Thermodynamics of High Temperature Steam Generation in

an Open System (Control Volume)

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Economy of Creation of High Temperature in a Cycle…..

Steam Generation : Closed System Vs
Open System
 Energy transport by Moving fluid

• Amount of energy transport by a moving fluid of mass m is

defined as methalpy and denoted by:
Q = mθ = m ( h + ½V2 + gz )
• Rate of Energy Transport:

  V 2

Q  m  h   gz 
 2 
Clues to Generate High Economy and Eco-
friendly Steam
Economics of Flow Steam generation
 Constant Pressure Steam Generation
Process
Theory of flowing Steam Generation m fuel  HHV  q
Creation of High Temperature @Constant
Pressure Steam Generation Process
 Economics of Flow Steam generation

Subcritical Flow Boiling

Pump Exit
 Selection of Steam Generation Pressure in A Rankine
Cycle

T C

v, m3/kg
Entropy, x=s : A Measure of State of Matter

So (J/K•mol)
H2O(liq) 69.95
H2O(gas) 188.8

For a given substance

S (gaseous state) > S (liquid state) > S (solid state)

 Entropy and Order of Molecules of
Matter

S˚(Br2 liq) < S˚(Br2 gas) S˚(H2O solid) < S˚(H2O liquid)
Entropy, S : Molecular Complexity

Increase in molecular complexity

generally leads to increase in S.
Standard Molar Entropies
Entropy and Temperature

S increases
slightly with T
S increases a
large amount
with phase
changes
Entropy Change during a Reversible Process

• From the definition of the entropy, it is known that Q=TdS

during a reversible process.
• The total heat transfer during this process is given by
Qreversible =  TdS
• Therefore, it is useful to consider the T-S diagram for a reversible
process involving heat transfer

T • On a T-S diagram, the area under

the process curve represents the
heat transfer for a reversible
process
• A reversible adiabatic process

S
 Process : h-s Diagram : Mollier Diagram

• Enthalpy-entropy diagram, h-s diagram: it is valuable in

analyzing steady-flow devices such as turbines, compressors,
etc.
• Dh: change of enthalpy from energy balance (from the first
law of thermodynamics)
• Ds: change of entropy from the second law.
• A measure of the irreversibilities during an adiabatic process.
h

Dh

Ds
s
Enthalpy Vs Entropy Diagram
 Constant Pressure Steam Generation
Process
Theory of flowing Steam Generation
SGm fuel  HV  q
Constant Pressure Steam Generation:

q  dh p q  Tdx

 h  q 
T 
 x p constant 
 
 x
 q  m fuel
 p constant 

 m fuel 
 A clue to get high temperature
T  C  dx with same amount of burnt fuel

 x p constant 

Steam Generation : Expenditure vs Wastage

Vapour
h mfuel

Liquid

x
 Steam Generation At High Pressure

x=s
Analysis of Steam Generation at Various
Pressures
Specific Specific
Pressure Enthalpy Entropy Temp
MPa kJ/kg kJ/kg/K C
1 1 3500 7.79 509.9
2 5 3500 7.06 528.4
3 10 3500 6.755 549.6
4 15 3500 6.582 569
5 20 3500 6.461 586.7
6 25 3500 6.37 602.9
7 30 3500 6.297 617.7
8 35 3500 6.235 631.3
Fuel Savings during Steam Generation

Specific Specific
Temp Pressure Enthalpy Entropy
C MPa kJ/kg kJ/kg/K
575 5 3608 7.191
575 10 3563 6.831
575 12.5 3540 6.707
575 15 3516 6.601
575 17.5 3492 6.507
575 20 3467 6.422
575 22.5 3441 6.344
575 25 3415 6.271
575 30 3362 6.138
575 35 3307 6.015
 Law of Nature

Behavior of Vapour at Increasing Pressures

h
T p
s p const.

Reversible nature of substance at a given temperature

s v

p T const. T

All these show that the irreversible behavior of a fluid decreased

with increasing pressure.
 Reduction of Wastage

7,5 s v

p T const. T
7

s 6,5
6

5,5

5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

p, MPa
Less Fuel for Creation of Same Temperature

3850
3800
3750
3700
3650
Dh, kg
kJ
3600
3550
3500
3450
3400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
p, MPa
The Training for High Altitude Trekking