A Study of Organization of Tea Products Marketing

Practices with special reference to Pune city of

Maharashtra

Change as by the committee on 20th July, 2010

A study of Distribution and Marketing Channels of Tea

Products in the Pune City

1) Introduction and Rational behind study

2) Objectives of Study:
3) Hypothesis

4) Reference Period:
5) Scope of Research Study:
6) Problem identification and validation
7) Classes of respondents to be contacted:-
8) Universe and Sampled Size
9) Justification of sampling methods
10) Source of data collection:-
11) Method of data collection
12) Techniques of analysis of data
13) Statistical tools to be used
14) Research Methodology:
• Review of Literate on the subject selected
for study.
• Experience Survey :

• Case study:

• Descriptive Study –
 Clubbing of Sample Survey with
Experience Survey:
15) Chapter Scheme

A study of Distribution and Marketing Channels of Tea

Products in the Pune City

1. Introduction and Rational behind study

A Story of Tea began in ancient China over 5,000 years ago.

According to legend, the Shen Nong, an early emperor was a skilled
ruler, creative scientist, and patron of the arts. His far-sighted edicts
required, among other things, that all drinking water be boiled as a
hygienic precaution. One summer day while visiting a distant region of
his realm, he and the court stopped to rest. In accordance with his
ruling, the servants began to boil water for the court to drink. Dried
leaves from the near by bush fell into the boiling water, and a brown
liquid was infused into the water. As a scientist, the Emperor was
interested in the new liquid, drank some, and found it very refreshing.
Therefore, according to legend, tea was invented. (This myth maintains
such a practical narrative, that many mythologists believe it may
relate closely to the actual events now lost in ancient history.)

In the 1600s, tea became popular throughout Europe and the

American colonies. Since colonial days, tea has played a role in
American culture and customs. Today American school children learn
about the famous Boston Tea Party protesting the British tea tax -- one
of the acts leading to the Revolutionary War. During this century, two
major American contributions to the tea industry occurred. In 1904,
iced tea was created at the World's Fair in St. Louis, and in 1908,
Thomas Sullivan of New York developed the concept of tea in a bag.
Tea breaks down into three basic types: Black, Green, and Oolong. In
the U.S., over 90 percent of the tea consumed is black tea, which has
been fully oxidized or fermented and yields a hearty-flavored, amber
brew. Some of the popular black teas include English breakfast (good
breakfast choice since its hearty flavor mixes well with milk),
Darjeeling (a blend of Himalayan teas with a flowery bouquet suited for
lunch) and Orange Pekoe (a blend of Ceylon teas that is the most
widely used of the tea blends). Green tea skips the oxidizing step. It
has a more delicate taste and is light green/golden in color. Green tea,
a staple in the Orient, is gaining popularity in the U.S. due to recent,
scientific studies linking green tea drinking with reduced cancer risk.
Oolong tea, popular in China, is partly oxidized and is a cross between
black and green tea in color and taste. While flavored teas evolve from
these three basic teas, herbal teas contain no true tealeaves. Herbal
and "medicinal" teas are created from the flowers, berries, peels,
seeds, leaves, and roots of many different plants.

Tea is indigenous to India and is an area where the country can

take a lot of pride. This is mainly because of its pre-eminence as a
foreign exchange earner and its contributions to the country's GNP. In
all aspects of tea production, consumption and export, India has
emerged to be the world leader, mainly because it accounts for 31% of
global production. It is perhaps the only industry where India has
retained its leadership over the last 150 years. Tea production in India
has a very interesting history to it.

The range of tea offered by India - from the original Orthodox to

CTC and Green Tea, from the aroma and flavor of Darjeeling Tea to the
strong Assam and Nilgiri Tea- remains unparalleled in the world.
 Here are some statistical facts about the Indian Tea Industry:

 The total turnover of the tea industry is around Rs. 10,000

crores.
 Since independence tea, production has grown over
250%, while land area has just grown by 40%.
 There has been a considerable increase in export too in
the past few years. Total net foreign exchange earned per
annum is around Rs. 1847 crores.
 The labour intensive tea industry directly employs over
1.1 million workers and generates income for another 10
million people approximately. Women constitute 50% of
the workforce.

