CARBS {C, H, O}
~ Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1.
~ Main source of energy.
~ Types of Carbs:
a) Monosaccharides
- Simplest type of carbs (monomers).
- Simple sugars & reducing sugars.
- Can be detected with Benedict solution.
Examples:
Glucose Found in plants & animals.
Fructose Found in fruits & honey.
Galactose Present in milk.
b) Disaccharides
- Formed when 2 monosaccharides combine
by condensation.
- Can b broken down into their constituent
monomers by hydrolysis (addition of water
using acid or enzymes).
- Non-reducing sugar
Example: maltose & glucose.
c) Polysaccharides
- Formed then 2 or more monosaccharides
combine through condensation.
- Polymers formed by condensation of
glucose molecules
- Insoluble in water, not sweet, doesn’t
crystalise.
- Can b broken down by hydrolysis.
PROTEIN {C, H, O, N} LIPID {C, H, O} NUCLEIC ACID
~ Some contains sulpur & phosphorus. ~ Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is higher ~ Complex macromolecules which
~ Made up of monomers amino acids. than in carbs. store genetic info. in the form of a
~ Amino acids are joined by a peptide bond to ~ Types if lipids:- code.
form longer chains (polypeptides). a) Fats and Oils (Triglycerides) ~ Building blocks of nucleic acid is
~ Polypeptides can b broken down by hydrolysis. - Formed from glycerol and 3 molecules nucleotides.
~ Types of amino acids:- of fatty acids through condensation. ~ Each nucleotide has:
*essential: can’t b synthesised by body , only
- Can b broken down by hydrolysis. i. Nitrogenous base (rectangle)
obtained by diet. (leucine & animal proteins)
- Types of fats:- ii. Pentose sugar (pentagon)
*non-essential: can b synthesised by body. (plant
i. Saturated iii. Phosphate group (circle)
proteins)
ii. Unsaturated
~ Grouped into 4 levels of organisation:
~ Types of nucleic acid:-
b) Waxes a) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
a) Primary Structure
- Found on cuticles of epidermis of - A double stranded polynucleotide
- Linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
leaves, fruits and seeds. twisted to form a double helix.
chain.
- Waterproof, prevents entry of - Mostly found in nucleus but can also
b) Secondary Structure
microorganisms and evaporation of b found in chloroplast &
- The polypeptide chain coiled to form an alpha-
helix or folded into beta-pleated sheets. water. mitochondria.
c) Tertiary Structure c) Phospholipids - Contains genetic info.
- Refers to the way the helix or sheet are folded - Component of plasma membrane.
into a 3D shape of polypeptide. d) Steroids b) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- Examples of tertiary structured proteins are - Includes cholesterols and hormones - Found in cytoplasm, ribosomes and
enzymes, hormones & plasma proteins. (oestrogen & progesterone). nucleus.
d) Quaternary Structure - Copies info. carried by DNA for use
- Combination of 2 or more tertiary structured in protein synthesis.
polypeptide chains to form a large and complex
protein molecule.
- Example: Haemoglobin