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UNIT 3
OBJECTIVES
General Objective : To apply the generated e.m.f. efficiency and power losses of a DC
generator
INPUT
The e.m.f generated by the armature is equal to the e.m.f. generated by one of the parallel
paths. Each conductor passes 2Ρ poles per revolution and thus cuts 2Ρ Φ webers of
magnetic flux per revolution. Hence flux cut by on conductor per second = 2Ρ Φ n Wb and so
the average e.m.f. generated per second is given by:
E = 2Ρ Φ n Wb
(since 1 volt = 1 Weber per second)
Let c = number of parallel paths through the winding between positive and negative
brushes
( c=2 for a wave winding and c= 2p for a lap winding)
2p ΦZn
i.e. generated e.m.f. E = volts (1)
c
E ∝Φω (2)
Example 3.1
An 8-pole generator, wave connected armature has 600 conductor and is driven 625 rev/min. If
the flux per pole is 20mWb, determine the generated e.m.f.
Given
Z = 600
c = 2 for a wave winding
P = 4 pairs
n = 625/60 rev/min
Φ = 30 × 10-3 Wb
2p ΦZn
generated e.m.f. E = volts
c
625
2(4)(20 ×10 - 3 )( )
= 60
2
DC GENERATOR (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 3/ 4
= 500 V
Example 3.2
A 4-pole generator has a lap-wound armature with n50 slots with 16 conductors per slot. The
useful flux per pole is 30mWb. Determine the speed at which the machine must be driven to
generate an e.m.f. of 240 volts.
Given
E = 240 V
Z = 50 x 16 = 800
c = 2p (for a lap winding)
Φ = 30 × 10-3 Wb
2pΦnZ 2p ΦnZ
generated e.m.f. E = = 2p =Φ nZ
c
E 240
n= = −3
ΦZ (30 ×10 )( 800 )
= 10 rev/s
DC GENERATOR (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 3/ 5
Activity 3A
3.1 An 8-pole, lap wound armature has 1200 conductors and a flux per pole of
0.03 Wb. Determine the e.m.f generated when running at 500 rev/min.
3.2 Determine the generated e.m.f. in question 3.1 if armature is wave-wound.
3.3 A DC shunt generator running at constant speed generates a voltage 150 V at a
certain value of field current. Determine the change in the generated voltage
when the field current is reduced by 20 per cent, assuming the flux is
proportional to the field current.
3.4 Calculate the e.m.f. generated by 4 pole wave-wound generator having 65 slots with
12 conductors per slot when driven at 1200 r.p.m. the flux per pole is
0.02 wb.
Feedback to Activity 3A
3.1 300 V
3.2 1200 V
3.3 120 V
3.4 624 V
3.5 7.14
DC GENERATOR (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 3/ 7
INPUT
As mentioned in the previous unit, a generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy. When such conversion takes place, certain losses occur which are dissipated
in the form of heat. The principal losses of machine are:
(a) Copper loss, due to I2R heat losses in the armature windings.
(b) Iron loss, due to hysteresis and eddy current losses in the armature. This loss can be
reduced by constructing the armature of silicon steel laminations having a high
resistivity and low hysteresis. At constant speed, these losses are assumed to be
constant.
(c) Friction and windage losses, due to bearing and brush contact friction and losses due to
air resistance against moving parts (called windage). At constant speed, these losses are
assumed to be constant.
(d) Brush and contact loss between the brushes and commutator. This loss is approximately
proportional to the load current.
DC GENERATOR (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 3/ 8
The efficiency of an electrical machine is the ratio of the output power and is usually expressed
as percentage. The greek letter ‘η ’ (eta) is used to signify efficiency and since the units are,
power/power, the efficiency has no units. Thus
output power
efficiency, η = ( input power ) ×100 % (3)
If the total resistance of the armature circuit is Ra, the the total loss in the armature is Ia2Ra.
If the terminal voltage is V and the current in the shunt circuit is If, the the loss in the circuit is
IfV.
