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Polymer Processing
There are many processes for plastics. Selection of
a process depends on many factors including:
- Quantity and production rate
- Dimensional accuracy and surface finish
- Form and detail of the product
- Nature of material
- Size of final product
viscosity Ns × m 2
relaxation time = = 2 =s
modulus m × N
relaxation time of material, in process
N deb =
timescale of process
If Ndeb>1, process is dominantly elastic.
If Ndeb<1, process is predominantly viscous.
Cogswell (“Polymer Melt Rheology,” Godwin, London, 1981) has
provided an example of polymer melt flowing round a
bend and then through a relatively narrow die.
•time scale from the bend
to the die ~ 10 s
•relatively low stress
•relatively high viscosity
~ 105 Nsm-2
•elastic modulus
increases with
increasing stress
1. Flow from bend to die
viscosity 10 5 Nsm −2
low stress : = 3
modulus 10 Nm − 2
10 5
relaxation time = 3 = 100 s
10
timescale of process = 10 s
100
N deb = = 10
10
viscosity 10 3 Nsm −2
high stress : = 5
modulus 10 Nm −2
10 3
relaxation time = 5 = 0.01 s
10
timescale of process = 0.1 s
0.01
N deb = = 0 .1
0. 1