Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Director:
Budi Wahyuni
Chairperson of Yogyakarta
Private Sector Ombudsman
YOGYAKARTA PRIVATE
SECTOR OMBUDSMAN Coordinator:
Sri Haryani
Chief of R & D Dept.
Yogyakarta Private Sector
Survey Report
Ombudsman
Researcher:
Imam Subkhan
A Survey on Target Accuracy of Java
Reconstruction Fund ‐Community‐Based
Settlement Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction Project (JRF‐CSRRP) in
Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Special
Region Province
December, 2007
Jl. Tentara Zeni Pelajar No. 1B, Yogyakarta
Phone: +62‐274‐552245
Fax: +62‐274‐552276
Email: losdiy@yahoo.co.id
R&D PSO, December 2007
2
A Survey on Target Accuracy of Java Reconstruction Fund ‐
Community‐Based Settlement Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction Project (JRF‐CSRRP) in Bantul Regency,
Yogyakarta Special Region Province
R&D PSO, December 2007
3
ABSTRACT
This is the report of survey conducted Yogyakarta Private Sector Ombudsman in
attempt to identify if the house reconstruction fund provided by JRF‐CSRRP were
accurately targeted to the eligible recipients in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Special
Region Province. JRF‐CSRPP is a settlement reconstruction project that provides
house reconstruction fund for the casualties of earthquake and tsunami in
Yogyakarta Special Region, Central Java and West Java in 2006.
The survey that was conducted in December 2007 took 550 respondents as the
sample with the sampling error of 5 %; CI of 95 %; design effect of 1.5. The survey
used multistage random sampling combined with stratified and cluster techniques.
Based on the disbursement schedule, there were two strata: stratum of phase I and
phase II. The number of the elected village cluster consists of 5 for phase I and 11
for phase II.
The results of the survey suggested that the rate of target accuracy of house
reconstruction fund from JRF‐CSRRP was relatively low (only 60 %). The rest (40
%) of JRF‐CSRRP fund was not accurately targeted. Such this inaccurate targeting
was caused by the inconsistent application of the criteria determined by the
management of JRF‐CSRRP. In descending percentage, the following criteria were
not met: reconstruction at the original site (62%); families/households becoming
the casualties of earthquake (26%); totally destroyed or severely damaged houses
(11%) and other criteria (1%).
R&D PSO, December 2007
4
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 3
CONTENTS 4
TABLES 5
FIGURES 5
GRAPHS 5
ABBREVIATIONS 6
I. INTRODUCTION 7
1.1. Problem Formulation 8
1.2. Objective of Survey 9
1.3. Benefit of Survey 9
1.4. Method of Survey 15
II. OVERVIEW OF JRF‐CSRRP PROJECT 21
III. SURVEY FINDINGS 21
3.1. Description and Profile of Respondents 24
3.2. Criterion inconsistence and Rate of Target Accuracy 31
IV. CONCLUSION 32
REFERENCE
R&D PSO, December 2007
5
TABLES
Table 1 Population of JRF‐CSRRP Fund Recipients 10
Table 2 Population and Sample per Strata 12
Table 3 Distribution of Samples Per Cluster 13
Table 4 Criteria of Recipients Eligible for House Reconstruction Fund from 18
JRF‐CSRRP
FIGURES
Figure 1 Sample Design 12
Figures 2 Project Implementation Structure of JRF‐CSRRP 17
GRAPHS
Graph 1 Respondents’ Sex 21
Graph 2 Respondents’ Age 21
Graph 3 Respondents’ Job 22
Graph 4 Respondents’ Income Rate 23
Graph 5 Respondents’ Income Rate per Village 23
Graph 6 Rate of Target Accuracy 24
Graph 7 Rate of Target Accuracy per Village 25
Graph 8 Criteria Deviation of JRF‐CSRRP Aid Recipient 26
Graph 9 Reasons for Deviation of Requirement to Reconstruct House in 27
Original Place Criterion 29
Graph 10 Deviation of the Household/Family characteristic criterion 30
Graph 11 Deviation of House Condition Criterion
R&D PSO, December 2007
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
BAPPENAS National Development Planning Agency
BKM Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat (Community Board of Trustees)
CSP Community Settlement Plan
YSR Yogyakarta Special Region
DMC District Management Consultant
JRF Java Reconstruction Fund
KP Kelompok Pemukim (Resident Group)
PSO Private‐Sector Ombudsman
MDF Multi Donor Fund
NMC National Management Consultant
UPP The Urban Poverty Project
PPK The Kecamatan Development Program
Group)
Project
RR Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Team)
R&D PSO, December 2007
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I. INTRODUCTION
The earthquake disaster on 27 May 2006 in Yogyakarta Province and Klaten,
Central Java caused serious damage and destruction, especially on people’s
settlements and houses. The results of rapid assessment coordinated by
BAPPENAS (2006) showed that 388,758 units of houses were damaged, including
187,474 units of destroyed houses. The damage has caused an estimated loss of
totally Rp. 29.1 trillion or approximately 3.1 US $ billion.
