W, Dec 1

Wednesday, December 01, 2010 Important Dates:

10:58 AM 

Today's Topics: Important People:

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Lecture Topic:
During the lecture, take notes here.
C. 1000 - 1300 rapid agriculture and urbanization
-general warming climate
-new physical locations for agriculture (farther up the mountain, etc.)
-new technology was introduced, sped up production
-3-field system (crop rotation)
-increases production and diversified diet
-medieval plow
-use horses instead of oxen (stronger, faster, lives longer)
-allows for the soil to be aerated
-makes it easier to create furrows to plant seeds
-medieval mill
-utilized a non-Roman invention, the gear
-sped up the process of turning wheat to flour
-increased production led to the formation of markets
-rise of cities, particularly in Italy and northern France
-Champagne Fairs
-bi-annual (twice per year) fairs for the meeting of merchants in the county of
Champagne, France
-blends the protection of the feudal lord with the rise of the artisan and
merchant classes
-lord extends protection and judicial oversight of trade to merchants, provides
them a fixed currency and lopw taxes; the merchants provide revenue and
artisan goods
-European trade grows, becoming more international, with a new "middle
class" where the cities and guilds free themselves from the oversight of the
lord in exchange for taxes; money replaced labor in the feudal system for
cities and towns

-this creates a new economic system allowing for military professionalization

-also serves as a middle point for northern and southern Europe
-creates a problem of wealth for Christian society
-stabilization of currency, moving away from a barter system

-town of Provins, C. 1200

-is a walled city, instead of a castle surrounded by unprotected lands
-the lord of Champagne utilizes his currency as an international standard
-because the Christians have an issue with usury (lending of money at a
fixed rate), the Jewish community becomes the major ethnic group that
deals with money
-causes the formation of the negative stereotype against the
Jewish community
-the Jewish community becomes ghetto-ized (for physical

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 -the Jewish community becomes ghetto-ized (for physical
protection against pogroms and psychological protection against
Christian suspicion)

-creation of merchant city-states

-Italy saw the rise of merchant city-states independent of local lords
earlier than other parts of Europe
-the position between the papacy and emperor allows them to use the
conflict to make themselves independent by way of bribery and
monetary gifts
-see for the first time the emergence of semi-democratic republics in
Venice and Florence and Geneoa similar to those of ancient Greece;
elected assembly restricted to wealthy male citizens
-much of this is brought out by trade the Levant

-medieval cog ship

-employs castle technology on the fore and aft for protection during
trade
-large sized ships allowing for transportation of large amounts of cargo
(5 tons?)
-venetian gallery
-uses the model of the Roman trirene and the triangular sail
-allows for tacking (changing the direction of the sail to catch the wind)

-money, education, and Christianity

-new urbanized economy created a new literate class, which led to
translation of the Bible into the vernacular and not Latin: education and
leisure
-Christian laity began reading the texts and gaining access to Scripture
without the church leaders
-led to a movement where Christians wanted to emulate the Apostles, in
particular poverty and celibacy, as both were seen as two apostolic
commandments due to prohibitions of wealth and the negative views of
sexual intercourse
-problem is that is threatened the social order and church hierarchy

-Waldensians (led by Peter Waldo) claimed that every individual had the
right to obtain their own salvation through emulation of the early
apostles, criticizing the Catholic Church
-the Cathars argue that the Pope and church are argue, and even deny
the validity of much of the Bible (claiming that the world should be
governed by the spiritual world and not the physical one)

-these groups and other like them undermine the societal structure
-Pope Innocent III calls a council in 1215 (Fourth lateran Council),
mandating that every single Christian have to follow the dictates of the
papacy of be declared a heretic, that all Christians must pay specific
tithes to the church to maintain its institution, that all Jews must wear
particular articles of clothing to mark them in society, and allows that
Crusades can be used against other Christians provided they are heretics
(this turns into the "Holy Inquisition" -- an international tribunal
investigating the legitimacy of Catholic practices by Christians)
-it is at this moment St. Francis of Assisi emerges, putting forth that all
Christians are called to live like the Apostles, but that only those who
submit themselves to the papacy and follow a special rule can do so
legally
-creates the Franciscan order, who are used as preachers to the
heretics to convert them back to Catholicism

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 -the rise of markets led to specialization of artisans and cities
-each of these coincided with the emergence of a new educated class and the rise of
universities

Ghengis Khan
-establishing the Mongolian Empire during the 13th C.
-stabilized Central Asia from the Black Sea to Korea
-based around the Silk Road
-puts the trading juncture under a single form of government
-extends trading to the West without any form of conflict

The Black Death

-this growth and expansion of trade allows for the pandemic Y-Pestis (the Black Death)
-three different kinds of Plague
-the first is the bubonic
-swelling of the bacterial mass in the body
-20% survival rate
-transmited through bodily fluids
-the second is Pneumonic
-transmitted through the air
->1% survival rate
-the third is the speticemic
-0% survival rate
-usually dead within 24 hours
-spreads along the Silk Road, primarily
-also spreads along the maritime route, from Mecca

-belief that the Jews were cursing the people

-belief that those whoa re not perfect (i.e., the Jews who killed Christ, and are economic
competitors) are the cause of the plague
-belief that the people are individually responsible (the Flagellents)
-attempting to purify the towns they visit and themselves of their sins
-disenchantment with European institutions
-Danse Macabre (the idea that death always comes equally, without societal standard or
hierarchy)

Summary
After the lecture, summarize the main points of this lecture topic.
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