Crisis City::

Building Networks in the Knowledge Economy

James Conley ARC 505_Thesis Preparation

Primary Advisor: Anda French
Seconday Advisor: Theodore Brown Fall 2010
 “Just as happens in our own times, cities that did not generate new exports lost
out economically as a consequence of import replacement in customer cities,
although during the centuries of the most vigorous import replacement in the
Roman world, the total economy was rapidly expanding, just as we would expect.
But during this movement, Greek manufactures, once widely exported, “disap-
peared entirely from the world markets.” The cities of Greece were generating
no new exports; they had stagnated.” (Jane Jacobs, Economy of Cities, 176)

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//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////INDEX

Human Geography: A Preface 04- 09

Resettlement and Investment 10 - 15

RAND Building Case Study 16 - 21

UB 2020 Downtown Campus 22 - 29

Amenity and Agglomeration 30 - 35

Siting Project 36 - 49

Glossary and Appendix 50 - 61

Bibliograpghy 62 - 63
 Contention
Architecture and urban design have direct effects on shaping today’s knowledge
based economies. Spatial proximities, program, and design affects a city’s attraction and
retention of talent; and the resulting economic productivity of the workforce. Through
harnessing these elements and manifesting their powers at the urban scale, design can
spark new economic initiatives leading to greater entrepreneurial activity. With this method,
economically declining cities have an opportunity to recreate themselves through urban
design which generates street vitality, social interaction, and optimizes talent through
distributed spatial networking. Using the driving principals of amenity creation and the
innovating powers of agglomeration economies, struggling cities have a chance to rebound
by incubating new businesses and launching the next generation companies in life sciences,
renewable energy and nanotechnology.
The spatial implications of knowledge based economies have made location even
more relevant than in previous economic periods. Cities no longer relying upon positing
themselves relative to natural resources, recognize the necessity to produce and attract an
educated population which can compete in the knowledge economy. Urban amenities,
producing life and culture, as well as educational and research based institutions have
helped to allure and inspire inventive individuals working towards the new growth compa-
nies. “Increasingly, the most talented and ambitions people need to live in the means metros
in order to realize their full economic potential. … Places that bring together diverse talent
accelerate the local rate of economic evolution. When large numbers of entrepreneurs,
financiers, engineers, designers, and other smart, creative people are constantly bumping
into one another inside and outside of work, business ideas are formed, shaped, executed,
and if successful--expanded. The more smart people, and the denser the connections among
them, the faster it all goes. It is the multiplier effect of the clustering force at work.”
(Florida, 2008)
This process matters when it comes to urban and architectural design, as inven-
tion and investment have become increasingly important for the maintenance of cities in
todays highly competitive global markets. As cities and architecture are contingent upon
financing, the regional economic state can dramatically alter the urban and built landscape.
Investment can lead to prolific yet stable growth in cities such as New York. While disinvest-
ment can lead to extreme cases, such as Buffalo, where the social consequences of a large
loss in population, 12% unemployment, and numerous home vacancies hold strong implica-
tions not only for urban blight but quality of life for its residence. Through failures to adjust
to changes in globalization and market demands, the city deteriorates. With an infrastruc-
ture geared towards manufacturing, and failing to promote creative advancements, the
urban life declines and relocates to new areas of preference and opportunity.

/////04
Economic Activity in a Spiky World
Comparitive to population density economic activity
throughout the world is incredibly uneven. The US, EU
and Japan clearly show the highest levels of economic
production, with Japan showing the most efficent
amount of land use to production. Despite China and
India’s population, their economic activity bearly
register amongst the worlds economy.

source: US Defense Metrological Satelite Program Map By Tim Gulden

Star Scientists in a Spiky World

Scientists, and professionals within the creative
economy ensure higher potential for innovation and
place countries at an advantage when it comes to
biomedical advancements and new material and
chemical findings, helping to bring about new technologi-
cal developments.

source: Michael Batty, Center For Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London Map By Tim Gulden

Innovation in a Spiky World

Not supirsing given Japan’s density it boast the highest
rates of innovation. 1/8 the size of the US’s population,
the country consistantly ranks third in annual GDP
production.

sources: The World Intellectual Property Organization; United States Patent and Trademark Office Map By Tim Gulden
 Growth and Relocation
As a resultant of an increasing urban population and a movement towards subur-
banization, America’s largest metropolitans have begun to sprawl and connect with one
another, making it difficult to distinguish where one city ends and another begins. The
Boston-Washington corridor is the largest megalopolis in the US and responsible for $2.1
trillion in GDP annually. This region is responsible for high amount of invention, and even
higher amounts of economic activity (as suggested by the ‘spiky world’ maps). Due to the
sprawling nature of these cities and the infrastructure which is built to support them, these
regions gain access to the resources of multiple city centers, and are better equipped to
network with numerous individuals on new projects and ventures due to their proximity.
The boarders to the agglomeration effect are limited by time and cost of travel;
the shorter the trip, the immediacy of response and the cheaper to reach the destination the
greater the effect. Megalopolises play a huge role in helping to shape these very efficien-
cies. In addition to physical connections, the immediacy and availability of technology to
convey or transfer pertinent information and goods plays a huge role in the development of
the creative sector. The combination of transferring knowledge virtually and stationed in
close proximity to a highly educated, creative sector are important elements to growth
cities.

