18 January 2010

GEM341E - SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS FINAL EXAM (2009-2010)

CLOSED NOTES - TIME ALLOWED 120 MINUTES

1. A 1 m. model appended with a bilge keel of a 25 m. long ship is towed in the

towing tank at a speed of 1.5 m/sec. The towing pull is 20.00 N. Assuming that
60 per cent of the total resistance force is due to skin friction both at model and
full scale;

a-) Calculate the corresponding speed for the ship with the bilge keel and,
b-) Calculate the effective power at the corresponding speed.

(The bilge keel has the section shown in the below figure and its length is %30 of ship
length.)

A t F u ll ( S h ip ) S c a le :

H ul
l S u
rfa c
cm

e
5
2

B ilg e K e e l

(Hint: Include the appendage effect into the calculations both in model scale and in
full scale.)

νFresh=νSea=1.5*10-5 m2/sec., ρFresh=1000 kg/m3, ρsea=1025 kg/m 3 (30 pnts)

SOLUTION:

Model:
Vs=Vm(α)0.5=1.5x5=7.5 m/sec,

RFm=(20-0.165)*0.6=11.901 N

DBilgeKeel=0.5CFρSV2(2-2z/(x+y))=0.5*CF*1000*((0.01*(0.3*1))*2)*1.52*(2-0)
=0.165 N
CF=0.075/(LogRn-2)2
RnBilgeKeel=1.5*(1*0.3)/1.5*10-5=30000⇒CF=12.223*10-3

RRm=19.835-11.901=7.934⇒RRs=7.934*253*(1025/1000)=127 kN

Ship: DBilgeKeel=0.5CFρSV2(2-2z/(x+y))=0.5*CF*1025*(0.25*(0.3*25))*2*7.52*(2-0)
)= 756.1 N
CF=0.075/(LogRn-2)2
RnBilgeKeel=7.5*25*0.3/1.5*10-5=3750000⇒CF=3.585*10-3

RTs=(RRs/0.4)+0.7561≅318.5 kN⇒PE=2389 kW
 18 January 2010
GEM341E - SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS FINAL EXAM (2009-2010)

2. Explain the meaning of form factor (1+k). How do you calculate it by model
experiments? (10 pnts)

The 3-D model (or ship) viscous resistance for arbitrary Rn can be written as
CVm=(1+k)CF0m where CF0m is the equivalent flat plate frictional resistance
coefficient. The factor k accounts for the 3-D form (separation, cross flow, vortices
etc.), and is appropriately called the form factor.
The form factor is determined on an experimental basis as:
C Tm cFn n
= (1 + k) +
C F0m C F0m
where n is some power of Fn number, 4 ≤ n ≤ 6, and c and k are coefficients, chosen
as to fit the measured CTm, Fn data points as well as possible. (This requires that the
resistance of the model be measured at very low speeds, generally at Fn ≤ 0.1).

3. Why can it take more power to do the same speed in shallow water than in deep
water? (10 pnts)

The flow around the bottom of the hull is restricted in shallow water, therefore the
water flowing under the hull speeds up. The faster moving water increases the
frictional resistance and also lowers the pressure under the hull which tends to suck
the ship deeper into the water therefore increasing wave resistance.

4. Propeller open water test results are represented by KT, 10KQ, J and η0 given as:

T Q V J KT
KT = , KQ = , J = A and η 0 =
ρn D
2 4
ρn D
2 5
nD 2π K Q
Draw a typical open water diagram and show the above parameters on this
diagram. If the followings are known, then, explain how to obtain optimum
propeller diameter. (10 pnts)

Known parameters: Delivered power (PD), propeller rate of rotation (N), wake
fraction (wT) and ship speed (VS).

These non-dimensional parameters are used to display open water diagrams

(performance) of a propeller which gives characteristics of the powering performance
of a propeller.

10KQ η0

KT

J
0 1
 18 January 2010
GEM341E - SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS FINAL EXAM (2009-2010)

In this case the unknown variable optimum diameter, Dopt, can be eliminated from the
diagrams by plotting KQ/J5 versus J instead of KQ vs J. KQ/J5 can be written as:

KQ Q ND 5 QN 3
= ( ) =
J5 ρN 2 D 5 V A ρV A5

since PD = 2πQN and VA=VS(1-wT)

KQ PD N 2 NPD1 / 2
= ≈ 2.5 = B p
J5 2πρV A5 VA

1 ND
This parameter Bp is plotted against =δ = and these diagrams are called Bp-δ
J VA
diagrams. On these diagrams optimum η0 and δ are read off at the intersection of
known Bp value on the optimum efficiency line. Dopt is then calculated.

