Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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Equine Muscle Physiology & Mechanics
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Muscle Tissue: Introduction
Muscles = Contraction
3 Types of Muscle
• Visceral Muscles (Smooth Muscle) Involuntary
¾ GI Tract, Blood Vessels, Uterus, etc.
• Cardiac Muscle Involuntary
¾ Heart
• Skeletal Muscle (Striated Muscle) Voluntary
¾ Movement of Joints, Limbs, etc.
– Explosive power
– Stamina
– Motor Control
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Skeletal Muscle: Structure & Function
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Microanatomy
& Physiology
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Muscle Fiber = Individual Muscle Cell
Multinucleated – composed of fused cells
Large cells
• 10 – 100 µm diameter
• Approx 20 cm in length
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Muscle Cells
Specialized to contract
• Generate FORCE and MOVEMENT
Do not divide
• Increased muscle size is due to Increased cell size
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Muscle Cell Key Components
Membrane = Sarcolemma
T-Tubules
• Transmit Messages
Mitochondria
• Generate Energy
• Numerous
Myofibrils
• 2 Proteins in long strands
• Heart of the contractile function
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
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Muscle Cell & Associated Structures
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Skeletal Muscle
Electron Micrograph
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Dynamics of Work
¾ Mechanism of Contraction
¾ Stimulus of Contraction
¾ Energy for Contraction
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Sarcomere = Smallest Unit of Contraction
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Actin & Myosin
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Mechanism of Contraction
1. Nerve Impulse Stimulation
2. CA++ Released into Cytoplasm by Sarcoplasmic
Reticulum
3. CA++ Binds to Troponin, which Rotates
4. Tropomyosin Moves and Actin is Exposed to Myosin
5. Myosin Crossbridge Binds to Actin
6. Crossbridge Drags Along Actin (Power Stroke)
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When all the crossbridges in a sarcomere act together,
the whole sarcomere contracts
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Mechanism of Relaxation
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Contraction-Relaxation
A muscle cell may not go back to immediate complete
relaxation
Contraction can continue through a series of stimulations
(Summation)
Summation increases the total force of contraction
If the stimulus is great enough, many sarcomeres in
many fibers are recruited, and the muscle as a whole
contracts.
Allows for varying amounts of work
Muscle failure occurs when the maximum number of
fibers are stressed beyond their limits
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Stimulus of Contraction:
Muscle Contraction is Controlled by Motor Nerves
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Interaction of Motor Nerves and Muscle Fibers
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Feedback Loop
Feedback from the tendon and stretch receptors
controls motor nerve activity
Motor nerve activity is also controlled by higher
centers (brain)
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Mechanism of Neuromuscular
Stimulation (Excitation)
1. Electrical depolarization occurs along the stimulated
nerve
2. Nerve end touching the muscle fiber releases a
neurotransmitter (ACH)
3. Depolarization of the muscle cell membrane (Action
Potential)
4. T-tubules open in SR and Ca++ is released
5. Increased intracellular Ca++ allows actin and myosin to
interact and the crossbridge cycle starts
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Relaxation
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Energy for Contraction
Each crossbridge requires ATP
Each myosin strand has dozens of crossbridges
Each muscle fiber has hundreds of myosin strands
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Energy for Contraction
Fuels
Intramuscular Triglycerides & Glycogen
Extracellular FFAs from Adipose Deposits and Glucose from the
Liver
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Two Main Pathways For Energy Metabolism
ANAEROBIC
AEROBIC
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Aerobic Metabolism
Occurs in Mitochondria
For low energy demands of slow speed exercise
Primary pathway for endurance exercise
Gallop speeds < 18sec/200m can usually be met by
aerobic metabolism in fit horses
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Aerobic Metabolism
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Fats & CHO oxidized to produce ATP
Fats – stored in depots around body
CHO – stored as glycogen in liver & muscle
(glycogen metabolizes to glucose)
Aerobically metabolized approx 2x as fast as fat
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Aerobic Metabolism
Limitations
Primarily limited by availability of oxygen in working
muscles
Upper airway obstructions
Cardiovascular system impairment
Hemoglobin concentration
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Anaerobic Metabolism
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Anaerobic Metabolism
Glycolysis = Degradation of muscle glycogen
to lactate
Results in increases in lactate, hydrogen ions
and Pi in the cells
Lactic acid accumulation and fatigue develop
as muscle pH falls
¾ At pH < 6.4 glycolysis and contraction are
inhibited
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Different Muscles have Fibers with
Different Properties
Type I & Type IIA
High Oxidative Capacity
Store Triglycerides & Glycogen
Standing and posture: Slow contracting fibers that are well supplied
with oxygen – example stay apparatus
Type I aka “Slow Twitch” Fibers “Red Fibers”
Type IIB
Low Aerobic Capacity
Store Glycogen
Athletic Movements: Muscles that generate rapid movement contain
fast fibers and can work for short periods without oxygen
Type II aka “White” Fibers, “Fast Twitch” Fibers
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Fiber Type Recruitment Based on Energy
Requirements
Walking
Primarily Type I Fibers
• primarily aerobic energy, primary substrate is fat
Transition to Gallop
Type IIB Fibers Recruited
Energy no longer purely aerobic,
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Exercise
Concentric Exercise
• Isometric – constant length
• Isotonic – constant force
• Or a mixture of the two
Eccentric Exercise
• Lengthening contractions
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Effects of Exercise on Muscle
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Muscle Fatigue
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Muscle Fatigue
Endurance Horses
Most often due to glycogen depletion, as most work is
performed aerobically
Race Horses
Most often due to lactic acid accumulation
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Lactic Acid or Lactate
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Muscle Atrophy
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Muscle Hypertrophy
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Conclusion
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