/////06
 1950
2000

http://accidentalmysteries.blogspot.com/2009/05/interstate-highway-system-1950-2000.html
 The top 25 wealthiest cities hold less than 2% of the
world’s population but produce $11.5 Trillion annually
(20% of the world’s GDP); the global economic dispari-
ties as a result of uneven education levels and growing
density is increasing this rate of change.
Rank City GDP in Billions of USD Population
1 Tokyo, JAP $1,479 14,500,000
2 NYC, US $1,406 8,363,710
3 LA, US $792 3,849,378
4 Chicago, US $574 2,896,016
5 London, UK $565 7,556,900
6 Paris, FRA $564 2,203,817
7 Osaka, JA $417 2,643,805
8 Mexico City, MEX $390 8,841,916
9 Philidelphia, US $388 1,447,395
10 Sao Paulo, Brazil $388 11,037,593
11 Washington DC, US $375 599,657
12 Boston, US $363 645,169
13 Buenos Aires, Argentina $362 3,050,728
14 Dallas, US $338 1,299,543
15 Moscow, Russia $321 10,563,038
16 Hong Kong, China $320 7,061,200
17 Atlanta, US $304 540,922
18 San Francisco, US $301 815,358
19 Houston, US $297 2,257,926
20 Miami, US $292 433,136
21 Seoul, South Korea $291 10,464,051
22 Toronto, CA $253 2,503,281
23 Detroit, US $253 910,920
24 Seattle, US $235 617,334
25 Shanghai, China $233 19,210,000

Total $11,501 124,312,793

Precentage of World Total 19.96% 1.81%
https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562

With agglomaration and economy of scales strengthening in the mega regions, the
cites at the focal point of this development become some of the greatest receivers for the
economic growth. These devevelopments lead to the growting divide between cities outside of
these growth regions and further propel the divide between the wealthy and the impovrished.
The only way to initiate enough momentum to alter these trends is through coupling the
powers of large institutions coupling resources to drive efficencies and enhance information
exchange to accelerate growth.
/////08
50 Largest US Cities: Shifts in Population and Capital
North West Colorado
23 Seattle, WA 24 Denver, CO
30 Portland, OR 46 Colorado Springs, CO

West Coast South West

10 San Jose, CA
12 San Francisco, CA 28 Las Vegas, NV
37 Sacramento, CA 05 Phoenix, AZ
44 Oakland, CA 32 Tucson, AZ
36 Fresno, CA 44 Oakland, CA
34 Albuquerque, NM
39 Mesa, AZ

So-Cal Texas
02 Los Anglos, CA
38 Long Beach, CA 09 Dallas, TX
08 San Diego, CA 17 Fort Worth, TX
04 Houston, TX
07 San Antonio, TX
49 Arlington, TX
22 El Paso, TX
14 Austin, TX

/////10
Great Lakes East Coast
26 Milwaukee, MN 20 Boston, MA
40 Omaha, NE 1 New York, NY
48 Minneapolis, WI 6 Philadelphia, PA
03 Chicago, IL
11 Detroit, MI
16 Columbus, OH
43 Cleveland, OH
70 Buffalo, NY

Sun Belt Mid East Coast

29 Louisville, KY 27 Washington, DC
33 Atlanta, GA 41 Virginia Beach, VA
18 Charlotte, NC 21 Baltimore, MD
14 Indianapolis, IN
25 Nashville, TN
45 Raleigh, NC

Heartland Florida
13 Jacksonville, FL
47 Tulsa, OK 41 Miami, FL
31 Oklahoma City, OK
35 Kansas City, MO
19 Memphis, TN

data complied and minipulated using Forbes “Where Americans are Moving Interactive Map”:
http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/04/migration-moving-wealthy-interactive-counties-map.html
 Population loss over last 20 years
Population gain over last 20 years

Global shifts in capital have not only been recognized by economists and geographers, but by inhabitants of cities themselves. Loss of jobs,
moving industries, diminished number of manufacturing jobs or new opportunities from the opening if new companies, are noticed by the popula-
tion, and especially of those experiencing unemployment. During times of recession, economies work to reset themselves, as Richard Florida
discusses in The Great Reset. These changes tend to have strong effects on the built environment, such as the one we saw after the Great
Depression where a proliferation of suburban and exurban housing development took over outside of the urban core. Now we are beginning to
see a retraction into these broader high GDP producing megalopolises as a result of the current recession.

/////12
Buffalo, NY

http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/04/migration-moving-wealthy-interactive-counties-map.html
 Roswell Park employment outmigration

Workers living outside the city

Workers living inside the city

/////14
Tax base effect of working across township
$
City Government:
property tax

Town Government:
property tax
$

$ $

Town Government:
property tax City Lim
its

State Government:
$ sales tax

BIG
BO
$ $
XR
ET
AIL
RAND Building, Santa Monica 1950
Architect: Roy Kelly

/////16
source: Life/ Santa Monica Public Library
 source: http://htca.us.es/materiales/perezdelama/0910_etsas/0910_composicion/clases/18_20100310_flexcity_05_rand.pdf

The RAND Building in Santa Monica Realized this back in 1951, they worked
to develop a building for the US’s Research and defense and found that
combining many of the world’s smartest professors of science,
mathematics, economics, environmental studies, engineers… and place
them in one building design in such a way to increase the amount of human
interaction, you could develop a spatial environment which harnessed the
power of the agglomeration effect. In order to better achieve this they
used a distributed network, one concept spurred by cold war concerns
that dealt with the an democratic distribution of information and spatial
positioning though creating numerous points of distribution to ensure that
a message would be carried from one location to the next. This type of
layout became not only a beneficial model for defense but helped to pass
information along to a greater number of individuals at a faster rate
ensuring that the number of contacts could process that data and use to
better develop new ideas and solutions.

