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Bilveer Singh
pers on
Defence
CANBERRA PAPERS ON
STRATEGY AND DEFENCE NO. 70
SINGAPORE'S
DEFENCE INDUSTRIES
Bilveer Singh
Bibliography.
ISBN 0 7315 1131 X.
3*.47623W5957
Designed byArdorce
Printed by ANU Cenhal PrinterY
Published and distributed by:
Strategic and Defmce Studies Centre,
Reseaich school of Pacific Studies,
The Austra[an National University.
GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACl, 2@7,
Australia. Telephone (0f,2) 493690'
ABSTRACT
This study analyses the state of Singapore defence industry. It
traces the origins and evolution of the industry, examines the various
motivating factors and analyses the impact of the industry on the
countryand beyond. From the study, it is clear that Singapore has one
of the most developed defence industries in Southeast Asia and this
has been achieved within a relatively short span of time. The
monograph analyses the factors for this achievement, examines the
decision-making process as far as the defence industry is concerned
and examines problems that have been faced and might be faced by
the defence industry in Singapore. Finally, the future directions of the
defence industry are analysed.
Dr Bilveer Singh undertook his undergraduate work at the National
University of Singapore. In 1983 and 1987 respectively, he received his
Master of Arts in International Affairs and PhD from the Department
of International Relations, Australian National University. Dr Singh is
presently a Lecturer at the Department of Political Science, National
University of Singapore. Dr Singh has published extensively in
regional and international journals on security-related matters of
Southeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific. He is the author of Souiet-ASEAN
Relatians, 1.957-'1.989, (Singapore University Press, '1,989); The Swiet
Union in Singapore's Foreign Policy: An Analysis, (Institute of Strategic
and International Studies, Malaysia and Keegan Paul, 1990); and the
co-editor of The Swiet Union in the ,Ask-Pacific Region, (Heinemann
Asia, 1989). Presently, Dr Singh is also the Director of the Singapore
Institute of International Affairs.
Canbena Papus on Shategy and Ddence are a series of monograph
publications which arise out of the work of the Shategic and Defence
Studies Centre, Research fthool of Pacific Studies, The Australian
National University. Previous Canberra Pryas have covered topics
such as the relationship of the supelpowers, arrns control at both the
superpower and South-east Asian regional level, regional strategic
relationships and maior aspects of Australian defence policy. For a list
of those still available refer to the last pages of this volume.
Unless otherwise stated, publications of the Centre are
presented without endorsement as contributions to the public record
and debate. Authors are responsible for their own analysis and
condusions.
CONTENTS
Preface
Table:
Figures:
6 Activities of Singapore
Shipbuilding and Engineering Limited 29
s tud.
6 See Kapil Kaul, 'Establishment and Growth of Israel's Defence
Industries', S trate gic Analy sis, Vol. 1 1, No.Z October 7987, p.837 .
Defarce Inilustrinlisation in theThird World 5
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hig'ysophisticated'::i"'::X::X:ffii,Tffi :'f.3#3il:
army, airforce and navy. In listing the 27 Third World's arms
producers in 7973, the Stockholm Intemational Peace and Research
Institute (SIPRI) did not even mention Singapore's growing defence
production capabilities.a Yet in its 1986 publication, Arms Production in
the Third Worlil, Michael Brzoska and Thomas Ohlson 'argued that
Singapore's 'arms industry is the most diversified and capable in
ASEAN'.S At present Singaporq despite its small size and various
limitations (such as limited manpower resources, lack of raw materials
and limited experience in arms production), is respectfully and
competitively viewed as a leading Third World arms producer. This is
best evidenced by the range of defence and non-defence related
equipment and services that is produced and offered by the SDI for the
domestic and international markets.
The defence industries in Singapore are largely government-
owned through a holding compant Sheng-Li Holding ('Sheng-Li'
means 'victory' in Chinese). While the Ministry of Finance is the lcgal
owner of the SDI and oversees its finances, Sheng-Li's operations are
largely supervised by the Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) and the latter
does, to a very large degree, set the main policy guidelines for thc
operations of the different defence companies. At the same time, the
companies do have a great leeway in their day-to-day operations. The
main reason for MINDEF's overseeing role over the defence industries
is to ensure that the defence companies are tailored to meet its military
and strategic requirements as well as to ensure that they do not
undertake activities which could embarrass or compromise the
Singapore government in any way.
Sheng-Li was incorporated in 1974 to coordinate the
mushrooming subsidiaries of the defence industry. Until April 1989, it
had six subsidiaries and 43 indirect subsidiaries and associated
companies which were organised under four main groups: Ordnance,
Aerospace, Naval and General Services. Presently, it employs more
than 11,000 workers. As the defence industries developed and
expanded, restructuring of the industry became necessary in order to
rationalise the organisation, especially in the areas of Ordnance,
4 SIPRI YearbookL973, p.348. See Table 10.1.
5 See Michael Brzoska and Thomas Ohlson, (eds), Arms Production
in the Thir d World, p.67.
74 Singapwe's Defence lnilustria
Aerospace and Technologies. In 1982, two new divisions were
introduced; namely, the Singapore Technology Corporation (STC),
which grouped together the ordnance companies, and the Singapore
Aircrafi IndustrieJ (SAI), which rationalised all the aerosPace-related
companies.