Because their houses were destroyed, hundreds of thousand people in Yogyakarta
Province lived in tents or temporary shelters that they made by themselves. The
participated in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the settlements and houses
of the casualties of the earthquake. One of the initiators and contributors to such
Community‐Based Settlement Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Project (CSRRP).
CSRRP is a project of settlement reconstruction after the earthquake in Yogyakarta
& Central Java on 27 May 2006 by empowering the people as the main executive
of the development.
One of the fundamental problems in the process of distribution and management
of disaster‐mitigation fund is target accuracy. Therefore, to ensure the target
accuracy, the process of management and distribution of fund has to be
continuously monitored by all stakeholders in such a way to be accurately
extent to which the fund can reach the eligible recipients. Thus, in implementing
the monitoring function, Yogyakarta Private Sector Ombudsman had a survey on
the accuracy of target of house reconstruction fund provided by JRF‐CSRRP.
R&D PSO, December 2007
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1.1. PROBLEM FORMULATION
One of the primary concerns in the management of aid is that the fund was not
accurately targeted to the eligible recipients in the disaster sites. Many people
intentionally manipulated the criteria and took the benefits from the distributed
fund. Many people deceitfully claimed that they were the casualties of the
disaster. They used the momentum to get aid. Even worse, the truly damaged
people meeting the criteria of house reconstruction aid were missed. This is one of
the reasons of why there were horizontal conflicts due to the unfair process and
inconsistent application of criteria of reconstruction fund receipt.
Conflicts resulting from the unfair process and inconsistent criteria of fund for the
reconstruction of houses of the casualties of the earthquake were closely related to
the inconsistent application of criteria of eligible recipients of house reconstruction
fund. This problem derived from the unclearly specified criteria indicator of
target, inadequate socialization of criteria and inconsistent specification of criteria.
It has to be admitted that the determination of criteria was not as simple work as
what has been formulated behind the desk. Therefore, it is undeniable that there
was bias between the specified criteria and the factual condition.
The inconsistent application of the criteria usually resulted from two causes. The
first cause was the different interpretation and comprehension between the people
and the executives. In this case, there was no intention to manipulate the criteria.
Such different interpretation might result from different capacities among the
executives that some of them made unilateral different interpretation. Another
interpretations. Unclearly specified and detailed criteria were suspected to have
caused different interpretations. The second cause was intentionally manipulated
data. The criteria were manipulated in such a way that enabled particular people
to meet the specified criteria. Inconsistent application included many stakeholders
such as the potential recipients and the executives.
R&D PSO, December 2007
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In the context of JRF‐CSRRP fund, it was strongly indicated that some of the
recipients did not meet the criteria. Deceitfully, they received the house
reconstruction fund from JRF‐CSRRP. If this is proven true, it implies that the
distribution of the house reconstruction fund by JRF‐CSRRP was not accurately
targeted. Unfortunately, only qualitative and casuistic data on such this inaccurate
targeting was available. No specific survey measured the rate of accurate targeting
of the house reconstruction fund from JRF‐CSRRP. So far, the internal
management of JRF‐CSRRP including the World Bank, NMC, DMC and BKM only
made verification of criteria. This was the main problem proposed in this survey.