In discussing the potential building design, the question was rasied as to how many floors the structure should have. After careful
consideration the design team felt that less floors would better engender communication within the office as this would limit the amount
of vertical circulation that would have to take place dividing the employees fom one another.
/////18
 source: http://htca.us.es/materiales/perezdelama/0910_etsas/0910_composicion/clases/18_20100310_flexcity_05_rand.pdf

The building which was ultimately became obsolete by 2005 made way
for the expansion of RAND was done so for two reasons: the building’s
existing structure was built prior to central air and the offices were
notoriously know to get over heated, and secondly, the buildings concrete
structure and current site was not dense enough to accommodate the
programs growth and could not be easily renovated over to the needed
amount of space.

source: http://htca.us.es/materiales/perezdelama/0910_etsas/0910_composicion/clases/18_20100310_flexcity_05_rand.pdf

The corridors became the main form of circulation and possibly one of the most public aspects of the internal structure. The famous
mathematician John Nash could be found pacing the halls for hours talking with people he ran into. Through opening up these hallways
to natural day light and views into the courtyards, they became far more inviting and able to comfortably host informal discussions.
 source: http://htca.us.es/materiales/perezdelama/0910_etsas/0910_composicion/clases/18_20100310_flexcity_05_rand.pdf

Lattace:Distributed Networks

“Researchers in theoretical disciplines such as mathematics and physics were permanent contact with the applied science research econom-
ics, psychology and engineering, eventually pre-empt the outcome more influential RAND research to contemporary thought: the idea of
systems analysis, a research method based not in the study of isolated problems but total systems which have actions and decisions” (Kubo,
2004)

“The RAND represents an attempt to exploit mixed teams, and to the

extent that this facility can promote this effort it should do so. This
implies that it should be easy and painless for people to get from one
9’ X 6’ point to another in the building; it should even promote chance
meeting of people.” (Williams referring to RAND building design, 1949)
9’ X 13’

18’ X 13’

/////20
Centralized Decentralized Distributed
University at Buffalo 2020
Downtown Campus
/////22
http://www.flickr.com/photos/building_ub/3035119983/in/photostream/
Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus 2010 Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus 2030

N 0 500 FT. N 0 500 FT. 2

2 2
2

2 2 2 2

3 3
1
2
2 2
2

4 4
4 4
3 4 4
3
4 4
4
1
1 3

Single family residential Commercial Parks Single family residential Commercial Parks
Multiple family residential Industrial UB additions Multiple family residential Industrial UB additions
Hotel Religious 1 Planned for Phase 1 Hotel Religious 1 Planned for Phase 1
Medical Business incubation 2 Planned for Phase 2 Medical Business incubation 2 Planned for Phase 2
Education Parking garage 3 Planned for Phase 3 Education Parking garage 3 Planned for Phase 3
Job training Public transportation 4 Planned for Phase 4 Job training Public transportation 4 Planned for Phase 4

/////24
 The University at Buffalo’s 2020 initiative generates a
rare opportunity where downtown Buffalo is expected to receive
an influx of nearly 14,000 new students and faculty to their
growing medical campus. The new campus in looking to optimize
its educational and training potential is situated on the Buffalo
Niagara Medical Campus (BNMC). The sharing of equipment,
facilities, researchers and practitioners help not only to cut cost
but share information between the institutions. Private develop-
ment working off of the efforts set forth by the State and Univer-
sity, can begin to merge the new campus to the civic and profes-
sional core, helping to blend research with execution. Using a
total of $5 billion in State, Federal and self generated funds the
university will expand all three campus (North, South and Down-
town).
 UB 2020 Downtown Campus Phasing Plan
PHASE 1: 2008-2012 PHASE 2: STARTING 2013
Downtown Elements of the health sciences schools; Downtown School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; School of
Campus civic engagement programs Campus Nursing; civic engagement programs

DOWN TO WN CAMPUS DOWN TO WN CAMPUS

N3
N 0 500 FT. N 0 500 FT.
N5
N4

N3
N3 N3
N2

N3 N3

R1

N1

DOWNTOWN C AMPUS Total population 8,751

DOWNTOWN CAMPUS Total population 2,561
Faculty 830
Faculty 190 Demolition
New construction Staff 1,708
New construction
1 Educational Opportunity Center Staff 381 Total students 6,213
N3 Academic building
2 Clinical and Translational Total students 1,990 for medicine and nursing Undergraduate 4,058
R esearch Center and Biosciences N4 Parking garage
Undergraduate 1,795 Graduate and professional 2,155
Incubator N5 Incubator/research park A
R ehabilitation Graduate and professional 195
Public realm
1 UB Downtown Gateway Total campus building area* 3.60
R oadway improvements
Total campus building area* 0.90 Total new construction* 2.70
Total new construction* 0.30 *IN MILLI ON GRO SS S QUAR E FEET

*IN MILLI ON GRO SS S QUAR E FEET

The UB Clinical and Translational Research Center and UB
Biosciences Incubator on Downtown Campus, to be built atop
K aleida Health’s Global Vascular Institute, will prove the vi -
ability of institutional partnerships both in developing buildings
and in creating cutting-edge educational, research, and clinical
collaborations. The UB Downtown Gateway and Educational Op-
/////26 portunity Center will open up the campus to the community.
Move the medical and nursing schools to Downtown Campus:
This first migration must occur to initiate the creation of
a world-class medical research and health care center in
downtown Buffalo, and demonstrate UB’s commitment to the
formation of a true campus. Early planning will be necessary to
line up partnerships, assemble property, and initiate changes
in academic programming and the provision of UB maintenance
and operations.
PHASE 3 PHASE 4: Projected Completion 2030
Downtown School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; School of Downtown School of Dental Medicine; School of Medicine and
Campus Nursing; School of Public Health and Health Professions; Campus Biomedical Sciences; School of Nursing; School of
civic engagement programs Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Public
Health and Health Professions; civic engagement programs

DOWN TO WN CAMPUS DOWN TO WN CAMPUS

N 0 500 FT. N 0 500 FT.