A closer look at the different defence industries indicates that
their growth and origins have been largely prompted by particular,
immediate needs. In short, they emerged in resPonse to certain
developments and requirements. Like little branches growing from
different directions, they have developed into a big oak tree called the
SDI. While the particular needs of the 1960s and 1970s compelled the
growth of individual companies, by the late 1970s the existence of
more than sixteen defence companies forced the government to
undertake a review of the industry. Partly in response to this, a
rationalization progranune was launched in 1982 with the aim of
allowing for synergies; namely, for the industry to mature and grow
by the optimal use of people, resources, capabilities and money' It was
aiso to encourage the export of defence products. The success of the
rationalization programme and the need to project a new image of the
defence indusfrieJ led to another massive reorganization of the
industry in April 1989.
In the main, the SDI evolved through four phases. From 1967
to 1974, defence companies grew uP sporadically and often
opportunistically either to meet specific defence needs of the
buigeoning military units or when the withdrawal of the British forces
co-peuea-the singapore government to take over the operations of
existing defence cohpanies, such as was the case with the Singapore
Shipbuilding and Engineering Company and the Singapore Electronic
and Engineering Company Limited. With the establishment of Sheng-
Liin 1914,a semblance of coordination and a general sense of direction
could be observed in the industry. The next phase, 1982 to mid-1989,
saw a massive reorganisation of the defence industry, showing clearly
that the defence companies in the Republic had reached an advanced
stage. Following this, the defence industry ryent through another
*"Fr reorganisation exercise in April 1989, which marked the next
phase of development for the sDI. A more vivid pictureof the defence
industry and its role will be best obtained by examining in greater
depth the third and fourth phase of the SDI's growth.
Structure, Organixtion arul Dimensions of the SDI ls
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Structure, Organiution and Amensions of the SDl 17
FICI'RE2
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22 Singapore's Det'ence lndustries
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FIGI,'RE 4
ACTIVT$ES OI SINCAPORE NRCRAFT INDUSTRIES
Singapore AereComponenb Ovethaul: Overhauls and repain different types of civil and
military aircraft components and accessories.
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32 Singapore' s Defance lnilustria
defence-related companies are grouped under four sectors: Industrial,
ordnance, Aerospace and Marine. According to the official brochure
titl€d Singapore Technologies, the need for a new identity was brought
about by the changing nature of SDI's business: trlo longer are we
involved solely in defence work'. Also, 'from the inception of our first
company in 1968, we have continued to grow in size and have
expanded into areas that include industrial products and services'.l4
In addition to reflecting the changing nature of the defence industries,
which have gone beyond their original defence-oriented tasks, an
important goal of the new establishment is to 'elPa]rd 3nd glow into a
mapr international group. A group thafs at the leading edge of the
industries we are involved in'.15 Under the reorganisation, the most
fundamental restructuring has taken place in the companies which
were previously under the STC, with the industrial sector now
commanding the largest number of establishments. In the main, the
industrial division is now organised under the parent comPany called
Singapore Technologies Industrial Corporation (STIC), the ordnance
aivision under the parent company called chartered Industries of
Singapore (ClS), the aerosPace division under the parent comPany
called Singapore Aerospace (sA), and the marine division remains
unchanged under the ssE. No substantial change has taken place with
regards to the aircraft and shipbuilding industries, excePt for the
former's change in name. However, a maior revamP was instituted for
the ordnance division, as well as the constitution of a new industrial
division.
While the ordnance division under the previous Parent
company STC had six main comPanies (see Figure 1), under the new
CIS lrrangements there are sixteen companies (see Figure 8) involved
in ordnance production, as follows: Allied Ordnance of Singapore,
Chartered Chemical Industries, Chartered Composite Technology,
Chartered Firearms Industries, Chartered Materials and Services,
Chartered Metal Industries, Chartered Pyrotechnic Industries,
Ordnance Development and Engineering, SAE Inspection Services,
SAE Supplies, Singapore Assay Office, Singapore Automotive
76 Cited in SingaporeTechnologies,n.p.
77 Cited in Singapore Technologies lnilustrial, (Singapore: Singapore
Technologies, n.d.), n.p.