Tea Utility from the Health Point

• Helps reduce fatigue

• Maintains mental alertness
• Stabilizes fluid levels
• Is fat free and calorie free
• The antioxidant in tea helps in preventing cancers of the mouth,
stomach, pancreas, lungs, esophagus, colon, breast and
prostate.

• The antioxidants in a single cup of tea equal those in one serving

of vegetables. Tea’s flavanoids prevent heart disease by

• Reducing Blood clotting

• Lowering Blood pressure
• Lowering Cholesterol

• Study conducted by Harvard University researchers found that

those who consumed one or more cups of black tea per day had
 more than a 40 percent lower risk of having a heart attack
compared to non-tea drinkers.

Tea is a rare source of natural fluoride, which inhibits growth of

the oral bacteria and enzymes responsible for dental plaque.

• Tea is also a rich source of manganese, necessary for healthy

bones, and of potassium, which regulates the heartbeat. Other
valuable vitamins and minerals found in tea include vitamins B1,
B2, B6, folic acid, and calcium

Tea Marketing as old as its history of production begins when

tealeaf producers began to produce more than they could consume.
They need to sell off their surplus. First, they do it locally, but as the
surplus increases, they have to extend the local market into wider
markets such as the national and international markets. Tealeaf
Marketing includes all those business activities, which are directly
concerned with demand stimulating and demand fulfilling. It includes
all activities which facilities smooth flow of tealeaf products from
producers to ultimate consumers or customers.
In the economic sense, "market for tea products refers to an
arrangement where buyers and sellers come in close contact with each
other directly or indirectly to sell and buy tea"

'Market for tea product does not refer only to a fixed location, it
refers to whole area of operation of demand for tea from the brokers,
agents or wholesalers to satisfy the ultimate consumers and
cultivators supplying the tea leafs after harvesting. ‘Market’ for tea
signifies an arrangements in which sales and purchases of tea in
different forms i.e. raw – semi finished and finished, different
kinds/varieties and under different brands /packaging take place. In
such supply chain logistic i.e. Starting Rightly from tea plantation to
supplying the same in finished form to the ultimate consumers ,many
middlemen works on profits. Our target of enquiry is the last link of
supplier i.e. wholesalers , Agents ,tealeaf sellers or retail out lets
which satisfy the ultimate consumer or customers. An efficiency (+) or
(-) of all these retail outlets hinges on the efficiency of number of
intermediaries or associates in the supply chain management. The
same are made as central/focal point of exploration. In the tea
marketing process, the following ingredients i.e. Concentration,
Equalization and Dispersion are having an inimitable importance and
they are briefed ahead :-
Concentration: In tealeaf marketing process, concentration
forms that activity in which tealeaf flows from the peasants through
different marketers at a central point or they are marketed for sale at
required places. More often than not tealeaf is produced at one place
(Assam) and customers may be located thousands of miles away (UK),
say at distant places. Then it becomes necessary to bring accessibility
in making of tealeaf in finished form available for consumption as and
when demanded by those ultimate customers. Therefore, the tea-
product should be available at centre point from where the product can
be purchased by the customers. The competition and convolution in
tea –product marketing ranging from the local, regional, national and
international /multinational levels have been increased due to
globalization. As a result, the activities concerning to teal-product like
storage, transportation, assembling, inventory management,
standardization and grading and handling customers order, bring more
importance in the marketing process. All these activities are involved
in the process of concentration including financing and risk bearing
also. In India, the Export Promotion Boards and the Government
support all these activities of tea marketing.
 Equalization: Equalization is the intermediate activity, which
occurs between the process of concentration and dispersion. The
process of equalization involves proper adjustment of tea product
supply at all centres of distribution, where the supply of tea product
has to be balanced with the demand for the same on the basis of
time, quantity and quality. Thus, it can be said that equalization is the
process of making available the tea products at a particular place or
market just involves storage and transportation of tea in required
quantities, where transport equalizes supply place-wise, warehousing
equalizes it time-wise.

Dispersion: The third aspect is dispersion towards the consumer or

final user of that tea - products that have been concentrated and
equalized at the central markets. The assembled stock of tea is sub-
divided into smaller lots required to meet the needs of buyers. The
intermediaries like wholesaler's, retailers, intermediaries etc. are
engaged in this activity as the tea products are to be distributed
through these different channels for sales to consumers.

