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5. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.16
VIII. Calculation examples
pressure in bar
5. A, B, C weighting
Curves obtained by the above pro-
cess have been simplified and pro-
cessed into universally accepted
weighted curves covering three dB
ranges:
up to 60 dB curve A
60 to 100 dB curve B
over 100 dB curve C
dB
120
100
80
60
Sound pressure in dB
40
20
Measuring surface S
Measuring points
distributed over the
surface of S
Acoustic fundamentals 6
4. Legal immission limits Thus, where the legal immission limit Moreover, since a noise protection
is almost exhausted already by measure omitted (forgotten) at the
Maximum immission levels are defi- other sound sources, any newly ad- planning stage will usually be extre-
ned by legislators for each zone type. ded equipment may have to be desi- mely costly and difficult to implement
It must be noted in this context that gned for sound levels far beyond the retroactively, it is recommended to
the legal immission limit represents legal maximum. conduct acoustic calculations or, in
the total of all sound pressure levels
incident at the measuring point, i.e. In this case, rather than imposing ex-
the case of major projects, to com- 3
mission an acoustic experts study at
each facility and each component of cessive noise protection demands on the earliest possible point of the plan-
an overall installation is itself allowed the new equipment, it may be prac- ning process.
to account only for a fraction of the le- tical to implement carefully chosen
gal limit. sound control measures on existing
installations.
5. Behaviour of multiple sound
sources
If several sound sources (e.g. roof-moun-
ted fans) of the same loudness are ope-
rating side by side, the overall sound
pressure level will increase as follows:
Number of devices 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 30
Approx. level increase (dB) 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 15
With two roof-mounted fans of diffe-
rent loudness operating concurrently,
the higher of their two sound pressure
levels must be marked up as follows:
Difference between higher and
lower level (dB) 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
Level to be added (dB) 3,0 2,8 2,5 2,3 2,1 1,9 1,8 1,6 1,5 1,3 1,2
Difference between higher and
lower level (dB) 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,5 8,0 9,0 10,0 11,0 13,0 15,0 20
Level to be added (dB) 1,1 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0
Multiple centrifugal roof-mounting fans in ser-
Example: vice on the same roof.
The noise pressure level at the reference point
is to be determined:
DRH 400/30 6 at 4 m: 60 dB
DRV 500/30 6 at 4 m: 62 dB
DRH 630/25 6 at 4 m: 68 dB
IV. Indoor sound pressure It follows that sounds heard by the hu- ply to this room and that specific
level and weighting man ear in a room are subject to nu- point. It cannot be applied by extensi-
merous influences. Apart from the lo- on to any other room having different
1. General cation of the source in the room and acoustic properties.
the listeners position relative to it, the
size of the room and the acoustic pro- 2. Absorption factor/absorption
While sound can normally propagate surface/reverberation time
3 freely in outdoor environments, the in- perties of the walls (i.e. their ability to
door situation is quite different. Sound absorb and reflect sound waves) play The acoustical properties of a room
pressure waves emitted by a source important roles. are described in terms of three para-
into the room will strike the walls whe- meters:
re they are in part absorbed (swallo- A sound pressure value stated for an
wed up) and in part reflected (thrown indoor location, e.g. in dB, will there- 2.1 Absorption factor
back). fore be of little value unless it is ac- The surface of a wall fully absorbing
companied by a detailed acoustical all impinging sound waves would ha-
A person exposed to a sound source description of the room in question. ve an absorption factor = 1. Since
in a room will thus perceive both di- Even where a sound pressure value no existing wall can absorb all inco-
rectly transmitted sound pressure wa- is given in conjunction with an acou- ming sound, absorption capability is
ves and waves reflected from the stical description (plus a description expressed in relation to that of a theo-
walls. of the measuring point), it will only ap- retical wall having an ideal absorption
behaviour. In pratice, rates bet-
ween 0.02 and 0.4 are attained. Spe-
cific values are compiled in collec-
tions of tables. Some average ab-
sorption rates are given below.
