Long Quiz

(Social Sciences)
Topics (All ppts):
 Understanding Culture, Society, and
Politics
 Defining Culture and Society
 Human Bicultural and Social Evolution
 Becoming Member of the Society
 How Society is Organized
 Cultural and Social Institutions
PPT #1 – Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

Social Science – branch of science ; deals with human behavior & interaction with environment

 Culture – all knowledge and values shared by society

 Society – formal association of people with similar interests

 Politics – study of government of states and other political units

Anthropology

 Study of humankind in all times

 Focuses on interconnections and interdependence of all aspects of human

experience (William Haviland, 2014)

Fields of Anthropology:
  Archaeology
- Most common subfield
- Deals with study of human and society through recovery and rediscovery of material
remains
 Physical Anthropology
- “biological anthropology”
- Deals with biological organisms (considering origin, evolution, development,
differentiation and diversities, and adaptation)
 Cultural Anthropology
- Evolutionary process of society and culture
- Deals with structure of society and traditional practices
 Linguistic Anthropology
- Language patterns
- Reflect the structure and characteristic of community
- Deals with historical development of society’s language

Sociology

 Study of behavior of society and social interactions taking place in it

 Deals with understandin behavioral changes, developments, improvements,

manifestation (Panopio, 2004)

Fields of Sociology

 Social Change
- Understanding society as an institution
- Focusing on social organization and disorganization as a consequence to change of
environment
 Population Studies
- Composition of the population
- Significantly influence the existing economic, political, and social system
 Sociological Research
- Rediscovery and redevelopment of sociological findings
- Understanding social phenomena
- Use of research tools to study cause and effect of sociological event
 Social Organization
- Formation of social groups, institutions, and their behaviors
- Focuses on how social groupings are formed
 Social Psychology
- Human behavior as outcome of individual personality and collective behavior
- Looks closely to personal experiences of members of society

Politics
  Deals with issues of state, governance, leadership, bureaucracy, and interaction with
its citizens

 Common issues in Philippines:

 Forms of government and leadership
 Political and Constitutional Change
 Human Rights

Fields of Political Science:

 Political Theory
- Origin and Purposes of state governance
- Different philosophical perspective as foundation
 Public Law
- Structure and law of state and government
- Particularly in its duties, responsibilities, and limitations
 Public Administration
- Techniques and methods used in management of government
- Deals with the operationalization of the government (executive, legislative, judicial
branch)

The power of three (Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science)

 Anthropology – individual’s interconnections and interdependence

 Sociology – human interactions with other individuals and society

 Political Sciences – how people and society work to ensure the proper distribution
of power and resources to ensure law and order in society

PPT #2 – Defining Philippine Culture and Society

Culture

 Complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, arts, laws, custom, and habits
acquired by an individual as member of the society. (Taylor, 1871)

 Person’s social identity

  Includes person’s history, social heritage, and customary ways of life

 Culture is constantly changing and can easily be lost in time

Filipino Culture

 Reflection of our rich colonial past

 Mix of different colonial practices shared by our colonizers

 Lifestyle of Americans
 Surnames & Common names ; Spanish
 Food ; Japanese and Chinese Influence
 Traditions and Customary Practices: remnants of colonial history (ex. festivities,
celebrations)

Characteristics of culture

1. Learned
2. Transmitted on generation to another
3. Product of Social Interaction
4. Ideational ; Implied conformity
5. Sense of fulfillment & satisfaction
6. Always changing and evolving

Types of Cultural Heritage

 Tangible Heritage: immovable, movable, underwater

 Intangible Heritage: oral traditions, performing arts, rituals, knowledge, skills
 Natural Heritage: natural sites

Classification of Culture

 Non-material culture
- Abstract & intangible that can influence human behavior
- Knowledge, social norms, folkways, popculture, etc.
 Material Culture
- Physical and tangible

Elements of Culture

Non-Material Culture
 1. Knowledge
- Range of what person has learned, acquired, experienced
- Common source of knowledge (formal / informal)
- Tabula Rasa: blank state ; emptiness
- John Locke (1689): as the person matures, the person acquires knowledge
2. Norms
- Guides / models of right behavior in a situation / environment
- Two dimensions:
 How much is exhibited
 How much the group approves of that behavior
- Promotes social control
- Entails consensus, restrictions, etc.
3. Folkways
- Habitual ways or patterns of living
- Repetitive and customary ways we do on daily basis
4. Mores & Laws
- Expected behavior in society
- Demands compliance to ensure welfare
- Mores: based on morality ; ethical and moral values
- Laws: formalized rule created by people in authority followed by all citizen
5. Pop Culture
- Social Crazes, fashion, and fads
- “Fly-by-night culture”: short lived practices
6. Values
- Basis of person’s judgement of what is right or wrong
- Can change overtime
- Subjective
- Indicates priorities
7. Beliefs
- Individual perception of acceptable and reality
- Stock of knowledge that can serve as a person’s basis of judgement
- Foundation for mores and other religious faith

Material Culture

1. Technology
- Makes our lives better and easier to manage
- Can leady to being lazy and stubborn

Unity in Diversity

 Cultural Universal: practices apply to all ; shared by members of society

 Ethnocentrism: judge other culture based to one’s culture
 Xenocentrism: their culture is inferior to others
 Culture Shock: not expecting cultural differences
 Cultural Relativism: judge other cultural practices in reference to persona standards
  Subcultures: small culture within a culture

National Commission for Arts and Culture (NCCA): actively campaigning for promotion of
Philippine culture and arts

PPT #3: Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution

Theories that explain human evolution

1. Peter Bellwood (2004) “Austronesian Migration Theory”

 Massive migration (Asia Pacific, 5,000 years ago)
 People: Austronesians
 Cause of Migration: increasing population, forcing them to move out
 Have skill in maritime travel & agriculture
 Similarities in culture, language, characteristics in Southeast Asian Communities
2. Henry Otley Beyer () “Wave Migration Theory”
 Early humans came to Philippines in several waves
 Dawn Man: Cave Man (Java Man & Peking Man)
 Negritoes: land bridge
 Malays: sea
 DISPROVEN THEORY by William Henry Scott & F. Landa Jocano
3. F. Landa Jocano () “Core Population Theory”
 F. Landa Jocano
 Anthropologist from UP Diliman
 Protégé of Henry Otley Beyer
 There were already inhabitants in island before coming of negritoes and malays
 Claims human individuals are products of long process of evolution and
movement of people
 Proven by:
 1962, human skullcap
 Portion of jaw (Tabon Caves)
 Tibia: lower leg bone, found in tabon cave 42,000 years ago
 Robert Fox & Manuel Santiago: discovered the evidences 16,000 years ago

Neolithic Revolution

 Use of agriculture in human civilization

 Advent of agriculture less mobile, organizing sedentary communities
  Sedentary: permanently situated at certain location
 Emergence and widespread use of pottery as well as development of crafts
 Christopher Paik (2011)
 “The development of culture and craftsmanship led to population increase and the
rise of large hierarchical states that paved the way for the development of feudalism
later on.”
 Improve agricultural skills Less dependent on other tribes
 Conflict between communities development of weapons, military tactics, and
fortifications
 Conflict and warfare increased use of metals
 Copper and Bronze: weaponry
 Growing population of ancient communities led to increased demand for food security
 Establishment of Government (Maharlika to Democracy)

Filipino Community Today

PRE – SPANISH PERIOD

 Continuous process of evolution influenced by environment
 Antonio Pigafetta
 Datu / Raja: led the community ; administered political, social, and economic
aspects
 Social System: governed by set of rules & ethical principles
 Barangay: simple lifestyle ; focused on subsidence & community preservation

SPANISH COLONIZATION
 Altered social and political system of ancient barangay
 Pueblos: plaza complex ; political and social structure
 Plaza: focal point of town ; important role in community
 Meliton Juanico (2013)
 “Plaza complex was part of Spanich reduccion policy which entailed putting the
community as close as possible to seat of power and control of church for
monitoring purposes”
AMERICAN COLONIZATION
 Community Landscape: also altered
 There were structures not rebuilt by the Americans after WW2
 Churches
 Minor Government buildings
 Development of commercial centers and complexes (displaced key structures
centered around plaza)
 Commercial centers (ex. Escolta in Manila): economic business districts

POST – COLONIZATION
 New demands were imposed by the fast-paced modern lifestyle
 Highly inevitable changes in landscape
 Normal to see high raised structure at heart of community
 Combination of different cultures and styles at Metropolitan

PPT #4: Becoming a Member of the Society

1987 Philippine Constitution

 Article IV (Citizenship), Section 1 ; considered as citizens of Philippines society:

 Citizens of the Philippines at the adoption of constitution
 Father and Mother are citizens of Philippines
 Born before January 17, 1973
 Naturalized in accordance with law

Human Dignity, Human Rights, Common Goods

 Human dignity should always be honored

 Basic right ; very basis of fundamental rights (International law)
 Human Rights
 Universally recognized
 Not subject to any restriction

Classification of Rights (De Leon, 2002)

 Natural Rights
 Independent of the law or customs of any particular culture or government
 Universal
 Right to live, right to be happy
 Constitutional Right
 Enumerated and protected by constitution
  Political Rights
 Participate in governance
 Right to citizenship, right to vote
 Civil Rights
 Personal Liberties
 Granted due to status as citizen / resident of country
 Right to travel
 Social, Economic, and Cultural Rights
 To enjoy life economically and socially
 Right to own property, receive compensation
 Rights of the Accused
 Granted to a person of committing a crime
 The right to be presumed innocent of a crime until proven guilty and the right to due
process of law
 Satutory Rights
 Provided by the statute or particular law
 Right to receive minimum wage, work for eight hours a day

SOCIALIZATION ENCULTURATION ACCULTURATION

 Lifelong process of  Process of learning  Process of
learning and re- the requisites of exchanging cultural
learning culture features with foreign
 Social Interaction  To adopt values and cultures
 Acquiring identities ; behavior
necessary survival  Process includes
skills in society factors that limit,
 Individual becomes direct, or shape
significant member of individual
society  Successful
 Acceptance, enculturation
understanding societal (competencies in
norms, practices, language, values,
values rituals of culture)

Conrad Phillip Kottak

  The process where the culture that is currently established teaches an individual the
accepted norms and values of the culture of the society where the individual lives.
 The individual can become an accepted member and s/he is expected to fulfil the
needed functions and roles of the community.
 The individual knows and establishes a context of boundaries and accepted behavior
that dictates what is acceptable and not in the society.
 It teaches the individual their roles in the society including forms of acceptable
behavior and lifestyle.

Social Status

 Social Status: social position in a group ; individual’s position in social structure

 Ascribed Status: assigned or given on a basis of a fixed category (ex. sex, age, race)
 Achieved Status: earned by the individual by working hard for it

Social Role

 Responsibility attached to the status of an individual

 Part of society ; expected to play in a given status

Agents of Socialization

 Links between individual and society

1. Family
2. Peer Groups
3. Church / Religion
4. School
5. Workplace
6. Mass Media

Nature or Nurture (Theories of Self-Development)

 Identity Formation: formation of an individual’s distincy personality ; chraracterizes

individuals ; affect personal identity
 Nature: born ; absorb genetic and biological features
 Nurture: socialize and develop ; absorb factors that greatly influence our human
development
Sigmund Freud (Human Development)

 Stages of development – struggle of seeking greater pleasure and avoiding pain

Psychoanalytic Theory

 ID (pleasure principle) – always looking for greatest pleasure

 Ego (reality principle) – seeks pleasure, avoids pain but accept not everything is
pleasurable
 Super ego – incorporates the values and morals of society (observe rules, customs, and
expectation)

Charles Cooley (Looking-Glass Self Theory)

 Sociological perspective on human development

 Individual visualizes oneself through eyes of others
 Three Elements:
1. Imagination of our appearance to other people
2. Imagination of judgment of that appearance
3. Self-feeling (eg. pride & mortification)

George Mead (Advanced Cooley’s Perspective)

  Individual’s distinct identity is only developed through social interaction
 Three Stages:
 Preparatory Stage – no ability to imagine how others see things
 Play Stage – imitating some of the roles of other persons they see
 Game Stage – complete understanding of the roles of other individual that take
place

Conformity vs. Deviance

 Conformity – observance ; obedience to standards

 Deviance – violation ; disobedience to standards
 Eliminating Social Deviance (Social Control)
 Internal Control – self-control ; conscience & self-discipline
 External Control – regulations (esp. laws)
 Planned – organized (laws)
 Unplanned – persuasive (gossip, social ostracism)
 Discipline – restraint and control
 Aspiration – strong desire for advancement
 4 Types of Individuals as Social Deviants
1. Innovators: pro-result ; one of the govt. but change implementation
2. Ritualists: follow the ways which are responsibility
3. Retreatists: “totally insane” ; criminals ; reform
4. Rebels: change status quo ; wants to be the governance

PPT #5: How Society is organized

John Donne

 “No man is an island”

 Individual has to live with other people and interact with them

Society

 Composed of small groups

 Heterogeneous culture: small groups retained some of practices and cultures of
another group
 Primary groups: small groups with members sharing close, intimate, and personal
relationship
  Secondary groups: relationships are temporary ; membership is a matter of choices ;
usually large and impersonal

In-Group

 Group that strongly identifies himself as a member

 Marks their identities (language, festivals, dress codes)
 “we” and “use”

Out-Group

 Group you do not identify with

 Considered as ‘enemy”

Reference Groups

 Standards are used by individuals for evaluating themselves and their behavior
 For decision, self-identity, attitudes, and social ties (ex. tropa, peer groups)
 Provides peer pressure

Networks

 Group of people who share information, contacts

 For professional or social purposes
 Csn be found in community, universities, or online

Social Networking

 Distinguish from networks that are used for business purposes

 Extended to include interactive websites (chat rooms, message boards)

Internet

 Many people use to escape family dynamics, alcoholism, etc.

  Gives comfort, familiarity, or support
 With internet, there is noticeable change in behavior of teenagers

PPT #6 – Cultural, Social, and Political Institutions

Social Institutions

 Set of elements serves as authoritative figures in preserving approved values of

societies
 Includes structures that help satisfy the needs of society and keep it organized

Kinship

 Kinship: relatedness / connection by blood, marriage, or adoption

 Social ties established by blood or marriage
 “family”

1. Kinship by Blood
 Can be matrilineal, patrilineal, bilienal
 Unilineal: derived through mate or female line
 Matrilineal: descent is through female line ; person is identified with mother’s
lineage
 Patrilineal: traced through father’s lineage ; inheritance by person related to male
relatives
 Bilineal system: relatives both on father and mother are equally important for
transfer of property or wealth
2. Kinship by Marriage
 Marriage: ceremony which two people are bound as one
 Monogamous: person married one at a time\
 Polygamous: person married several times
 Endogamy: one is required to marry to somebody who belongs in same group
 Exogamy: one is required to marry someone from diff. group
 Levirate: widow required to marry nearest relative of deceased husband
 Sororate: widower marries nearest relative of deceased wife
 Affinal Kins: brother in-laws, sister in-laws, etc.

Different Classification and Kinds of Families (Panopio, 2005)

Family Structure

 Conjugal Family: father considers wife and children most important people in life
 Consanguineal Family: father considers children, parent, more important than wife
 Nuclear Family: composed of father, mother, and children
 Extended family: composed of other people other than nuclear ; beneficial for newly
weds
  Family of Orientation: family where one is born into
 Family of Procreation: family established by members

Family more identified / closer

 Patrilineal: closer to father’s side

 Matrilineal: close to mother’s side
 Bilateral: close to both sides

Authority or Control of family

 Patriarchal: father / eldest male

 Matriarchal: mother / eldest female
 Egalitarian: father & mother equally
 Matricentric: mother is in control because father is working far

Where the family stays

 Patrilocal: in/near husband’s place

 Matrilocal: in/near wife’s place
 Bilocal: depending who’s better of (husband / wife)
 Neolocal: required to stay in a place diff. from husband / wife
 Avuncolocal: stays in / near maternal uncle of husband

Functions of Family

Essential Functions

 Satisfy sexual needs

 Function of procreation
 Provides home for members
 Important role in socialization process

Secondary Functions

 ECONOMIC – food, clothing, housing

 EDUCARIONAL –primary education
 RELIGIOUS – teaches children religious values
 HEALTH-RELATED – health and vigor of members
 CULTURAL – preserves and transfer culture
 SOCIAL – teachers social customs, mores, tradition, norms, etiquette

Economic Institution

 Address the distribution of scarce sources

  Distribution of powers in society
 Reciprocity: exchange of goods for common benefits (immediate / delayed exchange)
 Immidiate Exchange: no social relationship (ex. one kilo of fish)
 Delayed Exchange: relationship is created (ex. bayanihan)
 Transfer: change of ownership
 Common transactions: transfer of money one account to another
 Redistribution: initially collected then divided among members
 Economic exchange
 Taxes ; properties taken by government
 State-Market Transaction: demand and supply forces operate
 Sellet and buyers: interact to buy and sell goods
 Dictate increase or decrease in price
 Became limitless because of technology

Education Institutions

 Provides training of members of society to become productive and functioning

citizens
 Functions of Education (Panopio, 2005):
1. Preserve cultural heritage
2. Select social role
3. Think rationally & independently
4. Expand horizons
5. Make people adjust easier
6. Source of social and cultural innovators
 Informal – happens outside classroom (afterschool, museums, libraries)
 Formal – classroom-based and provided by trained teachers (public / private)
 Department of Education (DepEd) – manages and regulates education in PH
 2013 – implementation of K-12 system

Health

 “health is wealth”
 Traditional forms are more popular in rural areas
 Pasma: movement irregularities in the body ; caused by exposure to warm and cold
condition
 Binat: recurrence of previous illness ; incomplete healing process
 Hilot: common traditional medicine ; done by albularyo
 As technology improved, western medicine became more popular
 Health Practitioners: went under rigorous training to be expert on health sciences