34 Singapore's Defence lndustic
FIGI.'RE9
INDUSTRIES OF
SINGAPORE TECHNOLOGIES INDUSTRIAL CORPORATTON PTE LTD (STIC)
Electronica
Chartered Electronics lndustries Pte Ltd
Chartered Telnros Design Pte Ltd
Computer Engineering Systerns Pte Ltd
Singapore C-omputer Systems Pte Ltd
Singaport Electronics and Engineering Pte Ltd
Services
CDC - Construction and Developnrent Pte Ltd
Reliance Contractors Pte Ltd
SAFE Travel and Enterprises Pte Ltd
SAL Industrial Leasing Pte Ltd
Singapore Food Industries Pte Ltd
Precision Engtneering
Aero-Engine Manufacturing of Singapore Pte Ltd
Chartered Machine Tools Pte Ltd
Singapore Mint Pte Ltd
Start-up Companlec
Chartered Microwave Pte Ltd
Chartered Precision Foundry Pte Ltd
Chartered Semiconductor PE Ltd
Metheus Corporation (USA)
Metheus Singapore Pte Ltd
Origen Intemational Pte Ltd
Vertex Investments Pte Ltd
Vertex Management Pte Ltd
Political
Military
The need to satisfy military-related requirements of the
Republic can be posited as one of the more important motivating
factors for the establishment of the local defence industry. Even
though the Ministry of Finance owns the SDI, MINDEF provides the
policy inputs for the defence industries. This is mainly because the
obiect of the SDI is to enhance the defence capability of the country
and make it credible by meeting its operational needs in peacetime and
in crisis.9 SDI is to acquire the relevant technologies for the defence
forces; to respond to specific defence needs of the Republic; to achieve
local maintenance capability for all the arms of the countr5/s defence;
to tailor to local needs (for instance, the development of the Singapore
Fragmentation Grenade I, which could fit with a smaller Asian frame);
to be in a position to provide all or most of the essential war materials;
to develop and improve on weaPon systems to enhance the national
defence capability: here, an important function is to extend the life-
span of military equipment, which could not only save cost but
upgrade the performance of the weapon system at the same time; to
See Lim Hock Gin, 'The Defence Industries', The Pointu, Vol.ll,
No.1, October-December 1984, p.4.
Imperatioes and Incentioc for the Singapore Defence lndustries 43
achieve self-sufficienry in basic defence needs in order to avoid
dependence for critical combat and service needs on foreign sources; to
adapt the military hardware to changing threat scenarios. In the long
run, it is to create a capability to support the SAF in time of hostilities
and to eruiure continuous supply of critical materials. In addition to
maintaining a constant state of operational preparedness for all the
armed services, it would also, during peacetime, provide the necessary
skills for upgrading and modernising existing equipment to meet
potential threats. According to a staff member from the Defence
Materiels Organisation, MINDEF, Lim Hock Gin, a local defence
industry would also perform three additional military roles:
l. form part of the SAF supply system in time of
hostility;
2. enable a minimum stock of ammunition to be kept
during peacetime and reduce the maintenance effort
and cost required for such a stockpilei and
3. provide the 'warning period' to meet the anticipated
threat.lo
The military significance of the SDI can therefore not be
underestimated. This is all the more so when one realises that the
concept of deterrence lies at the heart of Singapore's strategic thinking.
The state being small and vulnerable, with a dominant ethnic Chinese
composition in a'Malay Sea', Singapore's deterrent poliry is calculated
at inducing adversaries to refrain from undertaking actions which
Singapore regards as undesirable by threatening penalties for
non-compliance. In this regard, Singapore adopted the Israeli model
of detenence: this was partly influenced by the belief that Singapore
and Israel share certain broad similarities. Both are surrounded by
proportionately large Islamic neighbours, both are small in terms of
land area and population, and both are confronted with the problem of
political, military and economic survival. It was in this regard that
Singapore undertook a massive progranune of defence build-up in
order to become a'poisonous shrimp'; namely, to be in a position to
punish an adversary and therefore make an attack on Singapore costly
and unattractive. This led to adoption of an Israeli-style conscript
army backed with well+rained reservists; focus on combined-arms
r0 lud.
M Singapore's Defence Inilustria
training doctrine; investment in early-warning and intelligence-
gathering structures to gather and process information quickly;
emphasis on forward strategy and mobility; emphasis on air and
armoured power; development of a unified central command system
with a single Chief-of-Staff commanding all the military units;
continued outlay on defence; emphasis on Total Defence and, finally,
investrnent in friendly alliances. Israel has also developed military
industries with the aim of maximising self-reliance and self-sufficiency
in basic weaponry and ammunitions. In the same vein, the
establishment of Singapore should be seen as Part of the countrJ/s
defence shategy and an important Part of its miliary defence.A well-
developed defence industrialised shucture would make its deterrent
posture all the more credible and nny Prove to be critical, especially if
embargoes are envisaged.
Economic
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Decision Making in the Singapore Defence lndustria 55
project, was viewed as a much more successful indigenously produced
weapon than the SAR-80.
Irrespective of this aberration, in the main the dominant policy
inputs come from MINDEF to Sheng-Li Holding, and are then
transmitted to the appropriate defence companies for implementation
(see Figure l0). At the same time, there are secondary policy inputs
which usually come from the different defence companies, and these
are usually sent up for approval and then implemented on the basis of
the decision from MINDEF. What Figure 10 demonstrates is that the
SDI is, relatively speaking, a tightly controlled and organised
bureaucratic structure which is able to respond to the needs of
MINDEF as and when required. This also means that while MINDEF
can claim credit for many of the successful policies, it must ultimately
also reap the blame for any major failures. That the SDI is largely a
'closed company' makes ass€ssment of its successes and failures
difficult.
CHAPTER FIVE
IMPACT OF THE SINGAPORE DEFENCE
INDUSTRIES
After more than twenty years, the SDI has attained a
respectable level of capability to meet the Republic's defence- needs.