The Agents/ wholesalers who first store the tea products of

different types, brands and varieties in bulk quantities and then sell it
to the retailers in small quantities. These retailers in turn sell these
goods in required quantity to the final consumers. Thus, it can be said
that dispersion is that process though which tea –products are
delivered to their real consumers at the right time and right place in
the right quantity, through the most appropriate channels of
distribution.
Distinction between: Tea product Marketing and Selling.
Point of Marketing of Tea Product Selling of tea
Compariso product
 n
(1) Marketing is process, which begins far Tea product Selling
Process: ahead of tea plantation and lasts much is the exchange of
after the sale of the tea -product. It tea product for a
begins with planning the tea-product to price. It is a part of
suit the needs of the customer. Tea marketing process.
product Selling is one of the activities of
marketing.
(2) Marketing is a function to satisfying the Selling is an activity
Function: consumers’ needs and expectations. designed to meet
the buyers’ and
sellers' need.
(3) Marketing indicates an integrated Selling is an
Approach: approach to achieve long-term goals. approach to derive
and attain short-
term goals.
(4) Marketing is the creation and delivery of Selling ends with
Objective: standard of living to a society the delivery of
goods against
money.
(5) In marketing, planning is long-term In selling, planning
Planning: oriented. is short run
oriented.

Marketing is an ancient art, which has been practiced in one form

or other since the days of Adam and Eve. Marketing is a boon and has
grown with the social and economic progress and it has been
constantly making institutional changes to keep pace with the changes
in social and economic life. It has moved from the stage of domestic
economy of self-sufficient family as the economic unit into a social and
economic system. Economic life has evolved through different stages
of economic development. It is difficult to state, that how long one
stage has lasted. Economic history can be divided into several stages.
The nature and scope of marketing of tealeaf or other products in
each stage was different depending on the character of the economy.
The tea marketing in globalised era has concern to consumer or this
concern may be called as Consumer Oriented approach while
marketing the tea products. The competition in tea and Tea plantation
industry became keen and it became imperative to consider
production as well as consumption. The greater risk was involved in
investment in tea plantation and processing of tea leafs because
consumer demand was changing continuously. It was realized that only
measuring consumers need and wants were not enough to provide
consumer satisfaction with supply. All tea marketing plans and policies
should be built towards the satisfaction of consumers both in quality,
quantity and price. However, many businesspersons were not
adopting this approach, it is told by Peter Drucker that businessperson
tendency of not adopting this concept in fraction, resulting the growth
of consumerism and consumer movement.

It is increasingly obvious that marketing executives from tea

industry must act in a socially responsible manner. External pressures,
consumers discontent, a concern for environmental problems, political
and legal forces are influencing the marketing programmes. In this
stage, it was realized that marketing management must be concerned
with creating and delivering a better quality of tea product rather than
only a material standard. Marketing task is not only to help to
recognize business opportunity and serve the public but also to
enhance the quality of life in society. Marketing considerations today
are most crucial in overall business decision making, and consumer
orientation becomes an accepted marketing philosophy. Marketing has
become lifeblood of many business operations. In this age of
competition, management must not think of sales first because market
potentials are changing rapidly. The tea industry by no way is
exception to all these conceptualities.
Looking to the varied dimensions of tea marketing under the
globalised economy, the author in consultation of his guide selected
the thesis entitled
“A Study of Organization of Tea products marketing Practices with
special reference to Pune city of Maharashtra “
2.Objectives of Study:
(1) To highlight the Problems and potentialities of marketing of
Tea Product in Local ,Regional ,National and Global
perspective with special reference to its economic
contribution.

(2) To study the Organizational, legal, financial, promotional

marketing Mix and other related managerial dimensions of
the intermeddles engaged in marketing of Tea-products.

(3) To identify an element of competition amongst different

types of companies supplying the tea-products under
different brands thorough different outlets or
intermediaries

(4) To undertake a survey of Demand & Supply of Tea

Products passing through different channels and to know
the extent of utility and customer satisfaction.

(5) To suggest measures for further improvement in the

services of intermediaries and contribute to policy
guideline for the use of Govt., and tea producing
entrepreneurs working different capacities in supply chain
logistic.