Room m
Normal factory hall 0,02 0,07
Kitchen 0,03 0,08
Restaurant 0,05 0,1
Schools 0,07 0,1
Assembly halls 0,08 0,12
Offices 0,12 0,15
Studios 0,3 0,4
3. Evaluation/weighted curves
3.1 Relative sound pressure level NC curves
80
To establish an evaluation basis for
sound and noise, scientists have defi- 70
ned various final loudness levels. It is
stipulated that the actual (relative)
Sound pressure level dB
60
sound pressure level in a room, de-
termined at a given measuring point,
shall not be higher in any frequency 50
range than the agreed weighting cur-
ve.
40
Different weighted curves exist, e.g.
NC curve 30
DIN phon curve
ISO curve 20
15
All of these curves are numerically di- 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
mensioned; the higher the number,
the louder the sound is allowed to be. Octave center frequency Hz
60
50
40
30
20
15
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
40
30
20
15
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
70
Sound pressure level dB
60
50
40
30
V. Sound power level tions and distances. We possess this unit can thus denote both sound
such a parameter in the form of sound pressure and sound power.
1. General power, expressed in watts (W).
The overall cumulated sound power
As we have seen from the discussion 2. Overall sound power level emitted by a source, compared with a
of sound pressure waves in a room, defined threshold and logarithmized
reflection and absorption effects pre- As with the sound pressure, a lower li- as above, is referred to as the overall
sent a complicated picture. Managing mit (N0=10-12 watts) of sound power sound power level. This variable re-
these acoustic phenomena involves has been defined as a reference to presents our objective starting point
complicated calculations. The com- which all actual sound power data are for all further calculations.
plexity, if not impossibility, of such related. The resulting ratio is again lo-
calculations for a fan connected to an garithmized, as in the case of the
intake-side duct can easily be imagi- sound pressure, according to the
ned. Such analyses can therefore not equation LW = 10 x log N/N0 (dB).
be conducted on the basis of the so- The result is again expressed in deci-
und pressure level. An independent bels. It should be borne in mind that
quantity is needed which is not influ-
enced by position, the room, reflec-
11 Acoustic fundamentals
3. Relative sound power level Assuming that both and c are con-
stant, we obtain the following propor-
Since, as we shall see, all calculati- tionality law:
ons must be performed as a function
of frequency, it is necessary to know W ~ p2 S
which sound constituents make up
the overall sound power level. The re- Expressed in level terms, this yields
sult of this analysis is called the fre- an equation which plays an important 3
quency response of the overall sound role in all practical calculations:
S
power level, or relative sound power LW L + 10 lg S0
= L + LS in dB
level.
or rather,
By way of example, let us consider S
the fan DRV 400/30-4 listed on page LWA LA + 10 lg S0
= LA + LS in dB
49 of TLT Turbo GmbHs catalogue of In other words, sound power level LW
centrifugal roof units. Its overall so- can be approximated as the sum of
und power level LWtot is specified as measuring surface sound pressure
95 dB (above roof level). level L and measuring surface level
We can thus derive the following rela- LS.
tive sound power levels LWrel at the From this relationship it can be con-
frequencies stated: cluded that for a given sound power
63 Hz:95 dB 11,9 dB = 83,1 dB level, assuming spherical or hemis-
125 Hz:95 dB 4,9 dB = 90,1 dB pherical sound propagation into free
250 Hz:95 dB 7,3 dB = 87,7 dB space (ideal sound propagation), the
500 Hz:95 dB 8,2 dB = 86,8 dB sound pressure level decreases by 6
1000 Hz:95 dB 9,2 dB = 85,8 dB dB when the distance from the source
2000 Hz:95 dB 13,9 dB = 81,1 dB is doubled.
4000 Hz:95 dB 12,6 dB = 82,4 dB This value may increase due to sound
8000 Hz:95 dB 11,8 dB = 83,2 dB absorption by the air or floor, or dimi-
4. Weighted sound power level LWA nish due to reflection from obstacles.
Moreover, the decrease in sound
By carrying out the evaluation explai- pressure level may be amplified or at-
ned for the sound pressure level, tenuated by weather influences.
using the A-weighted curve, we ob-
tain the weighted sound power level
LWA from the sound power level LW.
