VOR

Very High Frequency

Omni Radio Range

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd)

 BASIC PRINCIPLE Of Operation

Bearing by Phase Comparison

Ground VHF Transmitter and Airborne

Receiver Unit

Continuous Magnetic Bearing Indication

Night Effect and Static Interference

(NDB/ ADF) NOT Present

Short Range Navigational Aid

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@
 Directional Aerial Clock-wise Rotation through 360° results in
Limacon Rotation through Same Angle Simultaneously.
Rx A

D Rx + - Rx B

Rx C

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

 Effect of Limacon Rotation on Signal Reception at A, B, C and D
PHASE COMPARISON of AM and FM Signal Receptions at A, B, C and D

Frequency 

Amplitude 
Reference Variable
Signal Signal

Time  Time 
Amplitude  Frequency 

Rx A

Amplitude  Frequency 
Phase Diff = 0°

Time 
Time 

D Rx Rx B
Phase Diff = 270° Phase Diff = 90°
Time 
Time 

Phase Diff = 180°

Rx C
Frequency 

Amplitude 

Time  Time 
Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@
 Station Identification: Keyed AM audio frequency

Every Ten Seconds

Three Characters in Morse code

Voice Transmission: Weather, AFIS

Cone of Confusion:

40°

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

 GROUND EQUIPMENT: Transmitter and Aerial

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

GROUND EQUIPMENT: MONITORING

Transmitter Switched Off/ No Ident :

Bearing Wrong by More Than 1°

Reduced Signal Strength (15% below Normal)

Failure of Monitor

STANDBY TRANSMITTER:

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

 AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT:

Aerial and Receiver Unit

Control Unit

Indicators: OBS [Omni Bearing Selector]

OBI {Omni Bearing Indicator}
and
CDI {Course Deviation Indicator}

RMI [Radio Magnetic Indicator]

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@
AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT: CONTROL UNITS

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT: INDICATORS
Omni Bearing Selector (OBS)
and
OBI
To - From Indicator
Course Deviation Indicator (CDI)
Full Scale Deflection ± 10°
Each Dot = 2.0 °
On FOUR DOT Indicator
Each Dot = 2.5 °
ROTATING
TO / FROM
COURSE CARD
INDICATOR

COURSE DEVIATION
OMNI BEARING INDICATOR
SELECTOR

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

 Warning Flag
No/ Low Power to a/c Equipment
Failure of a/c Equipment
Failure of Ground Equipment
Failure of Indicator
Weak Reference or Variable Signal
May appear during Turns and Tuning

Characteristics
VHF 108.00 to 117.97 MHz
Only even first decimals up to 111.79 MHz

Emission: A9W
Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@
AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT:
INDICATORS (RMI)

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

 Range
Line of Sight
Designated Operational Coverage
Beacon Separation of Co-frequencies

Protected Range
Protected Range and Altitude
and Altitude
† †
VOR 1 No Signal Zone V O R2

Earth’s Surface

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

 Factors Affecting Range
Transmitter Power
Station Elevation and Aircraft Altitude
D = 1.25 ( √ Ht + √ Ha)
D - Range (Nm), Ht - Transmitter Elevation (Ft)
Ha - Aircraft Altitude (Ft)

Accuracy (95% of occasions)

Transmitter Signal ± 2°
Airborne Equipment ± 3°
Overall [Aggregate] ± 5°

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

 Factors Affecting Accuracy
Beam Alignment
Site Error : monitored to less than ± 1°
Propagation Error: Terrain and Dist - bending
Scalloping
Airborne Equipment Error
Pilot Error: near beacon closer radials
Aggregate Error:
Propagation and Equipment Error Combined
Use and Interpretation
Position Line
Homing
Tracking In/ Out on Radial
Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@
 OBS SELECTION and CDI plus TO/ FROM INDICATIONS

FROM ± 10°

FLY FLY
RIGHT LEFT

TO/ FROM
BLANK TO

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

 HOMING
Equipment OFF
A/c Hdg 015 - Compass Information
OBS 330°

Equipment ON and Tuned

Call Sign Identified
A/c Hdg 015
OBS 330°
To-From : TO
CDI : 4 Dots Fly Right

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

 HOMING
A/c Hdg 015
CDI Manually Centralized
OBS now reading 350°/170°
To-From : TO
Turn LEFT to follow QDM 350°

A/c Hdg 350° ± Drift

OBS 350°
To-From : TO
CDI : Centralized

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

TRACKING IN ON
REQUIRED RADIAL

A/c Hdg 015

OBS 330°
Required: Approach Station
on Radial 220
To-From : TO
CDI : 4 Dots Fly Right

A/c Hdg 015

Select OBS 040° (220-180)
Indications change
To-From : TO
CDI : Full Scale Fly Left

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

 Tracking in on
Required Radial 220°

Required Alter A/c Hdg 340

to intercept Radial at 60° angle
Approach on to Radial 220
indicated by CDI Bar moving
towards centre.

CDI Bar One Dot Fly Left

Gradually Alter A/c Hdg 040 ± Drift
to track in on Required Radial

CDI Bar moving to centre

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

 Tracking in on
Required Radial 220°

CDI Bar central

Maintain A/c Hdg 040 ± Drift
to track in on Required Radial
OBS Selected 040°
To-From TO

Overhead Station:
Cone of Confusion
Erratic Indications

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

 04 VOR
0

Hdg 040

Radial 170
QDM 350

04
0
QDM 040
RADIAL 220

04
0
040
Hdg 340

Hdg 015

35
0

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

 DOPPLER VOR

Difficult Sites - Site Error > ± 1°

Operation: Doppler shift to F M VARIABLE SIGNAL

Accuracy: Compatible at Difficult Sites

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

 VOT

Test VOR : Ground check of aircraft equipment

000 FROM or
180 TO
within ± 4°

BOTH, REFERENCE AND VARIABLE SIGNALS

IN PHASE IN ALL DIRECTIONS

000 zerO frOm

180 eighT To

Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd) skmanocha@

SERVICEABILITY CHECK AT R/W HOLDING POINT
Presentation by: Gp Capt SK Manocha (Retd)
skmanocha@ rediffmail.com