3. Hypothesis

i. The Tea Product Marketing business has potential to generate

employment

ii. The Tea Product Marketing has a large chunk of credit business

iii. Bankers are often willing to finance the Tea Product Marketing
ventures

iv. An exhaustive modus operandi of procuring the various

procedural and commodity licences for tea marketing is
annoying to intermediaries supplying tea product to ultimate
retail out let.

v. Tea Product Marketing business entails huge investment

against the profits materialized
vi. The formalities and inspection (audit) of Food Control , Octroi,
Sales Tax, and of Income Tax offices are the source to
hardships to retailers involved in placing the tea product in the
hands of ultimate customers..

4. Reference Period:
The reference period for the field investigation while collecting
the primary data is limited to the 12 months preceding to the date of
interviews. However, the reference period, while collecting the
secondary data is not restricted to particular number of years, since it
is found necessary to seek the references even prior to the First World
War when the marketing of Tea Product business was in its infancy
stage.

5. Scope of Research Study:

The tea products selected for study consist of Tea leaves,
green tea leaves, herbal tea, instant tea, lemon tea, leaf tea, ginger
tea, flavored tea, Darjeeling tea, black tea, Assam tea and peppermint
tea which are sold by the different companies under the various
brands.

The Tea Products Marketing enterprises at places registered with

the Pune municipal corporation under shop Act will be the universe
for judgment selection of the respondents under concerned categories
. The Tea Product Marketing enterprises so selected will be visited for
conducting interviews with the help of structured and unstructured
questionnaires. In such interviews the entrepreneurs and their
employees, Business leaders and officers of govt. or municipal
departments having concern to Tea Product Marketing will be
contacted.
 The scope of study though limited to Pune, the efforts will be
made to universalize the findings applicable to all the places in India.

The Pune city is selected for the study since this city has
heritage in the tea marketing business for more than 100 years and
hence the multiple variables can be found and focused while writing
the thesis

6.Problem identification and validation

In the total tea product marketing process in the Pune the

following intermediaries are having concern

1. Manufacturer/Producers
2. Whole-sellers
3. Agents
4. Retailers selling the tea along with other items
5. Retailer exclusively engaged in tea selling
6. Tea Product Marketing along with the all types of groceries.
7. Tea Product Marketing with one or two items i.e. edible oil,
grain etc
8. Tea Product Marketing based mostly home deliveries or off
shops deliveries.
9. Tea Product Marketing through cooperatives, Pvt. Ltd. or Joint
stock companies
10. Chain Shop Tea Product Marketing

The significant role of above mentioned different types of

enterprises engaged in Tea Products Marketing in economic and
social development is un-deniable. With increasing tempo of
development activities, many new avenues of employment are being
thrown open which offer better remuneration. Tea Product Marketing in
such employment has a unique share. The enterprises under Tea
marketing industry have potential to employ local labour. Only in rare
cases, like Tea Product Marketing is required import the skill from
outside.

7. Classes of respondents to be contacted:-

The experience survey of the respondents will be conducted by

selecting the respondents under the judgement sample selection
technique. While selecting the respondents for interview, a care will
be exerted to select only those who possess competence, relevant
experience and ability to communicate. Many a times, advanced
information or some sort of preliminary training will be given to the
respondents who were to be interviewed. These respondents will be as
of the following kinds: - -

(i) Manufacturer/Producers
(ii) Whole-sellers
(iii) Agents
(iv) Retailers selling the tea along with other items
(v) Retailer exclusively engaged in tea selling
(vi) Tea Product Marketing along with the all types of groceries.
(vii) Tea Product Marketing with one or two items i.e. edible oil,
grain etc
(viii) Tea Product Marketing based mostly home deliveries or off shops
deliveries.
(ix) Tea Product Marketing through cooperatives, Pvt. Ltd. or Joint
stock companies
(x) Chain Shop Tea Product Marketing
(xi) Customers
(xii) Advertising agents

Only the respondents who are strategically placed at the

executive or field positions will be interviewed, since they are more
informative, experienced and reputed for possessing practical ideas.

8. Universe and Sampled Size

The study will be concentrated on the above intermediaries

housed in the Pune city. While studying under each category of
enquiries , 20 to 50 respondents depending upon need will be
contacted for collecting the data. This data collection is technically
known as experience survey based on judgment sampled selection.
The universe of study and nature of enquiries are heterogeneous
nature requiring to haul out varied types of information by asking the
question suits to the respondents and environment in which the
respondents work. Under such circumstances in fact, it is logical to
explore the information not with help of crossed section analysis or
descriptive study but with the help of exploration based on the
experience survey.