R
N7 N8 R
R

N11 N13
N18
N6 N12 N16
N14

N9 N17 N19
N15

N10

DOWNTOWN C AMPUS Total Population 10,812 DOWNTOWN CAMPUS Total population 13,999
Faculty 975 Faculty 1,266
Demolition Demolition
New construction Staff 1,864 New construction Staff 2,345
N6 Academic building Total students 7,973 N 11 Academic building Total students 10,388
for public health Undergraduate 5,243 for dental
Undergraduate 6,616
N7 R esearch Institute on Addictions Graduate and professional 2,730
N 12 Academic building
expansion for pharmacy Graduate and professional 3,772
N8 Parking garage N 13 UBM D
with City of Buffalo Total campus building area* 4.10
N 14 Parking garage Total campus building area* 5.30
N9 Incubator/research park B Total new construction* 0.50 N 15 University housing A Total new construction* 1.20
N 10 Incubator/research park C *IN MILLI ON GRO SS S QUAR E FEET N 16 University housing B
*IN MILLI ON GRO SS S QUAR E FEET
Public realm N 17 Incubator/research park D
N 18 Incubator/research park E
N 19 Incubator/research park F
Public realm
R oadway improvements
On Downtown C ampus , UB’s Academic Health Center will be
The southern end of Downtown Campus will begin to coalesce
completed with the arrival of the School of Dental Medicine and
around a new facility for the School of Public Health and Health the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at facili -
ties on Ellicott Street. A facility for UBMD and incubator spaces
Professions and two new incubator facilities on Goodell Street.
will surround a parking garage, accessed by the restoration
New UB construction at the northern end of the campus is of the street grid through the southern end of the campus.
completed by an addition to the R esearch Institute on Addic - McCarley Park and a reconnected Virginia Street will improve
public access between Allentown and the Fruit Belt. Student
tions and a new parking garage with more capacity on the site housing on Michigan Avenue will step down to the scale of the
of an existing two-level City of Buffalo garage. neighborhood.
 UB 2020 Downtown Campus Critiques

In analyzing UB’s campus plan, there is a clear issue of

parking lot placement, the current design carries a high visual
presence of parking lot and deteriorates the sense of a strong
urban fabric. Large asphalt sections of the city which work
uninviting dead zones across the campus and decrease urban
vitality. Not planning for student housing or taking came of
transportation that encourages new med students to live down-
town is a serious issue. Without it, some of the best new minds
to the area will retreat into distant suburbs and fail to exchange
knowledge and build new corporations through the agglomera-
tion effect. This is a missed opportunity both socially and
economically.
The lack of entertainment and services as proposed
by this plan, or seeming lack to support the neighboring area to
help bring these services about shows a lack of understanding
for the neighborhood and have potentials in helping to build a
stronger urban environment. The Failure to integrate with the
community is a missed social and economic opportunity.
Hosting better oversight on the development of residential
development and commercial outlets would better promote the
local region to medical tourists, leading to an influx in capital.

/////28
Cleveland: MEDIPLEX CITY

source: http://www.mclainclutter.com/?p=195 source: http://www.mclainclutter.com/?p=195

The project Med-plex city by McClain Cutters discusses the social

and economic issues which occurred out of the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland,
OH. The campus design does very little to enact with the surrounding neigh-
borhood, using sky bridges and underground tunnels which connect nearly
all of the 17 buildings and 11 million sf complex without ever having to step
foot on the Streets of Cleveland. Cutters sited that the complex not only
spatial shields itself from the city but economically it is able to withhold
many dollars from the city as a non-profit. So while the hospital acts as one
of the largest contributes of jobs to the area, much of this economic wealth
is being experienced by a few and not integrating into the city.
Because of the campus spatial plan of skyway bridges, and internal
cafes and stores, the neighboring region around Cleveland benefits only a
number of hotels, and contrary to other forms of tourism, which generally
work to create high multiplier effects to a region from an influx of outside
dollars being spent in the local economy, Cleveland’s hospital’s tourism
industry is highly self-contained to the Clinic, limiting the amount of money
which circulates into the regional economy. The hospitals spatial plan
distance’s itself from the neighboring community, leading to tensions both
socially and economically.
 Amenity
needs
pre requisite
wants
adds some value
desire
adds high value
(dependent upon market desires) (sometimes highly exclusive)

areanas
transportation
grocery store art galleries

safety restaurants
universities
gym
schools BARS
views
bookstore
health care museums

retail goods parks

hotels clothing store movie theaters

sports facilities luxury apartments

community center
daycare
convention centers
/////30
 Human capital

Physical resource
Agglomeration Effect
immediate/physical
Urban settings help to provide an environment of density in terms of human
capital and resources. This type of setting is seen as optimal due to the speed at
which new ideas and goods can be produced and manipulated, allowing new
formations and invention.

regional/psychological
Regional ranges refer more to the gross metropolitan area, which economist
decide to take in account for economic production rather than city limits. These
regional proximities, with the help of transportation systems, allow for connec-
tivity and can allow for a sense of community.

virtual/telecommunication Through the dawn of the internet, file sharing capabilities and cloud computing,
digital files clearly no longer need ties to a physical place or even as part of a
physical object. The ability to rapidly transfer information and provide informa-
tion based resources to people no longer hold as much relevancy in the internet
era. How ever these online encounters tend to be more precise and sought after
rather than spontaneous discussion which can occur in dense regions
 Amenity

Downtown Buffalo
Land Use Acres % of Total Density
Residential 573 19.70% 3.6 homes / acre
Commercial 156 5.40%
Industrial 13 0.40%
Public 215 7.40%
Recreation 427 14.70%
Streets 410 14.10%
Vacant 305 10.50%
Undesignated 15 0.50%
Veterans Home 796 27.40%
TOTAL 2910
GDP: $44,030 million in 2008
Growth Rate: 1.3% per year
55th largest metro economy in the United States
Manufacturing $7,647 million (17.4%)
Financial $6,991 million (15.9%)
government $6,476 million
professional and business services $5,669 million
trade $5,503 million
healthcare ` $3,902 million