5. Relationship between sound
pressure and sound power levels
Unlike sound pressure p, sound po-
wer W is not measured directly but
calculated from sound pressure p,
particle velocity n (alternating velocity
of the molecules of the medium), and
measuring surface S.
W=pS
p
where = q c
with = air density
c = sound velocity in air
becomes:
p2
W= S
qc
Acoustic fundamentals 12
Ratio of cross-sections
Acoustic fundamentals 14
Duct
Room
factor Q).
2. Directional factor
The directional factor Q is an indicator
of the orientation of the duct outlet re-
lative to the reference point and vice
versa. Four outlet positions have be-
en defined:
center of the room (1)
center of wall (2)
edge of room (3)
corner of room (4)
Frequency sound outlet surface area
The outlet orientation relative to the
reference point P is commonly desig-
nated by the emission angle = 0 or
45.
The directional factor is determined
from the diagram shown across,
which has as its horizontal dimension
the product of frequency and square
root of the outlet surface area (in m2).
Acoustic fundamentals 16
[m2 sabin]
(free field)
Directional factor Q
Distance from sound outlet surface [m]
Q 4 1 Directional factor: Q = 4
LW Lp = 10 x log (4 r 2
+ A ) Distance from sound outlet surface:
r=2m
This fairly complex equation is solved Equivalent absorption surface:
graphically in the above diagram. A = 20 m2 sabin
4. Evaluation Result:
Sound level difference LW = 5 dB
By deducting the level difference from
the outlet sound pressure level, we
obtain the relative sound pressure le-
vel.
This relative sound pressure level can
now be evaluated in a variety of ways.
On the one hand, we can compare it
to the various weighted curves (refer
to section IV) and determine that the
sound pressure level in the room cor-
responds to a specific DIN, NC or ISO
curve. On the other, we can evaluate
this level against curve A, B or C, per-
form the logarithmic addition of the in-
17 Acoustic fundamentals
The damping effect of the silencer shown can be quantified as follows (refer
to section VI, part 2.6):
LS 6 8 11 23 32 34 26 16 dB
Lwrel 1 LS =
Lwrel 2 69 63,3 54,9 35,1 20,7 16,1 24,8 21,3 dB
The duct cross-section changes between silencer inlet and main shaft ou-
tlet . The resulting attenuation depends on the ratio of the cross-sectional
areas. Since the main duct measures 200 x 200 mm, its cross-sectional area
is 40.000 mm2.
The cross-sectional area of the silencer is 400 x 350 = 140,000 mm2, giving a
ratio of 0.286. According to section IV, part 2.5., the resulting level difference
(not frequency-related) is 2 dB. LWrel at thus assumes the following values
at the frequencies stated:
LQ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 dB
Lwrel 2 LQ
Lwrel 3 67 61,3 52,9 33,1 18,7 14,1 22,8 19,3 dB
Acoustic fundamentals 18
Attenuation also occurs in the sheetmetal ducting of the main shaft (refer to
VI, 2.1).