5. Briefly explain the followings: (10 pnts)

a) Left handed propeller: If a propeller rotates in the anti-clock wise direction
(left hand side) and moves forward (when viewed from aft of a ship to the bow)
it is called left handed propeller

b) Tip vortex cavitation: The vortex type of cavitation occurs at the blade tips of
the propeller and it is generated from the core of these vortices where the
pressure is very low. When this pressure is lower than the vapour pressure
“Vortex” cavitation occurs. The tip vortex cavitation is normally first
observed some distance behind the tips of the propeller blades which is said to
be “unattached” but as the vortex becomes stronger, either through higher
blade loading or decreasing in σ, it moves towards the blade tip and
ultimately becomes attached.

c) Trial condition: Clean new ship usually in light displacement, calm water,
weather and wind conditions.

d) Service condition: Fouled hull in full displacement and rough waves, weather
and wind conditions.
 18 January 2010
GEM341E - SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS FINAL EXAM (2009-2010)

ANSWER ONE QUESTION ONLY (6 or 7)

6. Design a propeller for a single screw containership in trial condition with the
following details. (30 pnts)

a) Determine the optimum propeller diameter and pitch using Wageningen B-

5.75 series propeller data provided
b) Calculate also the hull efficiency, ηH, and engine brake power, PB.

Ship Speed in service condition, VS(SERVICE) = 20 knots

Propeller speed, N = 150 RPM
Mean wake fraction, wT= 0.295 Thrust deduction factor, t= 0.23
Shaft transmission efficiency, ηs= 0.98 Propulsive efficiency ηD = 0.69
Relative-rotative efficiency, ηR= 1.00
P0/D0=0.5(0.03Bp+0.003δoptimum)

Total Resistance of the Ship obtained from Model Tests:

VS (knots) 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
RT (kN) 344 516 835 1388 2279 3632 5593

Bp δoptimum ηοoptimum
45 227 0.610
50 235 0.595
55 243 0.580
60 256 0.570

SOLUTION I: If VS(SERVICE) = 20 knots

VS(service) = 20 knots
VS(trial) =VS(service)+δV= 20+1= 21 knots
ηD = 0.69
w = 0.295
t = 0.23
ηS = 0.98
ηR = 1
Propeller speed, N = 150 RPM
P0/D0=0.5(0.03Bp+0.003δoptimum)

VS Vs RT PE(trial)=RTxVs
knots m/s kN kW
15 7.716 344 2654.30
16 8.2304 516 4242.78
17 8.7448 835 7304.10
18 9.2592 1388 12851.07
19 9.7736 2279 22269.27
20 10.288 3632 37366.02
21 10.8024 5593 60421.87
 18 January 2010
GEM341E - SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS FINAL EXAM (2009-2010)

VS(trial) = 21 knots
PE(trial) = 60421.87 kW

ηD = 0.69
PD =PE/ηD 87567.923 kW
VA = VS(trial) (1-wT) 14.805 knots
Bp=1.158(NxPD1/2/VA2.5)
δ=3.2808(NxD0/VA)

Bp 60.947

Bp δoptimum ηοoptimum Bp δoptimum ηοoptimum

45 227 0.61 60.947 258.462 0.568
50 235 0.595
55 243 0.58
60 256 0.57

P0/D0=0.5(0.03Bp+0.003δoptimum)
P0/D0= 1.30

D0=(δoptimumxVA)/N= 25.510 feet

D0= 7.776 m

P0= 10.123 m

ηH =(1-t)/(1-wT)= 1.092

PB=PD/ηS= 89355.02 kW
 18 January 2010
GEM341E - SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS FINAL EXAM (2009-2010)

SOLUTION II: If VS(SERVICE) = 19 knots

VS(service) = 19 knots
VS(trial) =VS(service)+δV= 19+1= 20 knots
ηD = 0.69
w = 0.295
t = 0.23
ηS = 0.98
ηR = 1
Propeller speed, N = 150 RPM
P0/D0=0.5(0.03Bp+0.003δoptimum)

VS Vs RT PE(trial)=RTxVs
knots m/s kN kW
15 7.716 344 2654.30
16 8.2304 516 4242.78
17 8.7448 835 7304.10
18 9.2592 1388 12851.07
19 9.7736 2279 22269.27
20 10.288 3632 37366.02
21 10.8024 5593 60421.87

VS(trial) = 20 knots
PE(trial) = 37366.02 kW

ηD = 0.69
PD =PE/ηD 54153.646 kW
VA = VS(trial) (1-wT) 14.1 knots
Bp=1.158(NxPD1/2/VA2.5)
δ=3.2808(NxD0/VA)
 18 January 2010
GEM341E - SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS FINAL EXAM (2009-2010)