The combined capacityof the STIC, CIs and SSE is able to prod,uce the
basic weapons and ammunition needs of the SAF, RSAF and RSN' In a
way, the Republic has attained a certain level of self-sufficienry,
in meeting its peacetime needs. It should, however, be
-that
"rpe"iutty
stressed completi self-sufficiency is not an immediate or medium-
term goal because of its grossly uneconomic nature. For instance, the
Defence Minister and First Deputy Prime Minister, Mr Goh Chok
Tong, answered an inquiry about the Republic attaining self-
sufficiency in arms production as follows:
tirne, the spin-off of the arms technology into the civilian area is
important. That there was a need to establish the Singapore
Technologies Industrial wing under the new rationalised structure of
the SDI is an indication of this. While Singapore is an important
industrial cenhe in Southeast Asia, its growing ascendancy in the high-
technology area has been given a great boost and is often spearheaded
by the STIC, CIS and SSE, which are primary utilisers, either as
importers or exporters, of modern high-technology-based products.
Also, their impact on the civilian economy is important. Their role can
be seen directly in the defence industry's production of high-
technology-basd non-military products, either by its own subsidiaries
or sub-contracted out. In other words, the SDI has acted as a catalyst
for the growth of the civilian sector.
In addition to providing employment and being the base of
high-technology-based industries in Singapore, the defence industries
have saved the country valuable foreign exchange by their ability to
meet a large proportion of its basic defence needs. While the defence
budget is still very high, it would have been very much higher had it
not been for the SDI, which has helped to meet some of the basic needs
of MINDEF more economically. Not only that. Its growing role as an
exporter of defence materials and services has earned the country
valuable foreign exchange. In fact, the rapid expansion and growth of
the various defence companies is largely due to the success of the
various defence companies in becoming self-financing: exPansion has
taken place with profits from the initial capital being ploughed back
into the industry. As a rule, the defence companies which started with
initial capital from the government do not depend on government
subsidy for survival and expansion. In this way, the defence
industries have been able to conhibute economically to the country
and yet have the capability and capacity to perform their main role;
that is, to militarily back up the country's defence capability as and
when called upon. This contrasts sharply with many defence
industries in the Third World, which survive mainly on government
subsidy and protection.
While the political cost-benefits are difficult to quantify, that
they are there cannot be denied. First, politically, it must be satisfying
for the leadership to know that the country has developed a highly
successful locally based defence industry without harming other
sectors of the economy. That the defence industry is highly successful
lmpact of the Singapore Det'ence lndustries 59
1 Cited in SingrporeTahnologies,n.p.
66 Singapore's Defence lnilustis
could be lost. To avoid sDI being overtaken and rendered redundant,
new areas of development would need to be looked into.
Equally relevant, for the SDI to be self-supporting, it must not
only produce weapons and services cost-effectively and efficiently but,
more importantly, they must be professionally marketed - an area
where ttr-e su has not made great strides, partly because it is under
strict MINDEF direction. Many of the most lucrative arms deals are
made'under-the-table', and how the SDI is able to compete effectively
with experienced and world-class 'arms salesmen' remains to be seen.
From whatever angle once reflects on the future of an arms
industry, particularly one from the Third world, it is difficult to
ascertain its future. There are many problems, dilemmas and
uncertainties confronting it. At the end of the day, it is obvious that a
small country cannot go on producing small arms: if the domestic
market is big, then it hls a greater leeway in sustaining a reasonable
defence industry. But once ihe basic needs were met, the problem of
what and how much to produce would affect the future of the defence
industry. As exports are not a natural outlet due to the highly
competitive international market, the high standards demanded and
the aifficulties of approval from licensors, the stark alternative would
be to scale down prbduction or to divert resources to new products,
particularly nondefence-related products.
An alternative which many Third World states such as
singapore can contemplate is to develop 'double-barrel industries';
thal ii, industries which can produce defence products and services
and at the same time be an integral element of the civilian economy,
producing non-miliary goods and services. In short, the thin line
Let*een mititary and non-military products might need to be
extinguished. while this is more easily said than done, this option
could be taken into consideration during the reorganisation and
modernisation phase of the country's defence industries. lt is quite
apparent that ttie April 1989 reorganisation of the SDI had this goal in
mina, even though it remained unstated. As it is highly unlikely that
Singapore's defence industries would be in a position to produce
cutting-edge goods, the alternative would be to concentrate on small,
high-scale and low-technology products in demand locally and, more
importantly, to be in a position to sustain the local defence industries.
Failure to come to terms with this would mean a country would have
FutureProspects 67
two options: run the defence industry at a loss and over-produce
products that are not in demand, or simply scale down - and possibly
close down - the defence industry. In other words, the future of any
defence industry, especially that in Singapore, would be determined
by astute planning and anticipation of the 'sunset' and 'sunrise'
products and services.
STRATEGIC AND DEFENCE STUDIES CENTRE
The aim of the strategic and Defence studies Centre, which was set up in
the Research fthool of Pacific Studies in The Australian National
University, is to advance the study of strategic problems, Particularly
those relating to the general region of the Indian and Pacific Oceans and
Southeast Asia. Participation in the Centre's activities is not limited to
members of the University, but includes other interested professional and
Parliamentary groups. Research includes not only military,-but political,
economic, scientific and technological aspects. Strategy, for the pu{Pose of
the Centre, is defined in the broadest sense of embracing not only the
control and application of military force, but also the Peaceful settlement
could cause violence.