Frequency 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Hz
LK 0,6 0,6 0,45 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 dB/m
LK =
3 2,5 m L 1,5
K 1,5 ~1,1 ~0,8 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 dB
Lwrel 3 LK =
Lwrel 4 65,5 59,8 51,8 32,3 18,2 13,6 22,3 18,8 dB
Sound damping takes place in the elbow between main shaft and the secon-
dary shaft as follows (refer to VI, 2.2):
Frequency 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Hz
LB 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 dB
Lwrel 4 LB
= Lwrel 5 65,5 59,8 51,8 32,3 17,2 11,6 19,3 15,8 dB
Further damping occurs in the sheet metal ducting of the secondary shaft (re-
fer to VI, 2.1):
Frequency 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Hz
LK 0,6 0,6 0,45 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 dB/m
LK =
2,5 m LK 1,5 1,5 ~1,1 ~0,8 ~0,8 ~0,8 ~0,8 ~0,8 dB
Lwrel 5 LK
= Lwrel 6 64,0 58,3 50,7 31,5 16,4 10,8 18,5 15 dB
At the damper valve , sound waves are attenuated by the damper valve its-
elf and by outlet reflection (refer to VI, 2.7):
Frequency 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Hz
LV 33 19 17 14 14 12 11 10 dB
Lwrel 6 LV
= Lwrel 7 31,0 39,3 33,7 17,5 2,4 0 7,5 5 dB
LWrel 7 at is the relative sound power level emitted into the room. This shall
now be converted into the relevant sound pressure level at the reference
point. For this first the directional factor Q has to be determined. The emissi-
on angle = 0since the control damper valve is located in the middle of the
wall (bottom diagram in VII, 2, curve 2). Sound outlet surface area is 0.01 m2,
square root of0,01 m2 = 0.01 m2 = 0.1 m.
According to the diagram, this gives the following values at the frequencies
stated:
Freq. = 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Hz
f x F = 6,3 12,5 25 50 100 200 400 800 Hz x m
Logarithmic addition of the levels (re-
Q 1,8 2 2,4 3,2 4,8 6 7 7,8
fer to III, 5) yields the following
From the diagram in VII, 3 the level difference can be determined, using the
equivalent absorption surface A = 10 m2 sabin and the distance r = 1 m. Re-
sults for the individual frequencies are as follows: 1,9 20,2 22,6 12,3 0,9 0 7,5 2,9
ISO curve:
The actual sound pressure level remains below ISO N-25.
NC curve: 24,9
The actual sound pressure level remains below NC 20 at all frequencies. dB
19 Acoustic fundamentals
DIN curve:
The actual sound pressure level remains below DIN 35 at all frequencies.
Apart from this comparison with acceptable frequency responses, it is possible to add the levels, e.g. according to
curve A:
Frequency 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Hz
A weighted.:-26,1 -16,1 -8,6 -3,2 0 +1,2 +1 -1,1 dB 3
Lprel A: 1,9 20,2 22,6 12,3 0,9 0 7,5 2,9 dB
A Axial-flow impeller
B Flexible duct connector
C Exhaust air duct 60 m
D Flexible duct connector Building depth 24 m, absorption surface A = 200 m2 sabin
B A D
Selected axial flow fan Rotational speed: 950 rpm Total pressure increase: 500 Pa
(TLT Turbo GmbH catalogue Axial Blade angle: 20 Overall sound power level: 99 dB
Flow Fans) Volume flow: 40 000 m3/h To be determined: sound pressure
AXN 12/56/1000 MD Motor rating: 7,5 KW level in the room and at outlet point
2.1 Sound pressure level inside Relative sound power level emitted into the silencer:
the factory hall
Frequency 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Hz
LWtot 99 dB
Lwrel -8,7 -6,4 -5,1 -8,2 -12,7 -15 -16,8 -19,8 dB
Lwrel
A 90,3 92,6 93,9 90,8 86,3 84 82,2 79,2 dB
Acoustic fundamentals 20
Lwrel
D 86,3 86,6 82,9 71,1 64,6 61,5 67,2 69,2 dB
Outlet attenuation, A-weighting and conversion into sound pressure level:
L outl. -7 -3 -1 0 0 0 0 0 dB
LA -26,1 -16,1 -8,6 -3,2 0 +1,2 +1 -1,1 dB
LW Lp -20 -17 -16 -16 -15 -15 -15 -15 dB
Lprel A 33,2 50,5 57,3 51,9 49,6 47,7 53,3 53,1 dB
Calculation of the cumulative level LpA: 61.3 dB ~ 61 dB.