Bp 54.146

Bp δoptimum ηοoptimum Bp δoptimum ηοoptimum

45 227 0.61 54.146 236.366 0.592
50 235 0.595
55 243 0.58
60 256 0.57

P0/D0=0.5(0.03Bp+0.003δoptimum)
P0/D0= 1.17

D0=(δoptimumxVA)/N= 22.218 feet

D0= 6.772 m

P0= 7.901 m

ηH =(1-t)/(1-wT)= 1.092

PB=PD/ηS= 55258.82 kW

7. Determine the blade surface area, BAR, and risk of cavitation on the selected
propeller for a containership using the equation τc=-0.114σR2+0.346σR+0.039
(τc is thrust loading coefficient and σR is cavitation number) extracted from the
curve for suggested upper limit for merchant ships in Burril’s cavitation
diagram. (30 pnts)

Selected propeller type is Wageningen B-4.100, Behind hull diameter, DB=6 m

Optimum rate of rotation, N=110 RPM, Open water efficiency, η0=0.58
Propulsive efficiency, ηD=0.61, Relative-rotative efficiency, ηR=1
Ship speed in service condition, VS(SERVICE)=18 knots, wake fraction, wT=0.29
Pitch to diameter ratio, P/D=1.1,
Depth of submergence of the shaft centre line H= 7.1 m
Atmospheric pressure, Patm= 101300 N/m2
Vapour pressure of water at 15 °C, PV= 1646 N/m2
Density of sea water, ρ=1025 kg/m3, Acceleration due to gravity, g=9.81 m/s2
AE ≈ AD=Ap/(1.067-0.229xP/D)

Total Resistance of the Ship obtained from Model Tests:

VS (knots) 16 17 18 19 20
RT (kN) 560 722 899 1171 1533
 18 January 2010
GEM341E - SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS FINAL EXAM (2009-2010)

SOLUTION:
Total Resistance of the Ship obtained from Model Tests:
VS Vs RT PE(trial)=RTxVs
knots m/s kN kW
16 8.2304 560 4609.02
17 8.7448 722 6313.75
18 9.2592 899 8324.02
19 9.7736 1171 11444.89
20 10.288 1533 15771.50

Selected propeller type is Wageningen B-4.100

Behind hull diameter, DB=6 m 6 m
Optimum rate of rotation, N=110 RPM 110 RPM
open water efficiency, η0=0.58 0.58
Relative-rotative efficiency, ηR=1 1
Propulsive efficiency, ηD=0.61 0.61
Ship speed in service condition, VS(SERVICE)= 18 knots
Ship speed in service condition, VS(TRIAL)=18+1=19 knots 19 knots
wake fraction, wT=0.29 0.29
Pitch to diameter ratio, P/D=1.1 1.1
Depth of submergence of the shaft centre line H= 7.1 m 7.1 m
2
Atmospheric pressure, Patm= 101300 N/m 101300 N/m2
Vapour pressure of water at 15 °C, PV= 1646 N/m2 1646 N/m2
Density of sea water, ρ=1025 kg/m3 1025 kg/m3
2
Acceleration due to gravity, g=9.81 m/s 9.81 m/s2
AD=Ap/(1.067-0.229xP/D)
 18 January 2010
GEM341E - SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS FINAL EXAM (2009-2010)

For Trial condition

P E= 11444.89 kW
PD=PE/ηD= 18762.11 kW
Patm= 101300 N/m2
PV= 1646 N/m2
N= 110 rpm 1.83 rps
VA = 13.49 knots
P/D = 1.1
η0 0.58
H= 7.1 m
Dynamic pressure qT 324577.5859 N/m2 qT=0.5ρVR2=0.5ρ(VA2+(0.7Dπ(N/60))2)
P0-Pv 149930.25 N/m2

Cavitation number σR=(P0-Pv)/qT 0.462

Referring to the equation extracted from Burrill's diagram for upper limit @ σR,
the load coefficient, τc is obtained as:
τc=-0.114σR2+0.346σR+0.039
τc 0.175
By definition

T/Ap=τcqT = 56639.161
T=PDη0ηR/Va= 1568182.868 N
A p= 27.687 m2

Developed area from Taylor's relationship

AE=AD=Ap/(1.067-0.229xP/D) 33.968 m2
Blade Area Ratio
BAR= AE/(πD2/4) 1.201

Selected BAR= 1
Calculated BAR= 1.201
THEREFORE PROPELLER WILL HAVE HIGH RISK OF
Calculated BAR > Selected BAR CAVITATION

Prof. Şakir Bal Assoc. Prof. Emin Korkut