/////32
 Agglomeration Effect

image provided courtosy of Google Steet View

Roswell Cancer Institute Campus

1.5 M SF in Research and Treatment facilities
More than 3,200 employees, including 256 physicians and senior scientists, and over 500 nurses
Patients:
Average Length of Service: 9.26 years
Patients Under Active Care: 26,041
Patient Origin: 39 states, 7 foreign countries
Hospital Admission: 4,539
Outpatient Visits: 168,845
Number of Beds: 133 (Licensed)
Average Length of Stay: 7.1 days
Innovation:
Funded Research Projects: 522
License Agreements: 65
U.S. Patents: 119
Collaborations with Biopharmaceutical Companies: 169
Annually:
250 clinical residents/oncology fellows
100 postdoctoral research fellows
196 predoctoral graduate students
75 summer research students in high school and college, medical and dental schools
40 exchange visitors - international research scholars
Surgical Procedures: 4,200
Grant monies: $89.1 million
source: http://www.nccn.org/members/profiles/roswell.asp
Amenity

Allentown Art Festival Elmwood Strip

W Chippewa Theatre District

Thursday in the Square Niagara Square

/////34
Agglomeration Effect
 Parking Lots and Vacancies in Downtown Buffalo

Parking lots
Vacant buildings
Parks

/////36
/////38
 Single family residential
Multiple family residential
Hotel
Medical
Education
Job training
Commercial
Industrial
Religious
Business incubation
Parking Lot
Parks
Site Selection

1
2 3
5 6 4
8
9 10 11
12 13 14
15 16
17
18

/////40
note: in the UB 2020 plan this lot becomes developed during phase 4. With this site having a projected 12 year vacancy before new construction, the project will consider some type of holding stratigey, not to have the
large vacant lot deter surrounding development and use to bring the employee training program into closer proximity with the medical researchers and professionals.

note: this site supported an abandoned warehouse up until 2006 in very poor shape. It has since been demolished and the city
considers the redevelopment of this site to be of maximum importance, given its proximity to the BNMC this will be seen as a site
which demands immediate action.

note: boardering the end of the theatre district, this lot could well support new residences, geared towards the preforming arts
 Single family residential
Multiple family residential
Hotel
Medical
Education
Job training
Commercial
Industrial
Religious
Business incubation
Parking Lot
Parks
Site Selection

1
2 3
5 6 4
8
9 10 11
12 13 14
15 16
17
18

/////42
note: in 2007 areial photography documented this site as vacant, note: currently the site for United States Postal Service. This large lot shows very low density, and due to its location within the development
now home to The Partnership, and organization responsible for site, this project will consider negotiating a relocation of the premise.
economic development in the Buffalo Niagara region

note: this site beling located on the end of one of the stronger blocks in the area and facing the off ramp of the 33 offers the potential to be highly iconographic for visitors coming into downtown Buffalo

note: in 2007 areial photography documented this site as vacant, note: this parking lot is dedicated to service the two luxury apartment complexes on either side,
new development is starting to shape around the area the architectural stratigy will look to salvage these spaces while creating a program to enhance
interaction between the tenents
 Single family residential
Multiple family residential
Hotel
Medical
Education
Job training
Commercial
Industrial
Religious
Business incubation
Parking Lot
Parks
Site Selection

1
2 3
5 6 4
8
9 10 11
12 13 14
15 16
17
18

/////44
note: this large undeveloped lot is stationed between an on ramp and off ramp of the Kensington highway. If additional luxury residences begin to develop along this block, the lot would be in a great position to become
transformed into a park. Issues of connectivity would have to negotiated due to the automobile traffic.

note: the second largest lot being considered for redevelopment, it is positioned at the very end of Chippewa street and surrounded by a number of bars and retail stores. The areas proximity to the Kensigton suggests an influx of automobile
traffic so a design will have to accomidate for parking
 Single story buildings can be used as a holding stratigy to help change the
street preception and provide additional retail space for increase in population

/////46
(Place Loyalty + Entreprenuership + Invention + Flexible System + Talioring Methods to Existing Capacities) Multiplier Effect
program: Temporary Live/Work flex space, networked spatially and digitally
spatial connections allow for resource sharing and help create lower barriers to entry for start ups.
economy of scales delt with through networked conditons of shared information
take advantage of cheap real estate, and repurpose vacant buildings

“Bicycle manufacturing in Tokyo might not have been economically feasible if the manufactures had been so foolish as to attempt
to copy slavishly the production methods being used, say, in the great factories of the American bicycle trust in Hartford at the time.
Those methods being used would have required Tokyo to build large new factories that would involve great expense before anything
could be earned from them. ... But by tailoring their production methods to Tokyo‘s existing capacities--a creative thing to do --
and by using many already existing local producers who need only to expand work they were already capable of doing or to expand
work they were already capable of doing or to adapt it some-what, the manufactures made the new work economically feasible.”
(Jane Jacobs, Economy of Cities, 149)
Putting the Agglomeration Effect into Practice:
WORLD
NEW YORK
Blogging
Public commenting forum SYRACUSE
for world wide idea sourcing
BUFFALO Jon Liddy
Student Sandbox Coordinator
Robert G. Shibley
Syracuse Tech Garden
Intrum Dean
School of Architecture
and Urban Planning
University at Buffalo Mary Jo Richer
Real Estate Coordinator
Steve Shchurowsky Home HeadQuarters, Inc.
Architecture Undergraduate
University at Buffalo
John W. Howell Kevin Davidson
Cheif Creative Officer Carpenter
Nxt Arrow
An entreprenurial develope-
ment firm in Buffalo
Jake Schneider Robert Doucette
Schneider Design Founder
Architect/Developer Armory Square Development
Buffalo, NY