The problem was then formulated in the main question: what is the rate of target
accuracy of the house reconstruction fund provided by JRF‐CSRRP? The accuracy
of target was based on the meeting of the criteria of house reconstruction fund
recipients specified by the management of JRF‐CSRRP.
1.2. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The objectives of this survey were to identify if the house reconstruction fund of
JRF‐CSRRP in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region Province has met the
intended target.
1.3. BENEFIT OF STUDY
This study was expected to give benefits to the decision makers, especially those
directly or indirectly involved in the project of JRF‐CSRRP in order that we can
evaluate and improve the implementation of the project so that the fund can be
appropriately distributed to the intended target.
1.4. METHOD OF STUDY
Scope of Study
The scope of the study was the resident groups of families/households who
Yogyakarta Special Region Province for phase 1, and phase 2.
R&D PSO, December 2007
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Variable/Focus of Study
The variables of the study referred to the criteria of recipients of house
reconstruction fund from JRF‐CSRRP specified by NMC. The variables/focuses of
this study were as follows:
[1] Characteristic of household/family
[2] Condition of house after the earthquake
[3] Status of house ownership
[4] Status of land ownership
[5] Other relevant aid
[6] Social and economic condition
[7] Commitment to reconstruct and live in original place
[8] Obedience to the prevailing rule
Population and Sample
the house reconstruction fund from JRF‐CSRRP in phases 1 and 2. Actually, there
was phase 3, but it was not included in the population because there was no
sample framework for it. The total population for phase 1 and phase 2 was 13,227
households / families. Data on the number of the population receiving the house
reconstruction fund from JRF was obtained from the web site of
www.rekompakjrf.org accessed on 21 November 2007. The number was a not
verified final recipient. According to the data from DMC, the number of verified
recipients of house reconstruction fund in phase 1 was 4970; while for phase 2 was
6296. Totally, the number of verified recipients for phase 1 and 2 was 11.256.
Detailed data on the number of population is presented in table 1:
Table 1 Number of Populations of JRF‐CSRRP Fund Recipients
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Sampling Technique
The study used multistage random sampling by combining the techniques of
stratification and cluster. The combination of the two techniques was intended to
ensure the representation of the collected sample. In addition, it was done because
of the limited human resource and allocated time. The stages of sampling were as
follows:
1. Population was divided into strata based on the characteristics. In this case,
the population of resident groups were stratified and based on the phases
(phase 1 and phase 2) of disbursement schedule.
2. Each stratum was clustered based on the administrative areas of the
villages. When the village population in each stratum was already known,
village cluster sample was taken. In this survey, the cluster sample for each
stratum was determined 30% of total cluster. Therefore, in stratum 1 there
were 5 clusters, and in stratum 2 there were 11 clusters. Thus, there were
totally 16 clusters.
3. Cluster was taken by the cluster technique with equal probability to size /
EPS in each stratum to meet the desired cluster.
4. Proportion of respondent sample for each cluster was adjusted to the
number of population in each cluster by multiplying the fraction of sample
dividing the number of sample in each stratum by the total population of
all clusters chosen in the same strata. Therefore, the cluster with large
number of population has more number of samples.
5. Framework of sample for each cluster was taken from the web site of JRF‐
status of the data based on the information in the site was per 15
November 2007
6. Sample was taken in random for each cluster in amount of the required
number of sample.
R&D PSO, December 2007
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Figure 1 Stages of Sample Design
Topic of Survey To identify if the fund donated
by JRF‐CSRRP reached the
intended target
Population Households / Families of JRF‐
CSRRP
Target of Members of Resident groups of
Population JRF‐CSRRP in Bantul Regency
Framework of List of members of Resident
groups in Phase I and Phase II
Sample
in the selected clusters in Bantul
Sample Names of Resident groups
Members Selected to be Sample
Number of Sample
Number of sample was determined by sampling error that is the intended
proportion of population and confidence interval. In addition, because the
sampling technique used stratified sampling, then component of design effect had
to be included. Design effect is the effect resulting from the particular design made
by the researcher in the sampling stage. The number of sample determined by
sampling error of 5 %; confidence interval of 95 %; design effect of 1.5 was 550
respondents. This number was then proportionally divided into two strata based
on the number of population in each stratum.