If the sum of the iron, friction and windage losses is C the total losses is given by : Ia2Ra+ IfV +
C (Ia2Ra+ IfV is, in fact the ‘copper loss’)
If the output current is I, then the output power is VI. The total input power = VI + I a2Ra+ IfV +
C.
Hence
output
Efficiency, η = ( input )
VI
i.e. η = ( VI + I 2 R + I V + C ) ×100 % (4)
a a f
Ia2Ra = IfV + C
Example 3.3
A shunt generator supplies 96 A at a terminal voltage of 200 volts. The armature and shunt
field resistances are 0.1Ω and 50Ω respectively. The iron and frictional losses are 2500 W.
Find :
(i) e.m.f generated.
(ii) copper losses
(iii) commercial efficiency.
Figure 3.1
(i) Ish = 200/ 50 = 4 A
Ia = IL + Ish = 96 + 4 = 100 A
Eg = V + IaRa = 200 + 100 × 0.1 = 210 V
(ii) Armature Cu loss
= Ia2Ra = (100)2 × 0.1 = 1000 W
Shunt Cu loss = I2sh Rsh = (4)2 × 50 = 800 W
Total Cu loss = 1000 + 800 = 1800 W
(iii) Total losses = Stray losses + Cu losses
= 2500 + 1800 = 4300 W
Output power = 96 × 20 = 19200 W
Input power = 19200 + 4300 = 23500 W
19200
∴ η =
23500
× 100 = 81.7 %
DC GENERATOR (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 3/ 10
Example 3.4
A 10 kW d.c shunt generator has the following losses at full load :
Mechanical losses 290 W
Iron losses 420 W
Shunt Cu loss 120 W
Armature Cu loss 595
Calculate the efficiency at :
(i) no load
(ii) 25% of full load
Activity 3B
3.6 A 10kW shunt generator having an armature circuit resistance of 0.75 Ω and a field
resistance of 125 Ω , generates a terminal voltage of 125 V at full load. Determine the
efficiency of the generator at full load, assuming the iron, friction and windage losses
amount to 600 W.
3.7 In DC generator iron losses are made up of ………………. and ……………..
3.8 This shunt generator delivers full load current of 200 A at 240 V. The shunt field
resistance is 60Ω and full-load efficiency is 90 %. The stray losses are 800 W. Find :
(i) armature resistance
(ii) current at which maximum efficiency occurs.
3.9 A 75 kW shunt generator is operated at 230 V. The stray losses are 1810 W and shunt
field circuit draws 5.35 A. The armature circuit has a resistance of 0.035 Ω and brush
drop is 2.2 V. Calculate :
(i) total losses
(ii) input of prime mover
(iii) efficiency at rated load.
DC GENERATOR (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 3/ 12
Feedback to Activity 3B
3.6 80.50 %
3.7 hysteresis and eddy iron losses
3.8 (i) 0.0858 Ω
(ii) 143.22 A
3.9 (i) 7615 W
(ii) 82615 W
(iii) 90.8 %
SELF-ASSESSMENT 3
DC GENERATOR (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 3/ 13
You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment section and check
your answers with those given in the Feedback on Self-Assessment 3 given on the next page. If
you face any problems, discuss it with your lecturer. Good luck.
Question 3-1
(a) The e.m.f. generated in an armature winding is given by E = 2pΦ nZ/c volts. State what
p, Φ , n, Z, and c represent.
(b) A 4-pole, wave-connected armature of a DC machine has 750 conductors and is driven
at 720 rev/min. If the useful flux per pole is 15mWb, determine the generated e.m.f.
(c) A 4-pole armature DC machine has 1000 conductors and a flux per pole of 20 mWb.
(d) Determine the e.m.f. generated when running at 600 rev/min when the armature is
(a) wave-wound
(b) lap-wound
(e) Determine the terminal voltage of a generator which develops an e.m.f. of 240 V and
has an armature current 50 A on load. Assume the armature resistance is 40mΩ .
Question 3-2
FEEDBACK TO SELF-ASSESSMENT 3
Have you tried the question ????? If “YES”, check your answers now
(c) 82.14%
CONGRATULATIONS!!!!
…..May success be with
you always….