Peter Kistler
Entreprenuer, CEO
BrandYourself.com

Stasya Panova
Arts and Culture VISTA
Northside Urban Partnership

/////48
SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY
SLOCUM HALL Cristina Webb
Alexandria French Julia Czerniak Architecture Undergraduate
Michael J. Wasylenko
Associate Professor Professor Thesis:Self Contained Urbanisms
Professor, Economics
UPSTATE
Interim Dean, Maxwell School
Theodore Brown Nate Wooten
Ph.D., Syracuse University, 1975 Mark Robbins
Associate Professor Architecture Undergraduate
Dean
Brendan Moran School of Architecture Thesis: Essential Urbanism
Tod Rutherford Associate Professor
Professor Gabe Jewell-Vitale
Program Chair Architecture Undergraduate Timothy Gale
Jonathan Massey Thesis:Transnational Situations Architecture Undergraduate
Department of Geography Undergraduate Chair Thesis: Liquid Infrastructure
Nilus Klingel
John Lott Architecture Undergraduate Daley Wilson
Stuart Rosenthal Associate Professor Thesis: Infrastructured Architecture Undergraduate
Professor, Economics
Dennis Harvey Thesis: Social Infusion
Melvin A. Eggers Brian Lonsway
Economics Faculty Scholar Architecture Undergraduate
Associate Professor
Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, Thesis: Ecology of Leisure Gabriella Morrone
Franscisco Sanin Architecture Undergraduate
Steven Klimek Thesis: Festival Architecture
Graduate Chair
Architecture Undergraduate
David Johnson Thesis: Politics and Architecture
Professor, Enviromental Chemist
SUNY-Enviromental Science and Forestry
Ph.D., 1973, University of Rhode Island
NEW YORK CITY

Craig Watters James Lima

Ass. Professor, Entrepreneurial HRA Associates
Practice Finance Consulting Firm
Senior Associate
Glossary::
City: is the physical realization of capital investment. It is a conglomerate, interacting network of exchange: social, physical, economic.
Creative Professionals: knowledge-based workers and include those working in health care, business and finance, the legal sector, and education. They “draw on
complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems” using higher degrees of education to do so (Florida, 2002).
Subset: health professionals and business managers
Creative economy: shift towards technology, research and development and the internet.
Crisis: when a system fails to serve the needs of those who rely upon its processes.
Economy: the inter-related processes of production, circulation, exchange, and consumption through which wealth is generated.
Globalization: the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation, and
trade.
Institutional Economy: concept that economic growth is contingent upon local institutions and the growth off of those.
Knowledge-based economy: results from a fuller recognition of the role of knowledge and technology in economic growth. Knowledge, as embodied in human beings (as
“human capital”) and in technology, has always been central to economic development. But only over the last few years has its relative importance been recognised, just
as that importance is growing
Super-Creative Core: (science, engineering, education, computer programming, research), with arts, design, and media workers forming a small subset

/////50
 Word Mapping:
An excercise preformed to recognize relevent forces at work and the innter related
nature of economy and our current condition. Human capital
resources/
infrastructure
flexibility/adaptability

creative destruction
Economies of Scale Outsourcing
Crisis:
Signaling Change Oligopoly Modern Monopolies:
“Too Big to Fail” Globalization
Flexible system
Global Economic System
Pursuing

Shifts in global capital

Social inequalities
Movement:
Growing wealth divide

GDP-Economic Freedom
Business freedom Wealth of cities
Fiscal freedom
Labor freedom
Political/institutional influences
Government Spending
Economic microcosm
Freedom from Corruption
Property Rights
Financial freedom Business incubator
Investment Freedom
Trade freedom High Rise
Economy Driven
Mixed Use
Architectural Typologies Mega Structures
Risk/liability Financiers Factory Town

Developers
Market demands Architecture's contingency
Construction practices Architecture's dependency
/////52
 Boston
Creative economy Intellectual capital
Super-Creative Core
Pittsburgh
Creative Professionals Post Industrial Population

proximity/
collaborative space
Related diversity
Industry Diversification
Divisions of labor
innovation
Multiplier effect
Disinvestment
Resettlement Subverting
Speculative
Resource proximity
Megaregions/ opportunity Investment/development
Megalopolis New Economic Landscapes
Appropriating
Value Creation
GDP Attracts population for
opportunity and employment Resilient Cities tailoring production
Branding
methods to
Down Markets Localism existing capacities
Aftermath
tariffs
Reorganizing
Local Production
Insourcing import replacement
Place loyalty
Place identity
Change desired:
Aglomeration Economies Reform?

Amenity
 Appendix I: Cultural Returns on Investment: Case Study

Bilbao Effect
Years Number of Visitors to
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

1997 (October–December) 259,234

1998 1,307,065
1999 1,109,495
2000 948,875
2001 930,000
2002 851,628
2003 869,022
2004 909,144
2005 950,000
2006 1,008,774
TOTAL 9,143,237

Number of months opened 111

Average monthly 82,372
Non-Basque Country Visitors (80%) 65,897

Bilbao issues: Bilbao Revatilization Efforts: Guggenheim Expense:

-obsolete traditional industries -a new subway line Amount Budgeted: $119.6 M
-25% unemployment -an airport Total Cost: $228.3 M
-residential, leisure and business Architect Fees: $12.1 M
complexes Executive Idom: $6.4 M
-new waterfront development Construction: $100.8 M
-new seaport and industrial Guggenheim Foundation Fees: $24.7 M
technology parks Land: $9.9 M
-new drainage and water/air Collection: $44.5 M
clean-up systems Operation Costs: $30.3 M
-and a Guggenheim Museum

/////54
100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

0
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06
located (monthly data from January 1980 to September 2006). Source: BFONS
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE).
Number of Visitors to Guggenheim Museum Bilbao (annual data from
1997 to 2006). Source: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao.
http://www.scholars-on-bilbao.info/fichas/MUSEUM_NEWS_The_Bilbao_Effect.pdf
http://www.forbes.com/2002/02/20/0220conn.html

Guggenheim and other efforts Results: Non-Empheically Based Returns:

-average of 800,000 - 100,000 visitors a year -’Pattern-Interruption’ The GMB allows for a break from
-48% represented foreign tourists (from France, monomtous stylized architecture of ‘same-ness’ that helps to
the U.S., Britain, Germany and Italy) inspire and bring about a sense of achievement
-Spaniards accounted for a further 35% and the -May have worked to attract those who appreciate the arts
remaining 17% were locals. and intellecually investigations over pure pragmatic
-average of 779,028 new yearly overnight stays approches, potentially helping to lead to a new invegeration of
-82% came to exclusively see the museum human capital to rebuild markets.
or had extended their stay in the city to visit it. -Helps to brand place as a cultural center. The museum
-created 907 new full time jobs at museum provide an internationally aclaimed image.
-4,415 jobs created locally
-earns around $39.9 M annually for the Basque treasury
-$7.8 million spent inside the museum in 2000
-$43 million on catering in 2000
-$35 million on shopping in 2000
-$13 million on transport in 2000
-$9.5 million on leisure in 2000
-By 2005, 73% of the museum's expenditure was self-funded.
 Appendix I: Cultural Returns on Investment: Case Studies

National Centre for Popular Music Location Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Address Paternoster Row
Owner Sheffield Hallam University
Current tenants SHU Union
Completed February 1999
Inaugurated March 1, 1999
Cost £15 million
Architect Nigel Coates
Architecture firm Branson Coates
Museum Results:
not enough cash flow for its 79 workers
£2 million relaunch in 2000
closed for good in 2000
projected 400,000 visitors/yr
1999: 104,000 visitors turned up -
“mostly out of initial curiosity”
it was owing £1.1m to 200 creditors.

Subsequent use of building:

Museum Failures: -live music venue for July 2001
“The centre's 'hands-on' approach, which encourages visitors to pick up instruments Sheffield Hallam University
or make their own pop videos, was said to be 'limited'.” (BBC, 1999) -bought it for £1.85m in February 2003
“The lack of rock memorabilia was also a source of disappointment.” (BBC, 1999) -now the university's Students' Union.

/////56
KIASMA Helsinki Museum of Santiago Calatrava’s
Contemporary Art by Steven Holl Milwaukee Art Museum
Appendix II: Buffalo’s High Multiplier Markets
(Taken fromThe Buffalo Partnership’s website under ‘Target Industries’ in Buffalo due to their efficency to produce new jobs and wealth to the region, and are most feasible given the current infrastructure
and human capital. http://www.thepartnership.org/Expertise/targetindustries)

Advanced Manufacturing Industry: The manufacturing industry in Buffalo Niagara has seen more than $500 million in major invest-
ments since 1995 by America's top companies. Companies have updated their manufacturing facilities here, in large part, because our
region boasts a manufacturing workforce of nearly 100,000 skilled workers. As the national and regional economy moves through the
current downturn, local manufacturers are exploring new markets, diversifying and focusing on efficiency and productivity improvements.
Agrabusiness Industry: Located within a one-day’s trip of 41% of the U.S. population and 59% of the Canadian population, it’s no mystery
why Buffalo Niagara is a key component of both countries’ food systems, and home to well over a thousand food and food processing
companies make their home here. Indeed, agribusiness is our region’s largest employer. Bolstered by dairy, grain, produce, wine and even
bio-fuel, Buffalo Niagara’s agribusiness industry has traditionally been, and will continue to be, a significant asset in our regional
economy.
Life Science Industry: From the major centers of research such as the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus to the cutting edge medical
device and pharmaceutical manufacturers, Buffalo Niagara is home to nearly 130 businesses and institutions employing more than 6,500
employees. Our bi-national Buffalo Niagara region, located within the Greater Golden Horseshoe, gives companies access to expanded
global opportunities.
Logistics Industry:The region is home to eight international ports of entry (4 auto, 3 rail, 1 water), facilitating $81 billion in annual trade
between Canada and the U.S. – that’s 15 percent of the total trade conducted between the world's two largest trading partners, volume
that is growing by 20 percent annually. Buffalo Niagara is within one day’s travel reach of 41 percent of U.S. population and 59 percent of
the Canadian population, offering vast opportunity for growth and job creation in logistics.
Professional Services Industry: With well-developed telecom, transportation networks, and a strong workforce pipeline, the region is
home to operations for some of the nation’s largest employers. Over 16,000 local residents are employed in the back office functions in
over 50 companies, and professional service employers provide quality services to firms around the world that rival those provided in
major cities.

/////58
Industry Preformance between 1997 -2002
Industry Description Number of EstablishmentsNumber of Employees Annual Payroll ($1,000) Shipments / Sales / Receptions
[1997 / 2002] [1997 / 2002] [1997 / 2002] [1997 / 2002]

Manufacturing 466 / 405 20,307 / 17,158 $748,399 / $712,567 $4,527,213 / $4,375,024

Food manufacturing 49 / 51 3,644 / 3,639 $130,244 / $140,519 $1,527,158 / $1,630,523
Apparel manufacturing 11/8 1000-2499 / 500-999 - -
Paper manufacturing 13 / - 527 / - $16,464 / - $89,410 / -
Printing & related support activities 72 / 51 1,100 / 1,201 $33,333 / $42,808 $112,775 / $154,326
Chemical manufacturing 22 / 21 1,191 / 876 $58,245 / $38,484 $433,599 / $169,888
Plastics & rubber products manufacturing 26 / 24 1,016 / 1,525 $27,402 / $61,705 $97,887 / $503,227
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 9 735 / 620 $22,145 / $19,103 $79,925 / $55,357
Primary metal manufacturing 6/4 1,208 / 500-999 $59,965 / - $381,087 / -
Fabricated metal product manufacturing 91 / 85 1,889 / 1,965 $64,966 / $76,797 $210,224 / $299,029
Machinery manufacturing 48 / 32 2,442 / 745 $99,998 / $32,774 $412,546 / $116,887
Transportation equipment manufacturing 13 2500-4999 / 2,252 - / $146,978 - / $744,795
Miscellaneous manufacturing 44 / 39 1,634 / 1,030 $50,225 / $30,345 $230,035 / $94,276