21 Acoustic fundamentals
2. Airborne noise b) the A-weighted (cumulative) sound tave-band analysis being provided for
pressure level LPA in dB LWrel (see example).
Noise emissions of fans, including air-
zn
borne noise, are assessed and calcu- c) the relative sound pressure level fD = 60
in s -1 or Hz, respectively
lated in terms of sound power levels. LpArel in dB.
Fan manufacturers state this data in where z = number of impeller blades
the following forms: taking account room influences (ab- n = rotational speed of the fan
sorption, direction, distance) in rpm.
a) overall sound power level LW in dB
(decibels) Airborne sound waves propagate
equally from the fan in the inlet and
b) A-weighted overall sound power outlet directions via the connected
level LWA in dB ducting. If the fan draws air freely
from the room, the noise situation in
c) relative sound power level LWrel in the room itself may become critical.
dB. Baseline parameter for the calculati-
Upon completion of the acoustical on of sound-attenuating measures is
calculations these values must usual- the overall sound power level LW of
ly be converted into sound pressure the fan, which is usually stated for the
levels, viz. operating point in the diagram of cha-
racteristic curves.
a) the relative sound pressure level
LPrel in dB compared with the per- Variables LWA and LWrel are usually ex-
mitted limit curves (NC, ISO-N, pressed as a function of the main in-
etc.) terference frequency fD (frequency of
rotation) and the fan size, with an oc-
Acoustic fundamentals 22
sound power level at its inlet or outlet 500 4,5 16,6 13,3 11,3 4,5 10,2 14,2 18,2 22,2
250 7,5 16,7 13,4 5,4 9,6 13,3 17,3 21,3 25,3
opening. The data given in the follo- 500 125 10,8 16,8 7,5 10,5 12,7 16,4 20,4 24,4 28,4
63 13,9 10,9 12,6 13,5 15,8 19,5 23,5 27,5 31,5
wing tables assume Case 1 outlet ab-
500 4,4 15,0 12,2 10,5 4,2 10,2 14,2 18,2 22,2
sorption conditions according to VDI 250 7,2 15,1 12,3 4,6 9,4 13,3 17,3 21,3 25,3
2081 (refer also to page 14). 630 125 10,5 15,2 6,4 9,7 12,4 16,4 20,4 24,4 28,4
63 13,7 9,4 11,4 12,8 15,5 19,5 23,5 27,5 31,5
Levels are determined as follows: 500 4,3 13,6 11,1 9,9 4,2 10,2 14,2 18,2 22,2
250 7,1 13,7 11,2 4,0 9,3 13,3 17,3 21,3 25,3
800 125 10,3 13,8 5,8 9,1 12,4 16,4 20,4 24,4 28,4
LW Vent dB = fans overall sound 63 13,5 7,9 10,4 12,2 15,5 19,5 23,5 27,5 31,5
power level, taken 500 4,3 12,3 10,3 9,5 4,2 10,2 14,2 18,2 22,2
from characteristic 250 6,9 12,4 10,4 3,6 9,3 13,3 17,3 21,3 25,3
1000 125 10,2 12,5 4,5 8,7 12,4 16,4 20,4 24,4 28,4
curve diagrams 63 13,4 6,7 9,5 11,8 15,5 19,5 23,5 27,5 31,5
500 4,3 11,2 9,5 9,2 4,2 10,2 14,2 18,2 22,2
LWA open dB = fans A-weighted 1250
250 6,9 11,39,6 3,3 9,3 13,3 17,3 21,3 25,3
125 10,1 11,43,7 8,5 12,4 16,4 20,4 24,4 28,4
sound power level 63 13,2 5,6 8,8 11,5 15,5 19,5 23,5 27,5 31,5
fan, emitted from its 500 4,3 10,1 8,9 9,2 4,2 10,2 14,2 18,2 22,2
opening into the 250 6,8 10,2 9,0 3,3 9,3 13,3 17,3 21,3 25,3
1600 125 10,0 10,3 3,1 8,4 12,4 16,4 20,4 24,4 28,4
room according to 63 13,2 4,5 8,2 11,5 15,5 19,5 23,5 27,5 31,5
the equation
* Values for intermediate fan sizes must be obtained by interpolation.
