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Anatomy and Physiology

THE HUMAN EAR


Parts of the Human Ear:

Cerumen - yellow or brown, waxlike secretion found in the external auditory canal.

Cochlea - the winding, snail-shaped bony tube that forms a portion of the inner ear and
contains the organ of Corti, the transducer for hearing.

Cochlear (acoustic) nerve - the division of the eighth cranial (vestibulocochlear) nerve,
which goes to the cochlea.

Eustachian tube - the 3- to 4-cm tube that extends from the middle ear to the
Nasopharynx.

External auditory canal - the canal leading from the external auditory meatus to the
tympanic membrane; about 2.5 cm in length.
External ear - the portion of the ear that consists of the auricle and external auditory
canal; it is separated from the middle ear by the tympanic membrane.

Incus - the second of the three ossicles in the middle ear; it articulates with the malleus
and stapes; the anvil.

Inner ear - the portion of the ear that consists of the cochlea, vestibule, and
semicircular canals.

Internal auditory canal - a canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, which
houses the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves (cranial
nerves VII and VIII).

Malleus - the first (most lateral) and largest of the three ossicles in the middle ear; it is
connected to the tympanic membrane laterally and articulates with the incus;
the hammer.

Middle ear - the small, air-filled cavity in the temporal bone that contains the three
Ossicles.

Organ of Corti -the end organ of hearing, located in the cochlea.

Ossicle - a small bone; there are three in the middle ear: malleus, incus, and stapes.

Oval window- a fenestra (aperture) between the vestibule of the inner ear and the
middle ear, occupied by the base of the stapes.

Pinnam- the outer part of the external ear, which collects and directs sound waves into
the external auditory canal; the auricle.
Round window - a fenestra between the middle ear and the inner ear at the base of the
cochlea, occupied by the round window membrane.

Semicircular canals - the superior, posterior, and lateral bony tubes that form part of
the inner ear; contain the receptor organs for balance.

Stapes- the third (most medial) ossicle of the middle ear; it articulates with the incus,
and its footplate fits into the oval window; the stirrup.

Temporal bone- a bone on both sides of the skull at its base; composed of the
squamous, mastoid, and petrous portions.

Tympanic membrane - the membrane that separates the middle ear from the external
auditory canal; also referred to as the eardrum.

Vestibulocochlear nerve - cranial nerve VIII; cochlear (acoustic) nerve and vestibular
Nerve.

THE UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


Parts of the Upper Respiratory System

Nose - The part of the human face or the forward part of the head of other vertebrates
that contains the nostrils and organs of smell and forms the beginning of the
respiratory tract.

Pharynx - The section of the alimentary canal that extends from the mouth and nasal
cavities to the larynx, where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.

Larynx - The part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea, having
walls of cartilage and muscle and containing the vocal cords enveloped in
folds of mucous membrane.

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