Wholesale trade 468 / 377 7,225 / 6,138 $235,547 / $251,456 $3,273,024 / $3,757,606
Wholesale trade, durable goods 303 / 240 4,583 / 2500-4999 $153,881 / $130,972 $1,320,871 / $1,288,706
Wholesale trade, nondurable goods 165 / 120 2,642 / 2,858 $81,666 / $120,484 $1,952,153 / $2,468,900
Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers - / 17 - / 100-249 - -

Retail trade 916 / 920 10,187 / 10,672 $154,348 / $165,659 $1,243,881 / $1,495,330
Motor vehicle & parts dealers 79 / 73 665 / 459 $16,632 / $10,645 $143,523 / $78,928
Furniture & home furnishings stores 39 / 40 290 / 378 $4,878 / $6,660 $28,178 / $41,778
Electronics & appliance stores 25 / 17 117 / 104 $2,792 / $1,985 $12,600 / $18,587
Building material & garden equipment & supplies dealers 77 / 52 1,042 / 814 $26,604 / $21,411 $175,886 / $146,985
Food & beverage stores 234 / 245 3,329 / 3,517 $36,771 / $44,536 $370,892 / $486,169
Health & personal care stores 101 / 88 1,746 / 1,233 $30,080 / $22,750 $180,186 / $215,115
Gasoline stations 83 / 72 667 / 590 $7,460 / $7,551 $110,249 / $108,748
Clothing & clothing accessories stores 104 / 145 607 / 1,353 $8,540 / $16,185 $62,282 / $130,474
Sporting goods, hobby, book & music stores 45 / 43 301 / 367 $4,061 / $5,054 $30,842 / $43,272
General merchandise stores 25 / 42 799 / 1,200 $8,195 / $15,944 $81,567 / $150,740
Miscellaneous store retailers 81 / 76 363 / 444 $4,762 / $6,426 $27,179 / $38,390
Nonstore retailers 23 / 27 261 / 213 $3,573 / $6,512 $20,497 / $36,144

Information - / 115 - / 5,438 - / $187,518 -

Publishing industries (except Internet) - / 20 - / 1,271 - / $55,070 - / $192,344
Motion picture & sound recording industries 16 / 20 100-249 - -
Broadcasting & telecommunications 53 / - 2,451 / - $97,283 / - $383,196 / -
Information services & data processing services 8/- 100-249 / - - -
Broadcasting (except Internet) - / 11 - / 790 - / $39,345 - / $128,713
Telecommunications - / 53 - / 3,096 - / $84,113 -
Internet service providers, web search portals & data processing -/9 - / 100-249 - -

Real estate & rental & leasing 217 / 246 1,635 / 1,975 $48,129 / $57,262 $278,999 / $454,918
Real estate 158 / 190 1,188 / 1,621 $34,710 / $48,505 $216,903 / $412,008
Rental & leasing services 59 / 55 447 / 250-499 $13,419 / - $62,096 / -
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (exc copyrighted works) -/1 - / 0-19 - -

Professional, scientific & technical services 592 / 670 5,811 / 11,078 $217,389 / $430,629 $608,605 / $990,863
Professional, scientific & technical services 592 / 670 5,811 / 11,078 $217,389 / $430,629 $608,605 / $990,863

Administrative & support & waste management & remediation273

service
/ 300 8,754 / 10,011 $148,696 / $182,782 $305,008 / $410,332
Administrative & support services 265 / 291 8,636 / 9,958 $145,256 / $181,104 $294,379 / $401,392
Waste management & remediation services 8/9 118 / 53 $3,440 / $1,678 $10,629 / $8,940

Educational services 12/1936 68 / 250-499 $1,229 / - $3,450 / -

Educational services 12/1936 68 / 250-499 $1,229 / - $3,450 / -

Health care & social assistance 436 / 777 7,567 / 32,030 $218,807 / $1,033,133 $431,042 / $2,342,135
Ambulatory health care services 372 / 395 6,446 / 6,257 $197,131 / $229,210 $386,730 / $459,305
Hospitals - / 11 - / 10000-24999 - -
Nursing & residential care facilities 5/1984 621 / 2500-4999 $10,628 / - $23,735 / -
Social assistance 58 / 287 100-249 / 6,380 - / $113,912 - / $296,777

Arts, entertainment & recreation 55 / 82 1,170 / 2,391 $40,945 / $72,729 $68,665 / $150,042
Performing arts, spectator sports & related industries 13 / 33 864 / 1,679 $37,336 / $60,312 $55,867 / $118,304
Museums, historical sites & similar institutions - / 11 - / 250-499 - -
Amusement, gambling & recreation industries 40 / 38 250-499 - -

Accommodation & food services 678 / 636 8,280 / 10,130 $70,506 / $106,481 $252,259 / $370,456
Accommodation 11/20 865 / 1,053 $8,299 / $16,905 $34,107 / $54,645
Foodservices & drinking places 667 / 616 7,415 / 9,077 $62,207 / $89,576 $218,152 / $315,811

Other services (except public administration) 440 / 538 2,527 / 3,776 $47,056 / $70,205 $155,819 / $294,690
Repair & maintenance 196 / 179 1,031 / 834 $25,172 / $20,465 $81,024 / $74,465
Personal & laundry services 244 / 213 1,496 / 1,594 $21,884 / $22,063 $74,795 / $90,341
source: http://www.city-data.com/city/Buffalo-New-York.html
Appendix III: Property Values of Buffalo

site

/////60
Appendix IV: Relative Appreciation Rates

site
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