Tea Product Marketing Enterprises are significant employers of

labour. Thousands of jobs are provided by them in the many
occupations, which make up the Tea Product Marketing industry. Many
people of this Industry are self-employed. The social and economic role
of Tea Product Marketing enterprises is particularly important at
areas which are far away from the urbanization.

9.Justification of sampling methods

In the first phase of study, ten renowned tea product supplying
company based on their market share will be selected as the focus of
enquiries These tea companies and dealers ,such as wholesalers,
agents, retailers , and their chain shops will be the focus of enquires
in the second stage of investigation. All these intermediaries
associating with particular tae company or companies and their selling
offices s released will be selected by using the Purposive cum
judgment sample selection , This selection is justified as ahead

There is always a need to study the advanced elevation of the

problem selected for study to have an opportunity to schoolwork with
multi-dimensional variables .When the higher vision relating to theme
is grasped, the lower elevation or miniature variables connected with
the theme could be easily recognized. Hence, it is decided to select
only the tea product marketing outlets or intermediaries having
reputation and big size of business

The another phase of study will be commenced, after collecting the

adequate information on the 10 selected companies and their centre
of tealeaf processing , the marketing practices of all the
intermediaries and their associates especially purposively selected
units will be enquired by contacting the concerned entrepreneurs.
During this second phase, an experience survey of the respondents
like financiers, advertisers, agents, brokers, commission agfents,
warhousers, wholesalers, retailers, govt. officials, will be conducted.
Since these persons are closely associated with the marketing of the
tea products , they will be informative and useful in collection of the
required data. This method of the data collection is time, cost saving
and quality prone in the data collection.
While collecting the data from the persons from the tea industry
an intensive use of telephones-mail, WEB cites and media agencies
will be made to economize the data collection cost. Wherever
necessary, the endeavors will be made to contact the persons by
visiting the places in Assam where the tea plantation and tea leaf
processing are in progress.

10. Source of data collection:-

Exploratory and descriptive studies are the two methods of the data
collection. The same will be used (Vide point no.) .Under the former
method i.e. exploratory method the secondary data from the
libraries, office record, govt. Reports WEB and respondents in tea
markting business etc. will be collected; while under the latter method
i.e. Descriptive method, the primary data will be collected thorough
the field studies by conducting the experience survey based on
judgement selection.

11. Method of data collection

The following are the data collection methods:-
(i) Collection of the primary data through duly designed
questionnaire which will be used for the field enquires ,mostly
made thorough the Email or Postal Mail

(ii) Collection of the secondary data from the books, reports and
office record

12. Techniques of analysis of data

Data will be analyzed using both content analysis and Statistical

Package for Social Science (SPSS) analysis. The Statistical Package for
Social Science (SPSS) will be applied in processing information duly
gathered using questionnaires. All of the information gathered during
the survey will be entered into the computer package. Once the data
entries are completed, frequency distributions for all variables will be
generated to enable basic understanding and analysis. Further
grouping and analysis of variables will also be done by using the
same package.

13. Statistical tools to be used

(i) Averages
(ii) Frequency distribution
(iii) Correlation
(iv) Chi square tests
(v) Graphs and charts
(vi) Regression
(vii) PERT

14 .Research Methodology:
Research methodology used for study is both exploratory and
descriptive. The same is explained ahead:

(a) Review of Literate on the subject selected for study.

Books, reports, office record and such other printed materials
constitute an appropriate source to have an insight into the topic
selected for research. The specific guidelines and hypothesis can be
devised from this Secondary Source. In the process of exploring the
source, the following offices and libraries will be visited for required
information:

(i) University Libraries from Pune, Mubai, Kolhapur,

Nanded and Aurangabad.

(ii) Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune.

(iii) Offices of the Bureau of Economics and Statistics

located at district places.
 (iv) Collect-orate of the districts.

(v) Tata Economic Consultancy Services.

(vi) District Industries Centres.