- Thiswhich
of disputes
is the only academic body in Australia which specialises in
these studies. Centre memhrs give frequent lectures and serninars for
other departments within the ANU and other universities. fegular
seminars and conferences on toPics of current importance to the Centre's
research are held, and the maior defence training institutions, the Joint
services staff college and the Navy, Army and RAAF Staff Colleges, are
heavily dependent upon sDSC assistance with the strategic studies
sections of their courses.
since its inception in 1966, the centre has supported a number of
Visiting and Research Fellows, who have undertaken a wide variety of
investigations. Recently the emphasis of the centre's work has been on
problems posed for the peace and stability of Australia's neighbourhood;
lhe defetrCe of Australiai arrns proliferation and arms control; decision
making processes of the higher levels of the Australian Defence
Departmenu nunagement studies and the role of the Minister in
Auitralia's defence policy making; and the strategic implications of
developments in south-east Asia, the Indian ocean and the south west
Pacific Area.
The Centre contributes to the work of the Department of
Intemational Relations through its graduate studies Programme; and the
Deparrnent reciprocates by assisting the centre in its research. A
comprehensive collection of reference materials on strategic issues,
particularly from the Press, learned iournals and government publications,
is maintained by the Centre. The Centre also conducts seminars and
conferences which have led to several volumes of published proceedings.
STRATEGIC AND DEFENCE STUDIES CENTRE
PUBLICATIONS
as at 1 December 1990
NO. TITLE
wPs0
IhluruTr-q+ \,lilitar_y Region: Defme and Security in China,s West
by Donald H. McMillen
wPs1 China's Political Battlefronh Deng Xiaoping and the Military
by Donald H. McMillen
wP52 TectrnologicalIorecasting in the Australian Military Environment
by Decmond O'Connor
wP53 Qptions and Constraints for US Far Eastern policy: FIve Issue Areas
by Een Higgino
wP54 The Development of Moscow-Hanoi Relations Slnce the Vietnam War:
The View from Sinsapore
by Bilveer Singh - '
wPs5 Kenya's Role ln the Somali-Ethiopian Gonflict
by Semuel Maklndt
wPs5 Aushalia, the U9 and the Strategic Balance
by H.G. Gelber
wP57 A New Aircraft Carrier for the Royal Aushalhn Naw?
by Gary Brown and Derek Woobier
($S.(Xl pluc packaging and postage.)
wPs8 Issues in stratiegic Nudear Targetlng: Target selection and Rates of Fire
by Deemond Ball
wP59 The Need for an Australian Aircraft Carrier Capability
by Alan Robertcon
WP60 The State of the Western Alliance
byT.B. Millar
WP61 Contr_olling the Spread of Nuclear Weapons
by T.B. Miller
WP62 Managing Nudear Polarity
byJohn l. Welhnan
WP63 Aspects_of Leadership ln a Modern Arrry
-WP64 byI.O. hngtry
Indian Ocean: A Zone of Peace or power plav?
by Iqbal Singh
WP55 World Politicll and Strategic Trends over the Next 20 years _
Their Relevance to Australia
by Plul Dibb
WP65 The C.oncept of Force Multipliers and the Development of
the Australian Defence For&
byt.O. kngtry and Desmond B.ll
WP67 Indochina andlnsurgmcy in the ASEAN States, l9Z5_19g1
bv Tim Huxlev
wP6s lioblerrs and i'rospects in Managing servicemen's careers: A Review
by Warwick f. Gnco
WP69 PerformanceBased Training: An Explanation and Reappraisal
by Warwick t. Gnco
72 Singapor e' s D efance ln ilustries
WYTO The Civil Infrastructure in the Defence of Australia: A Regional Approach
byf.O. hngtrY
Wnl The Case of Officer Education, 1955-1980
dvit-t'tititaiy hetations in Awhalia:
by VJ. Kronenberg and Hugh Smith
WP72 China in Asian International Relations
bv Donald H. McMillen
WP73 Tire Reolution of C-onflict and the Study of Peace
bv T.B. Millar
Wm4 The Australian Army of Today and Tomorrow
by Maior General KJ. TaYlor
WnS dNuciear-free Zone?or the Southwest Pacific Prospects and Significance
by Greg Fry
WW6 War an-d Cbnflict Shrdies in Malaysia: The State of the Art
by Zakaria Haii Ahmad
WW7 Rrnding Australia's Defence
bv Derek Woolner
Wt78 dustralia's Changing Threat Perceptions
by Ray Sunderland
WV79 Humin Resources and Aushalia's Defence
bv I.F. Andrew
WP80 ,{usualia's Emerging Regional Defence Strategy
bv Rav Sunderland
WP81 Ti." S5"i.t Union as a Pacific Military Power
by Paul Dibb
WPE2 Soviet Policy in the Red Sea Region
bv Samuel M. Makinda
WP83 Tire Political Economy of Global Dedine: America in the 1980s
bv Andrew Mack
Wp84 dustralia and the Republic of Korea: Still Allies or Just Good Friends?
bv Andrew Selth
WPE5 iommand in Operations of the Australian Defence Force
by f.W. Speed
WP86 Australian Defence Force Functional C-ommands
by F.W. Speed
WP87 Mr Reagair's'Star Wars': Towards a New Shategic Era?
