SYSNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

NAME: - M. S. Nakandala
INDEX NO: - 080314M
FIELD: - EE
DATE OF PER: -25.10.2010
DATE OF SUB: - 06.12.2010

OBSERVATION SHEET
NAME: - M. S. Nakandala
INDEX NO: - 080314M
FIELD: - EE
DATE OF PER: - 25.10.2010
INSTRUCTED BY: -

a) Obtaining of short circuit armature current oscillogram

Pre-short circuit line voltage = 35 V

Steady short circuit current = 2.3 A
Generator speed = 1507 rpm
Number of generator pole pairs = 2

b) Obtaining of field current oscillogram

 Steady state field current = 0.1A

d) Slip test
 Minimum Phase current = 1.7A
Maximum phase current = 1.85A
Minimum line voltage = 20 V
Maximum line voltage = 21 V
Generator speed = 1470 rpm

CALCULATION
a. Obtaining of short circuit armature current oscillogram

T(ms) Armature (A)

0 13.5
10 10.5
20 8.25
30 7.75
40 7
50 6.75
60 6.25
70 5.75
80 5.5
90 5.25
100 5
110 4.75
120 4.5
130 4.25
140 4.25
150 4.25
160 4.25
170 4
180 4
190 4
200 4
210 4
220 4
230 3.75
240 3.5
250 3.75
260 3.75
270 3.75
280 3.63
290 3.63
300 3.5
310 3.5
320 3.5
330 3.5
 340 3.5
350 3.5

Ia,pk Vs time
15
Ia,pk (log scale)

1.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

t (ms)

From the Graph, From theory,

A = 12.69A
X d =√ 2V S / B=8. 17 Ω
B =3.5A
V S =35 / √3=20 .21 X ''d = √2 V S / A=2 . 252Ω

T(ms) (ΔΧ )
0 9.13
5 8.178769
10 7.280297
15 6.427746
20 5.714704
25 4.995176
30 4.443571
35 3.834693
40 3.423728
45 2.906233
50 2.618125
55 2.175670
60 1.995472
65 1.614460
70 1.529879
75 1.199277
80 1.200496
85 0.911657
90 0.991153
95 0.737635
100 0.89
105 0.667384
 ∆X Vs time
10
∆X (log scale)

0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

time (ms)

D=58.75ms C=9.129
∴T 'd=58.75ms ∴ X d '=2.263Ω
 T(ms) ( ΔY )
0 6.711
5 5.825462
10 4.962770
15 4.136171
20 3.350680
25 2.605238
30 1.894530
35 1.210465
40 0.543320

∆Y Vs time
10
f(x) = − 2.54 ln(x) + 10.53
∆Y (log scale)

0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

time (ms)
T ''d =¿ 3.16 ms

The open circuit transient and sub transient time constants can also be obtained,

Xd
T 'do=T 'd ×
X 'd

8.17
T 'do=58.75 × = 182.50 ms
2.63

'' X 'd
''
T =T × ' '
do d
Xd

2.263
T ''do=3.16 × = 3.18 ms
2.252

T(ms) Armature (A)

0 27.5
10 21
20 16.5
30 15.5
40 14
50 13.5
60 13.5
70 11.5
80 11
90 10.5
100 10
110 9.5
120 9
130 8.5
140 8.5
150 8.5
160 8.5
170 8
 (Ia,+ve peak + Ia, -ve peak) vs Time
30

25

20
Ia, +ve peak + Ia,-ve peak (A)

15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Time (ms)

Ta = 7.1994 ms
  Field current variation following a short circuit

( X d− X ' d ) T kd T kd
I f =I f 0 + I f 0
X 'd [ e−t/T ' d −(1−
T ''d
)e−t/T '' d −
T ''d
e−t/Ta cos ωt
]
Assume no dampers. Therefore
T kd = 0