(b) Experience Survey :

Many people in the course of their daily routine and varied work
in the practical field, acquire experience, and in the process
accumulate a rich fund of useful and practical knowledge, which can be
drawn upon, as and when, the need for the same is felt. So far as the
Tea Product Marketing enterprises are concerned, consumers,
entrepreneurs, officials of Financing Institutions, suppliers, etc. attain
and develop certain insight into the characteristics of the working and
impact of Tea Product Marketing units. As a result, these persons are
capable of visualizing the problems, benefits, prevailing situation,
future scope, etc. in the context of these units. It is, hence, decided to
conduct an Experience Survey of the above persons. While selecting
the respondents for interview, a care will be exerted to select only
those who possess competence, relevant experience and ability to
communicate. Many a times, advanced information or some sort of
preliminary training will be given to the respondents who were to be
interviewed. The persons such as food-inspectors, Bank managers, etc.
who are strategically placed at the executive positions are more
informative, experienced and reputed for possessing practical ideas.
Hence, these persons will purposefully be interviewed in the
experience survey.

Efforts will also be made to ensure appropriate representations

of different types of experience by including respondents from various
categories like the suppliers of Tea Agents, wholesalers ,retailers etc.,
purchasers of tea, officials from the Government Departments having
concern to licensing and such other matters. The number of persons
contacted for each type of enquiry will be different in size. When it will
be realized that an additional respondent, if interviewed, would furnish
similar information, the interrogation against the particular aspect or
issue will be stopped. This will facilitate economy in the data collection.

During the course of interview, the respondents will be asked

only the relevant questions having a due regard to their relation with
the of Tea Product Marketing and depths of their experience. For
example, if such a person or respondent is happened to be a Agent
supplying tea under different brands , the issues like difficulties in
recovering the credit claims ,supplying the tea products, Advertising ,
financing the tea marketing etc. will be discussed. If the respondent is
belonged to the category of a supplier , the questions pertaining to his
ability or inability to supply, the terms and conditions of supply etc. will
be asked. The number of persons to be contacted will be kept different
for different purposes.

(c) Case study:

In order to study a particular variables like warehousing

level problems or marketing / delivery obstacles, a few units will be
selected for case study where attempts will be made to relate the
micro variables (discovered in case study), to macro variables that
were already observed in explorative method of Problem identification

c)Descriptive Study –
Clubbing of Sample Survey with Experience Survey:
A survey of literature tells us about what existed in the past. An
experience survey provides a rough vision of what may exist, while
descriptive study accurately describes or interprets what exists at
present. It is primarily concerned with relationship or conditions that
exists, practices that prevails, belief, point of views or attitudes that
are held, processes that are going on, effects that are being felt or the
trends that are emerging. It is, therefore, suitable for a researcher who
believes that the data required resolving the research problems do not
exist, yet the settings in which those data would be gathered do exist.
The purpose of the descriptive study is to describe accurately the
gravity of the various variables that contribute in the development /
promotion or set back of Film enterprises of various types.

While conducting experience survey, wherever possible and

feasible, the respondents to be interviewed for particular enquires will
be listed logically keeping the keeping the homogeneity aspects of the
population of universe in site.And from such list called as sampling
frame, the sampled respondents will be selected by using the random
sampling selection technique. Thus, for example, there may be 50
Agents or 50 financiers wiling to provide information. All these
respondents will be listed alphabetically and the sampling frame will be
prepared. After preparing the sampling frame, 20 % respondents will
be selected by using the statistical random sampling selection method.
This probability sampling method is helpful in minimizing the bias in
information collection.

As against the above, , if the population is heterogeneous the

endeavours will be made to use only the experience survey technique
i.e. the sample size would be kept varying as per need and the nature /
quality of responses that are being received. . In other wards, if the
population is heterogeneous the endeavours will be made to use only
the experience survey technique i.e the sample size would be kept
varying as per need
Chapter Scheme

(i) Nature, Scope, Objectives, Hypothesis, Research Methodology of

The Thesis and The Survey Of Literature Having Concern to Tea
Production and Marketing

(ii) Problems and Potentialities of Marketing of Tea Product in

Local ,Regional ,National and Global Perspective with Special
Reference To Its Economic Contribution.

(iii) Organizational, Legal, Financial, Promotional, Marketing-Mix and

Other Related Managerial Dimensions and Marketing Of Tea-
Products.

(iv) Marketing Competition Amongst Different Types of Tea

Companies

(v) Demand & Supply Of Tea Products, Utility of Product and

Customer Satisfaction.

(vi) Measures For Further Improvement in Marketing Of Tea