LWA open = LW Vent portion 2.1 dB
wherein the value of
portion 2.1 is taken
from the table
across.
LWrel open dB = relative sound power
level of the fan, emit-
ted from its opening
into the room accor-
ding to the equation
Calculation example
LW rel open = LW Vent portion 2.2 dB
Centrifugal fan, size 800
wherein the value of
V = 10 m3/s, pt = 1750 Pa,
portion 2.2 is taken
n = 1400 rpm, z = 8
from the table
across. From the diagram of characteristic curves: LW = 108 dB
zn 8 1400
In the case of double inlet fans, the fD = 60
= 60
= 187 Hz
overall sound power level thus deter-
mined must be increased by 3 dB. LWA open = LW portion 2.1 = 108 9,5 = 98,5 dB
Lwrel open = LW portion 2.2:
Frequency:
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Hz
LW: 108 dB
Lwrel: 13,7 8,5 6,5 10,8 14,8 18,8 22,8 26,8 dB
(portion 2.2)
Lwrel: 94,3 95,5 101,5 97,2 93,2 89,2 85,2 81,2 dB
23 Acoustic fundamentals
3. Sound emission
In many cases, the noise emitted by
the fan casing wall or connected duc-
ting is the critical factor. The basic pa-
rameter for calculating effective at-
tenuation countermeasures is the
sound power behind the emitting wall.
The wall itself has a damping effect
which essentially depends on its
thickness. Apart from the sound po-
wer level, the amount of sound ener-
gy emitted into a room in this manner
is a function of the wall surface area.
The standard method of reducing
sound emissions from fan casing or
duct walls consists in insulation or in
the installation of a high-gravity ma-
terial.
Whereas sound emission from the
fan opening and acoustic output into
the ducting can be taken from the re-
spective catalogues, sound emission
from the fan casing must be obtained
from the manufacturer (TLT Turbo
GmbH, Bad Hersfeld). Special soft-
ware is available for determining this
parameter in each individual case.
25 Acoustic fundamentals
X. Technical information in Where sound pressure levels are in- All values are stored in TLTs Aku-
TLT product catalogues dicated, these are defined in detail stik software program.
due to their dependence on distance,
Starting point for all calculations is the direction and room characteristics. The accuracy of TLTs acoustic data
overall sound power level LW in deci- is vouchsafed by tests and measure-
bels (dB), which is stated in the cha- Sound data given in TLT fan catalo- ments spanning more than 30 years
gues reflect the results of hundreds of of fan development.
3 racteristic curves for all fans in TLT
measurement series. A large number
catalogues.
of values is derived from in-duct tests,
Furthermore, the catalogues indicate supported and supplemented by in-
the A-weighted and relative sound numerable measurements by the en-
power levels LWA and LWrel, respec- veloping surface or free-field method.
tively, emitted from the fan opening or Case studies on actually implemen-
into the ducting as the case may be. ted systems were likewise taken into
account.
DRV type centrifugal roof-moun- volume and pressure measurements pressure (ps) and dynamic pressure
ting fan with inlet-side measuring and DIN 45 635, Part 9 (draft) for (pd) in the inlet duct.
airway sound measurements.
Our test rig for roof-mounting centrifu- Pressure increase (pt 1) is calculated
gal fans conforms to DIN 24 163 for from the difference between static