by Harry Gelber
WP88 the eSEeN States'Defence Policies, 797*87:
Military ResPonse to Indochina?
by Tim HuxleY
WP89 Tire Civil Defence of the USSR: This Everybody Must Know and
Understand. A Handbook for the Population
translated bY GeoffreY lukes
WI90 Soviet Strat6gy Towaids Australia, New Zealand and Oceania
bv Paul Dibb
WP91 Terrorist Studie and the Threat to Dplomacy
bv Andrew Selth
Wt92 Awtralia and the Terrorist Threat to Diplomacy
bv Andrew Selth
WI93 Ci.rili"n Defence: A Useful Component of Australia's Defence Structure?
bv Peter I. Murphy
WIr4 dustraliis Defrinc'e Forces - Ready or Not?
bv Rav Sunderland
Wt95 S"t*ting long-Term Force Structure Objectives
by Ray Sunderland
Strategic and Defence Stuilies Centre Publications 73
WP95 Aspects of Defence: Why Defence?
by W.H. Talberg
WW7 Operational Command by the Chief of the Defence Force
by F.W. Speed
WI'98 Deterrence, Strategic Defence and Arms Control
by Ron Huisken
WP99 Strategic Defenses: Concepts and Programs
by Desmond Ball
WP10O Local Development of Defence Hardware in Australia
by Stanley S. Schaetzel
WP101 Air Operations in Northern Aushalia
by Air Marshal S.D. Evans, AC, DSO, AFC
WP102 International Temorism and Aushalian Foreign Policy: A Survey
by Andrew Selth
WP103 Internal Aspects of Security in Asia and the Pacific: an Australian Perspective
by An&ew Madntyre
WP104 Rethinking Deterrence and Arms Control
bv B.C. Brett
WP105 L6w-level Military lncursions: Lessons of the Indonesia-Malaysia
'Confrontation' Episode, 7%34
byl.A.C. Maclie
WP106 Japan's Role in United States Strategy in the Pacific
by Paul Keal
WP1,07 Detection of Nudear Weapons and the US Non-disdosure Policy
by Gary Brown
WP108 Managing Australia's Contingency Spectrum for Defence Planning
by Rose Babbage
WP109 Australia's Approadl to the United States Sbategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
by Rose Babbage
WPl10 Looking Beyond the Dibb Report
by Roaa Babbage
WP11l Mr Gorbadrey's China Diplomacy
by Gary Klintworth
WP112 The C-omprehensive Test Ban Treaty: Verification ltoblems
by Samina Yagmeen.
WP113 The Future of the Australian-New Zealand Defence Relationship
by Ross Babbage
WP114 Kim Il Sung's North Korea: at the crossroads
by GarY Klintworth
WP115 The Aushalian Defence Force in Industrial Action Sihrations:
Joint Service Plan 'CABRIOLE'
by Gary Brown
wPl,15 Conscientious Objection to Particular Wars: The Australian Approadr
by Hugh Smith
wP7r7 Vietnam's With&awal from Cambodia,
bv Gary Klintworth
wPl18 triucleai erms Conhol After Reyklrvik
by Harry G' Gelber
WP119 A Programme for the Development of Senior Officers of
the AusEalian Defence Force
by Harry G. Gelber
WP120 The Northern Territory Economy: Growth and Structure 196t1985
by Ciaran O'Faircheallaigh
WPl2l Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in the Seond World War
by Robert A. Hall
74 Singapre's Defance lndustries
WP122 the ASEAN States Intemal Security Expenditure,
by Tlm Huxley
WP123 The Status of Ausbalian Mobillzatlon Planning ln 7987
byl.O. frngtry
WP724 China's India War: A Question of Confidene
by Gary Kllntworth
WP125 India and Pakistan: Why the Latest Exerdse in Brinkmanship?
by Semtna Yacmeen
WP126 Small State Security in the South Pacific
by Drvid Hegarty
WP127 Libya and the South Pacific
by Devid HetArty
WP12E The Dilenrmas of Papua New Guinea (PNG) Contingencies
in Aushalian Defence Planning
by Rocc Babbage
WP129 Guishras and the C-ocos Islands: Defence Liabilitie or Assets?
by Rose Babbage
WP130 The Gulf War and'Irangate': American Dilemmas
by Amitav Adrarya
WPl3l The Defence Para-military Manpower Dilernma: Militia or Constabulary?
byI.O. Lrngry
WPl32 'Garrisoning' the Northern Territory: The Arm/s Role
by J.O.Iangtry
WP133 The Case for a Joint Force Regional Command Headquarters in Darwin
byf.O. Langtry
WP134 The Use of the Soviet Embassy in Canberra for Signals
lntelligence (SICINT) Gollection
by Decmond Ball
WP135 Army Manoeuvre and Exercise Areas in the Top End
by Desrnond Ballandf.O. hngtry
WP136 kgal Aspects of Defence Operations on Aboriginal Land in the
Northern Territory
by Graemc Neate
WP737 The ANZUS Alliance - The Case Against
by Gary Brown
WP138 C-ontrolling Theater Nuclear War
by Decmond Ball
WP139 The Northern Territory in the Defencc of Australia: Geostrategic Imperatives
byf.O. kngtry
WPl40 The Ambient Environment of the Northem Territorv:
Implications for the Conduct of Military Operationi
by|.O. I:ngky
WP141 Is the Non-aligned Movement Really Non-aligned?
