas – sublimation
result in a difference in – Solid to liquid – melting
display without – Liquid to solid – freezing
changing the – Gas to liquid - condensation
composition.
• Eg. Change In state
Chemical reaction • NaHCO3(s) + CH3COOH(l)
• if a chemical reaction is → CO2(g) + H2O(l) +
occurring when you mix Na+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) or
two materials, it's not a • NaHCO3 + HC2H3O2 →
mixture... at least not NaC2H3O2 + H2O + CO2
until it has finished • Reaction has 2steps:
reacting. First, sodium
• If you mix baking soda bicarbonate reacts with
and vinegar, a chemical acetic acid to form
reaction occurs. Once sodium acetate (in
the reaction has water) and carbonic
finished, the remaining acid; carbonic acid then
material is a mixture. form water (liquid) and
CO2 = gas: