*Note: Verbs ending in –gar, -car, and –zar, g changes to gu, c changes to qu, and z changes to

c before e

Lesson 10

Imperfect indicative (see pg. 278)

-ar -er -ir Imperfect irregular forms
hablar comer vivir ser ver ir
hablaba comía vivía era veía iba
hablabas comías vivías eras veías ibas
hablaba comía vivía era veía iba
hablábamos comíamos vivíamos éramos veíamos íbamos
hablabais comíais vivíais erais veíais ibais
hablaban comían vivían eran veían iban

 The Spanish imperfect tense is equivalent to three English forms

Yo vivía en Caracas. = I used to live in Caracas.
I was living in Caracas.
I lived in Caracas.
 The imperfect is used to refer to habitual or repeated actions in the past, with no reference to when they
began or ended.
 The imperfect is also used to refer to actions, events, or conditions that the speaker views as in the process
of happening in the past, again with no reference to when they began or ended.

Uses of the preterit (see pg. 280)

Yo estuve allí el año pasado.
1) Reports past actions that the speaker views as finished and completed.
Ayer compré una bolsa de dormer.
2) Sums up a condition or state viewed as a whole (and no longer in effect). Me sentí mal todo el día.

Uses of the imperfect (see pg. 280)

1) Describes past actions in the process of happening, with no reference to their beginning
Iba a la biblioteca cuando la vi.
or end.
2) Refers to repeated or habitual actions or events: used to… (corresponds to would) Cuando era niña iba de vacaciones a Montevideo.
3) Describes a physical, mental, or emotional state or condition in the past. Me sentía muy mal.
Eran las ocho de la noche cuando llegaron a su
4) Expresses time in the past.
casa.
5) Is generally used in indirect discourse. Me dijo que podia encontrarse con nosotras.
6) Describes age in the past. Cuando tenía veinte años, vivía en Chile.
7) Describes or sets the stage in the past. Hacía frío y llovía.

Verbs that change meaning in the perterit (see pg. 283)

conocer saber no querer
imperfec
preterit imperfect preterit preterit imperfect
t
conocí conocía supe sabía no quise no quería
I knew I found
I didn’t
I met (was aquainted or familiar out, I knew I refused
want
with) I learned
Relative pronouns que and quien (see pg. 284-285)
 Relative pronouns are used to combine two sentences that have a common element, usually a noun or a
pronoun. Once the two sentences are combined, the second occurance of the subject is omitted.
 Que is invariable and is used for both persons and things. It is the Spanish equivalent of that, which, and
who. Unlike in English, que is never omitted.
 Quien is used only with persons, its plural is quienes. It does not change for gender.
 Quien is generally used after prepositions, i.e. con quien, de quienes.
 Quien is the Spanish equivalent of whom and that.

Present indicative for incluir (to include) (pg. 272)

incluyo incluímos
incluyes incluís
incluye incluyen

Lesson 11

Subjunctive mood (see pg. 302+)

 The subjunctive is used to reflect the speaker’s feelings or attitudes toward events, or when the speaker
views events as uncertain, unreal, or hypothetical.
 The Spanish subjunctive is most often used in subordinate or dependent clauses. (Used in English, but not
as much.)
 Verbs ending in –ar and –er undergo the same stem changes in the present subjunctive as in the present
indicative.
 **In stem-changing verbs ending in –ir, the unstressed e changes to i and the unstressed o changes to u in
the 1st and 2nd person plural. The other persons follow the same pattern as the indicative.
 NOTE: The subjunctive of hay (impersonal form of haber) is haya.
 Verbs that have irregular 1st person forms keep this in subjunctive (see pg. 165)
Present subjunctive forms of regular verbs (pg. 302)
-ar -er -ir
hable coma viva
hables comas vivas
hable coma viva
hablemos comamos vivamos
habléis comáis viváis
hablen coman vivan

*Note: Verbs ending in –gar, -car, and –zar, g changes to gu, c changes to qu, and z changes to c before e (see pg.
302 for examples)

Present subjunctive forms of -ar and –er stem-changing verbs (pg. 303)
devolver (o:ue) to return
recomendar (e:ie) to recommend
(something)
recomiende recomendemos devuelva devolvamos
recomiendes recomendéis devuelvas devolváis
recomiende recomienden devuelva devuelvan

Present subjunctive forms of –ir stem-changing verbs (pg. 303)

mentir (e:ie) to lie dormir (o:ue) to sleep
mienta mintamos duerma durmamos
mientas mintáis duermas durmáis
mienta mientan duerma duerman
Irregular subjunctive verbs (pg. 304)
dar estar saber ser ir
dé esté sepa sea vaya
des estés sepas seas vayas
dé esté sepa sea vaya
demos estemos sepamos seamos vayamos
deis estéis sepáis seáis vayáis
den estén sepan sean vayan

Uses of the subjunctive (pg. 304)

Volition (will): demands, wishes, advice, persuasion, and other attempts to impose Ella quiere que yo viaje hoy.
will Te aconsejo que no vayas a esa agencia.
Emotion: pity, joy, fear, surprise, hope, and so on Espero que lleguen temprano.
Siento que no puedas ir a Costa Rica.
Doubt: disbelief, denial, uncertainity, and negated facts Dudo que se casen hoy.
No creo que ella sea argentina.
Unreality: indefiniteness and nonexistence ¿Hay alguien qye tenga los pasajes?
No hay nadie que quiera ir.

The subjunctive with verbs of volition (see pg. 305)

 All impositions of will, as well as indirect or implied commands, require the subjunctive in subordinate
clauses. The subject in the main clause must be different from the subject in the subordinate clause.
 NOTE: The infinitive is used after a verb of volition if there is no change of subject: Yo no quiero ir.

Some verbs of volition (pg. 305)

aconsejar to advise desear to want mandar to order
pedir (e:i) to ask for,
necesitar to need querer (e:ie) to want
request
recomendar (e:ie) to sugerir (e:ie) to
rogar (o:ue) to beg, plead
recommend suggest

The subjunctive with verbs of emotion (see pg. 308)

 In Spanish, the subjunctive is always used in subordinate clauses when the verb in the main clause
espresses any knid of emotion, such as fear, joy, pity, hope, pleasure, surprise, anger, regret, sorrow, likes
and dislikes, and so forth
 NOTE: Ojalá is always followed by the subjunctive, and does not necessarily require que.
 If there is no change of subject, the infinitive is used instead of the subjunctive.

Verbs of emotion (pg. 308)

alegrarse (de) to be glad sorprender to surprise
esperar to hope temer to fear
sentir (e:ie) to be sorry, to es una lástima it’s a
regret pity
ojalá I hope
Lesson 12

The Ud. and Uds. commands (see pg. 326-328)

 The command forms for Ud. and Uds. are identical to the corresponding present subjunctive forms.

Endings of the Formal Commands To give a negative formal command, place no in front of verb.
Ud. Uds. See pg. 328 for pronouns
-ar cantar cante canten Affirmative – attach pronouns (must place accent)
Negative – pronouns in front
-er beber beba beban
-ir vivir viva vivan
Irregular formal command forms
dar estar ser ir
Ud. dé esté sea vaya
Uds. den estén sean vayan

Subjunctive to express doubt, disbelief, and denial (see pg. 330)

Doubt – subjunctive is always used in subordinate clauses when the verb of the main clause expresses doubt or
uncertainty
Dudo que esté abierto a esta hora. I doubt that it’s open at this time.
**Note—When no doubt is expressed and the speaker is certain of reality, indicative is used.

Disbelief – the verb creer is followed by the subjunctive in negative sentences, where it expresses disbelief
No…, no creo que tengamos tiemp… No…, I don’t believe we’ll have time…
**Note—Creer is followed by the indicative when it expresses belief or conviction.

Denial – when the main clause expresses denial of what is said in the subordinate clause, the subjunctive is used
No es verdad que siempre llegue tarde. No niego que a veces llego un poco tarde, pero a veces soy
puntual. It’s not true that I always arrive late. I don’t deny that sometimes I arrive a little late, but
sometimes I’m punctual.
**Note—When the main clause does not deny, but rather confirms what is said in the subordinate clause,
the indicative is used.

Constructions with se (see pg. 332)

In Spanish the pronoun se + the third-person singular or plural form of the verb is used as an impersonal
construction. It is equivalent to the English passive voice, in which the person doing the action is not specified. It is
also equivalent to the English constructions that use the impersonal subjects one, they, people, and you (indefinite).
The impersonal construction is widely used in Spanish.

Spanish is spoken in Lima.

Se habla español en Lima
They speak Spanish in Lima.
Lesson 13

Familiar Commands—tú (see pg. 356-357)

 Unlike other commands in Spanish, the familiar affirmative command doesn’t use the subjunctive
 The affirmative command form for tú has exactly the same form as the third-person singular form of
the present indicative
 The negative command use the corresponding forms of the present subjunctive
affirmative examples: Irregular tú command forms
hablar = habla verb affirmative negative
comer = come decir di no digas
abrir = abre
cerrar = cierra hacer haz no hagas
ir ve no vayas
negative examples: poner pon no pongas
hablar = no hables salir sal no salgas
vender = no vendas
decir = no digas
ser sé no seas
tener ten no tengas
NOTE: Pronouns are positioned venir ven no vengas
the same as with formal. Attached
with affirmative and in front with negative.

¿Qué? and ¿cuál? used with ser (see pg. 359)

 What translates as ¿qué? when it is used as the subject of the verb and it asks for a definition.
¿Qué es el pisco? What is pisco?

 What translates as ¿cuál? when it is used as the subject of a verb and it asks for a choice. Cuál conveys the
idea of selection from among several or many available objects, ideas, and so on.
¿Cuál es su número de teléfono? What is your phone number?

The subjunctive to express indefiniteness and nonexistence (see pg. 360)

 The subjunctive is always used when the subordinate clause refers to someone or something that is
indefinite, unspecified, or nonexistent
Quiero una cartera que haga juego con estos zapatos. I want a purse that matches these shoes.
Busco un disco compacto que le guste a Eva. I’m looking for a CD that Eva will like.
No hay ninguna blusa que sea de mi talla. There is no blouse that’s my size.

 If the subordinate clause refers to exiting, definite, or specific persons or things, the indicative is used
instead of the subjunctive
Tengo una cartera que hace juego con estos zapatos. I have a purse that matches these shoes.
Busco el disco que le gusta a Eva. I’m looking for the CD that Eva likes.
Hay una blusa que es de mi talla. There is a blouse that’s my size.
Lesson 14

The subjunctive or indicative after certain conjunctions (see pg. 380)

 Some conjunctions, by their meanings, that imply uncertainty or condition and are always subjunctive:
Conjunctions that are always subjunctive
en caso de que in case
sin que without
con tal (de) que provided that
para que in order that
a menos que unless
antes de que before

Voy a ir al gimnasio con tal que los chicos vayan conmigo. I’m going to go to the gym provided the boys go with me.

Conjunctions that are either subjunctive or indicative

cuando when
hasta que until
tan pronto como as soon as
en cuanto as soon as

En cuanto llegue, díganle que me llame. As soon as he arrives, tell him to call me. (subjunctive)
¿Siempre lo esperan? Do you always wait for him?
Sí, hasta que llega. Yes, until he arrives. (indicative)

The Past Participle (pg. 382)

*If used as an adjective, use a form of estar before and change for gender and number

Past Participle Endings

-ar -er -ir
hablado comido decidido
Irregular past participles
abrir abierto opened ver visto seen
returned
cubrir cubierto covered volver vuelto (somewhere)
decir dicho said devolver devuelto returned (something)
done,
hacer hecho made envolver envuelto wrapped

escribir escrito written creer creído believed

morir muerto died leer leído read
poner puesto put oír oído heard
romper roto broken traer traído brought
The Present Perfect (see pg. 384) The Past Perfect (Pluperfect) (see pg. 386)
*Translated as has or have done something *Translated as had done something
*Pronouns are placed immediately
before the auxiliary verb Imperfect of haber
Present indicative of haber había habíamos
he hemos habías habíais
has habéis había habían
ha han
Lesson 15 Irregular Future Stems
Infinitive Modified form (Stem) 1st-person sing.
The Future Tense (see pg. 406) decir dir- diré
*Use the infinitive as the stem hacer har- haré
*NOTE: The Spanish future is not used to querer querr- querré
express willingness, as in English. saber sabr- sabré
*NO stem-changing poder podr- podré
*Future of hay is habrá caber cabr- cabré
haber habr- habré
The Future Tense
poner pondr- pondré
-é trabajaré -emos daremos
venir vendr- vendré
-ás aprenderás -éis iréis
tener tendr- tendré
-á hablará -án perderán
salir saldr- saldré
The Conditional (see pg. 408) valer valdr- valdré
*should or would + verb (never as the equivalent of used to)
*uses the infinitive as the stem
The Conditional Tense
Irregular Conditional Stems
-ía trabajaría -íamos daríamos
Infinitive Modified form (Stem) 1st-person sing.
- aprendería -íais hablaríais
decir dir- diría
ías s
hacer har- haría
-ía iría -ían estarían
querer querr- querría
saber sabr- sabría
poder podr- podría
caber cabr- cabría
haber habr- habría
poner pondr- pondría
venir vendr- vendría
tener tendr- tendría
salir saldr- saldría
valer valdr- valdría

The Future Perfect (see pg. 411)

*will have + past participle

Future Tense of haber

habré habremos
habrás habréis
habrá habrán

The Conditional Perfect (see pg. 412)

*would have + past participle
Conditional Tense of haber
habría habríamos
habrías habríais
habría habrían
Lesson 16

Imperfect Subjunctive (see pg. 438)

*Formed on the 3rd person plural of the preterite, drop the –ron
*Follows preterite rules for stem-changing and irregulars
*Used in a subordinate clause when the verb of the main clause is in the past and calls for the subjunctive; also,
when the verb of the main clause is in the present, but the subordinate clause refers to the past

Imperfect Subjunctive
-ra ‘-ramos
-ras -rais
-ra -ran

Some uses of a, de, and en

A (to, at, in) expresses direction toward a point in space or a moment in time
*indicate the time (hour) of day
*after verbs of motion, when followed by an infintitive, a noun, or a pronoun (i.e. ir, venir)
*after the verbs empezar, comenzar, enseñar, and aprender, when followed by an infinitive
*after the verb llegar
*before a direct object noun that refers to a specific person and only people (may also by used to personify an
animal or thing)

DE (of, from, about, with, in) indicates possession, material, and origin
*refers to a specific period of day or night when telling time
*after the superlative to express in or of
*to describe personal physical characteristics
*as a synonym for sobre or acerca de (about)

EN (at, in, on, inside, over) in general situates someone or something within an area of time or space
*refers to a definite place
*as a synonym for sobre (on)
*indicates means of transportation

Present Perfect Subjunctive (see pg. 442)

*has or have + past participle

Present Subjunctive of haber

haya hayamos
hayas hayáis
haya hayan
Lesson 17

Pluperfect Subjunctive (see pg. 462)

*had + past participle

Imperfect Subjunctive of haber

hubiera hubiéramos
hubieras hubierais
hubiera hubieran

If Clauses (see pg. 463)

*In Spanish, the imperfect subjunctive is used in if clauses when a contrary-to-fact statement is made.
*Note that the imperfect subjunctive is used in the if clause and the conditional is used in the main clause. When a
statement expresses a contrary-to-fact situation in the past, the pluperfect subjunctive is used in the if clauses and
the conditional perfect is used in the main clause.
*The imperfect subjunctive is also used in if clauses that express an unlikely fact, or simply the Spanish equivalent
of the English if…were to…
*The imperfect subjunctive is also used after the expression como si (as if).
*When an if clauses refers to something that is possible or likely to happen, the indicative is used .
*NOTE: The present subjunctive is never used in an if clause.
CONDITIONAL → IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
CONDITIONAL PERFECT → PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

Summary of the uses of the Subjunctive (see pg. 465)

Use Subjunctive: Use Infinitive:

After verbs of volition (when
there is a change of subject)
After verbs of emotion (when
there is a change of subject)
After verbs of volition (when
there is NO change of subject)
After verbs of emotion (when
there is NO change of subject)

Use Subjunctive: Use Indicative:

To express doubt, denial, and disbelief
To refer to the indefinite or non-existent
With certain conjunctions when referring
to a future action (pg. 380)
In an if clause to refer to something
contrary-
to-fact or to something impossible or very
improbable
When there is no doubt, denial,
or disbelief
To refer to something specific
With certain conjunctions when there is
NO indication of future action
In an if clause when NOT referring to a
anything that is contrary-to-fact, impossible,
or very improbable
Lesson 18

Uses of some prepositions after certain verbs (see pg. 486)

A
aprender a to learn (how) enseñar a to teach
asistir a to attend inviter a to invite
ayudar a to help ir a to go
empezar (comenzar) a to begin venir a to come

DE
acordarse de to remember enamorarse de to fall in love with
alegrarse de to be glad olvidarse de to forget

CON
casarse con to marry, to get married to
comprometerse con to get engaged to
sonar (o:ue) con to dream about (of)

EN
fijarse en to notice
insistir en to insist on
pensar en to think about

Uses of por and para in certain expressions (see pg. 488)

Por Para
por aquí cerca around here para eso for that (said sarcastically or contemptuously)
por desgracia unfortunately para peor to make matters worse
por eso that’s why ¿para qué? what for?
por fin finally para siempre forever
por lo general generally sin qué ni para qué without rhyme or reason
por si acaso just in case
por suerte luckily
por supuesto of course

Some idiomatic expressions (see pg. 490)

a más tardar at the latest

a principios de the first part of (a month, a year, etc)
dar las gracias to express gratitude
darle rabia a uno to be furious
de repente, de pronto suddenly
dejar plantado(-a) a alguien to stand somebody up
hacerse ilusiones to dream, to fool oneself
hoy en día nowadays
importarle a uno to matter, to concern
llevar puesto(-a) to have on, to be wearing (clothes)
sin falta without fail
tarde o temprano sooner or later