by Samina Yasmeen
WPl42 The Australian Submarine Project: An Inhoduction to Some General Issues
by A.D. Garriaaon
WPl43 The Northern Territory in the Defence of Australia: Naval Considerations
by Commender Stephen Youll RANEM
WP144 The Northern Territory in the Defence of Australia: A Potential
Advercary's Perceptions
by j.O. f:ngtry
WPl45 The INF Treaty and Soviet Arms Control
by Samuel Makinda
WP146 Infrasbuchrre Development in the North: Gvil-Military Interaction
by I.O. L.ngtry
Strategb anil Defarce Studies Cmtre Publications 75
WP147 South Pacific Security Issues: An Aushdlan Ponpective
by David Hetatty
WP148 The Potendal Role of Net Assessment ln Australtan Defence Planning
by Brlce Pecey
WP149 Polltical Reforrr and the l3th Congrese of the Commurlst Party of China
by Ian Wibon
WP150 Australia'sDefenceRevolution
by Andrew Mack
WP15t The Intelligene Analyst's Notebook
by R.H. Mathame
WP152 Asseseing the 1987 Aushalian Defence White Paper in the Llght of Domestic
Polidcal and Allied Influerrces on the Objective of Defence Self-rellance
by Thomee-Durrell Young
WP153 The Shategic Defense Inidative (SDI); The North Padflc Dlmension
by Clive Williams
WP154 Ausbalia's Maritime Acdvtttes and Vulnerabilitles
byW.A.G. Doverr
WPf 55 Coastal Surveillanc€ rnd Protection:
Current Problems and Qptions for the Future
by Rocc Babbage
WP156 Military Competetrae: An lndividual Perspective
by Warwickf. Gnco
WP157 Defmce Forces and Capabilities in the Northem Territory
by Desmond Ball
WP158 The Future of United States Maritime Srategy in the Pacific
by Rosr Babbage
WP159 lnadvertent Nudear War: The US Marithre Strategy
and the 'Cult of the Offensive'
by David Hodgkinson
WP160 Could the Military Govern the Philippines?
bv Vibe*o Sclochan
WP151 frfmce in Papua New Guinea: lntroduc'tory Issues
bv Tae Mtketu
WPl62 The Northern Territory in the Defence of Australia:
Settlement Hlstory, Adminishadon and Infrastructure
by Deboreh Wade-Marshall
WP153 The Diplomatic and Security lmplications of ANZUS Naval
Relations, 1951-1985
by Thomao-Durrell Young
WP164 How Valid was the Criticism of Paul Dibb's 'Review of
Australia's Defence Capabilities ?
by Matthew Gubb
WPl65 ASEAN: Security Issues of the 1990s
by Leczek Buczyneki
WP166 Brunei's Defene Policy and Military Expenditure
by Tim Huxley
WP167 Manpower Considerations in Mobilizing the Australian Army for
Operadonal Service
by Warwick f. Graco
WP158 The @graphic Context for Defence of the Northern Territory
by fohn Chappell
WP159 Social" Eonomic and Political Influences Upon the Aushalian
Army of the 199G
by CathyDownes
76 Singapore's Defence Industries
wP170 Activities of the soviet Fishing Fleet: Implications for Australia
by Robert AYson
Wpl71, Tire AusUalian Military Response to the Fii Coup: an Asse$sment
bv Matthew Gubb
WP172 6rbachev and the Soviet Military
bv Malcolm Mackintosh
WPl73 iorbavhev's First Three Years
bv Malcolm Mackintosh
WP774 S6uth Pacific Culture and Politics: Notes on Current Issues
by fin SandaY
WP775 !&hy Australii Should Not Ratify the New Law of War
bv Brieadier P.I. Greville (RL)
WPl76 ii.,oN8ttt f"rritory and the Defence of Australia: Historical Overview
"rn
bv Peter Donovan
WP177 P'apua New Guinea: At the Political Crossroads?
by David Hutarty
WP178 China's Indochina Policy
bY GarY Klintworth
WPl7g Piacek&ping in Cambodia: An Australian Role?
bv Garv Klintworth and Ross Babbage
Wp180 i6w"iis 2Of O' Security in the Asia-Pacific, an Australan Regional Strategy
by David W. Beveridge
WP181 The Vietnamese Achievement in Kampuchea
bY GarY Klintworth
WPf 82 Tire C5nept of Political Regulation in Soviet Foreign Policy:
The Case of the KamPuchean Issue
by Leszek BuszYnski
lr,iajor power lniluences on the Southeast Asian Region: An Australian
View
Wp1B3
bv A.C. Kevin
WP184 Tire ANZAC ShiPs
bv Denia Mcleah and Desmond Ball
WP185 Slability and Turbulence in South Pacific Politics
bY David HegartY
Wpl 86 Niuclear War iermination: Concepts, Controversies and Conclusions
bY StePhen |. Cimbala
WP187 E'xerciie Goiden Fleece and the New Zealand Military:
l.essons and Limita tions
bv Peter lennings
WPl88 Sir"i"t Silnats In*telligence (SIGINT): Listening to ASEAN
bv Desmond Ball
WP189 ANZUS: Requiescat in Pace?