−t −t
8.17−2.263 58.75
∴ I f =0.1+0.1 × [e −( 1−0 ) e 3.16 −0]
2.263

−t −t
∴ I f =0.1+0.261 [e 58.75 −e 3.16 ]

Time (ms) If
0 0.1
10 0.309127
20 0.285228
30 0.256610
40 0.232114
50 0.211437
60 0.193995
70 0.179284
80 0.166875
90 0.156408
100 0.147580
110 0.140132
120 0.133851
130 0.128553
140 0.124084
150 0.120314
160 0.117135
170 0.114453
180 0.112191
190 0.110283
200 0.110283
 If vs Time

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2
If (A)

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Time (ms)
  Armature voltage on sudden open circuit from a steady short circuit,

[ X d− X ' d ] −t
T do [ X d− X ' ' d ] −t
T ' do
V a =√ 2 V s cos ( ωt +θ 0 )−√ 2V s e cos ( ωt+ θ0 )−¿ √2 V s e cos ( ωt+θ 0 ) ¿
X ' 'd Xd

Lets assume θo = 0 and w = 314.16

−t
[ X d −X 'd ] '
T do [ X ' d− X ' ' d ] −t
T '' do
V a =√ 2 V s cos ( ωt )− √2 V s e cos ( ωt )−¿ √ 2V s e cos ( ωt ) ¿
X ' 'd Xd

−t −t
V a =28.58× cos ( 314.16 t )−74.96 ×e 182.5 × cos ( 314.16 t ) +0.038 × e 3.18 ×cos ⁡(314.16 t)

Time (ms) Va (V)

0 -46.342
10 6.191218
20 36.95183
30 -14.909642
40 -26.34220
50 19.014051
60 16.175911
70 -19.245694
80 -7.663661
90 16.657707
100 1.542538
110 -12.435448
120 1.922312
130 7.732483
140 -2.885151
150 -3.536619
160 1.829280
170 0.575103
180 0.546291
190 0.736901
200 -3.448195
210 -0.305235
220 6.104372
230 -1.672241
240 -7.862695
250 4.764766
260 8.264291
270 -8.388188
280 -7.086703
290 11.894220
300 4.355570
310 -14.659071
320 -0.326669
330 16.162164
340 -4.557087
350 -16.047549
360 9.727125
370 14.162948
380 -14.561356
390 -10.573992
400 18.458777
410 5.553778
420 -20.908704
430 0.449740
440 21.547857
450 -6.864051
460 -20.200138
470 13.054196
480 16.895844
490 -18.389985
500 -11.869240
 Va vs Time
60

40

20
Va (V)

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

-20

-40

-60

Time (ms)
  Slip test parameters

( V a , pk−pk ) max
X d=
( I a , pk− pk ) min

21
X d= = 7.13
1.7∗√ 3

( V a , pk− pk ) min
XQ=
( I a , pk− pk ) max

20
XQ= = 6.24
1.85∗√ 3
DISCUSSION

When comparing X d value obtained from the slip test and the short circuit armature
current oscillogram there is a huge difference between them.
When we compare the theoretical and practical graph of the variation of field current at
short circuit test, it seems both are having same shape. But the practical curve takes more time to
acquire the steady state, compare with theoretical curve. This may occur due to the effect of
damping effect in real situation. Also theoretical oscillograms are very smooth. But in practical
case they are not like that, because they have been affected to noise introduced by the external
devices.

In short circuit oscillogram there are 4 components in the transient behavior.

 Transient component
 Sub transient component
 DC offset component
 Steady state component

Transient and sub transient components rapidly vary with the time, but transient component
takes much time to decay than sub transient component. Generally sub transient period lasts for
3-4 cycles of current. However transient period is long and lasts for some hundreds of cycles. DC
offset current is caused due to the armature reaction.
It is important to know whether the generator can withstand against transient behaviors and it
is having correct damping. The parameters we calculated by using the observations of short
circuit study are important when designing protection schemes to the synchronous generator.
Therefore short circuit study is very important.