by Thomas-flurrell Young
WPl90 drina's New Economic and Strategic Uncertainties;
and the SecuritY ProsPects
by HarrY G. Gelber
WPl91 6fending the Torres Strait: The Likely Reactions of Papua
New Guiiea and Indonesia to Australia's Initiatives
bY David HegartY and Martin O'Hare
WPf 92 Maritime Lesion5 from the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War
bv Commodore H'J. Donohue RAN
WPl93 Tire Changing Maritime Equation in the Northwest Pacific
bv Ross Babbace
WP194 More Troops foi our Taxes? Examining Defence Personnel
Options for Australia
bY Ross Babbage
Strategic anil Defence Stuilies Centte Publications 77
WP195 kadership Politics in the Chinee Party-Atzty State:
The Fall of ZhaoZiyang
by You tt end Ian Wilson
WP195 The Neither Confirning Nor Denying Gontroversy
byfan hnwitz
WP197 The Death of an Aircraft: The A-10 Debade
by Stanley S. Schaetzel
WP198 Fourteen Stepe to Decision - or, the Qperations of the Defence Deparhnent
by Stanley S. Schaetzel
WPl99 The Coastal Exposure of Australia
by Stenley S. Schaetzel
WP200 The Space Age and Australia
by Strnley S. Schaetzel
WPl01 The Military in Flji: Historical Development and Fuh.ue Role
bytin Sanday
WU2g2 The Itospects for a Third Military Coup in Fiji
by Stephanie Lewson
Wt2Gl Strategic Coo'peration and Competition in the Pacific lslands:
An American Asses$ne[t
by fohn C. Dorrance
WI204 The Ausbalian-American Alliance Today: An American Assessment
of the Strategic/Security, Political and Economic Dmensions
by |ohn C. Dorrance
WP205 NavalShipbuilding SomeAushalianExFrience
by John C. feremy
WP206 Australia and the C-oncept of National Security
by Alan Dupont
WUIM The Soviet Union and the Pacific lslands:
An Amertcan Ass€ssmmt and hopced Westem Strategy
by lohn C. Dorance
WP208 Security Perceptions in the South Pacific Quesdonnaire Results
by Stephcn Batce
WP209 SLCMs, Naval Nudear Arnrs Conhol and US Naval Stsategy
by Alen Hendenron
WP210 Cambodia andPeaceleeping: 1990
by Gary Klinhuorth
WElll Economic Life Analysis of Defmce Systems and Equipment
by B.G.Roberto
WV2l2 Milttary Aspects of the West New Guinea Dispute, 1958-1962
by lan Madarling
WP213 Southeast Asla Beyond the Cambodia Settleurmh Sources of Political
and Economic Tmsions and Conflict, Trmds in Defence Spending and
Qpdons for C-oopera tive En ga gement
by A.C. Kevin
WH2l4 TheSouth Pacific Regional Subcystem or Geographical Expression?
by Nomran llac{lueen
5
WP2f United Nations Peacekeeping in a Transforuring System
by Norman MecQueen
WHll6 lraq: International l-aw Aspects
by Gery Klintworth
WV217 Vietnam'sShategicOutlook
by Gary Kllntworth
WP218 'Asoisting the Defence of Australia': Aushalian Defence
Contracts with Burura, 194rl9g/
by Andrew Selth
78 Singapr e' s D efarce lnilustries
WPZlg Aushaliaand the Gisesin Laos, 195961
bv Peter Edwards
WH22O The Northern Territory in the Defence of
Australla: The Gvil-Military Nexus
bv I.O. hnctrv
WV227 li6rig Zeuriits iradership and Chinese Eite Politics
after 4 June 1990
by You fi
WP222 Li Seardr of Blue Waters Power: The PLA Navy's
Maritinre Sbategy in the 199G and Beyond
by You Xu and You |i
WVX/3 Southeast Asia Beyond a Cambodl,a Settlenrent:
Conllict or Coo,peration?
bv Kuanne Snitwongr
Wg224 Pbliticaly MoUvated-Violence in the Southwest Pacific
by An&ew Selth
Plus packaging and Postage
OTHER MONOGRAPHS:
MISCELLANEOUS PT'BLICATIONS:
NO. TITLE OAUS
MSl Defmce Resources of South East Asla and the
South West Padfic A C-ompendlum of Data
by Ron Hullken 8.m
MS3 TestimonY
7,N
bv W.K. Hancock
MS4 TireA-N?USTriangle
18'm
by Alan Burnett
Plus packaging and Postage
This study analyses the state of Singapore defence industry. It
traces the origins and evolution of the industry, examines the various
motivating factors and analyses the impact of the industry on the
countr5r and beyond. From the study, it is clear that Singapore has one
of the most developed defence industries in Southeast Asia and this
has been achieved within a relatively short span of time. The
monograph analyses the factors for this achievement, examines the
decision-making process as far as the defence industry is concerned
and examines problems that have been faced and might be faced by
the defence industry in Singapore. Finally, the future directions of the
defence industry are analysed.