Table 2 Number of Population and Sample per Stratum
R&D PSO, December 2007
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Clustering
Clustering used in the survey was equal probability to size (EPS). The technique was
chosen because the measure of each cluster was relatively equal. Number of
population in all clusters was not far different and was not significant. From this
technique, the selected clusters for each cluster were obtained as follows:
Table 3 Distribution of Number of Sample per Cluster
Phase I Phase II
Village Population Sample Village Population Sample
Banguntapan 133 19 Srihardono 485 60
Sriharjo 298 43 Bangunharjo 365 45
Sumber
Agung 319 45 Pendowoharjo 260 33
Sumbermulyo 401 57 Karangtengah 102 13
Trirenggo 430 61 Selopamioro 91 11
Total 5417 225 Caturharjo 279 35
Potorono 168 21
Srimartani 412 51
Wonolelo 35 4
Segoroyoso 196 24
Bangunjiwo 222 28
Total 7810 325
Time and Site of Survey
The survey was conducted in December 2007 in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta
Special Region Province
Technique of Data Collection and Analysis
There were two types of data collected in the analysis:
a. Primary Data taken by the survey using questionnaires distributed to the
selected respondents
b. Secondary Data was collected from the mass media, archives, document and
reference relevant to the survey. The data was obtained from the relevant
offices and / or institutions related to the study.
R&D PSO, December 2007
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The quantitative data collected in the survey was then tabulated and
during the survey served as the supporting data that was valuable to obtain
comprehensive explanation relevant to the topic of survey.
R&D PSO, December 2007
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II. OVERVIEW OF JAVA RECONSTRUCTION FUND –
COMMUNITY BASED SETTLEMENT REHABILITATION
AND RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT (JRF‐CSRRP)
JRF reflects a response from international community and other countries to help
the casualties of the earthquake in Yogyakarta Special Region Province and
Central Java Province on 27 May 2006 and tsunami that affected some regions in
the southern coast of Java. JRF used the model developed by Multi Donor Fund
like the one used to finance the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Aceh and
Nias. The objective of this strategy was to develop positive experience and to
obtain comparative benefits of MDF such as abilities to develop quickly, finance
purposes, create synergy and reduce transactional cost for donors and recipients.
Governments of the Netherlands, England, Canada, Denmark, and Finland agreed
to donate fund of totally US$ 75 million to rehabilitate and reconstruct the regions
suffering from the earthquake and tsunami in Yogyakarta, Central Java and West
Java through JRF. The detailed data on the fund consolidated to JRF deriving from
the foreign governments is presented in the followings:
1. The Government of England /DFID : GBP 5 million,
2. The government of Denmark : Dkk 9 million,
3. The government of Canada/CIDA : CAN 7.4 million,
4. The government of the Netherlands : Euro 10 million,
5. European Community : Euro 35 million, and
6. The government of Finland : Euro 1.5 million.
In October 2006, JRF started to implement the mandate to support livelihood
rehabilitation and reconstruction of settlements for the casualties of the
R&D PSO, December 2007
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earthquake. Structurally JRF is controlled by a steering committee (SC). The SC
serves as the forum for policy dialogue with the government related to the issues
on development and reconstruction. The members of the SC consist of National
Coordinating Team that coordinates and implements reconstruction in Yogyakarta
and Central Java, World Bank as the trustee, donor countries that provide JRF. The
representative of the government of Indonesia becomes the co‐chairs of SC with
the European commission being the largest donor and World Bank.
In the management of JRF, World Bank is appointed as the trustee, to manage the
secretariat of JRF. World Bank does not hold any authority in making decision
about the use of the fund. Decision is made by the Steering Committee that
consists of the government of Indonesia (BAPPENAS and Coordinating Minister
for Economic Affairs) and 3 largest donors. The executive agency is Ditjen Cipta
Karya, Department of Public Works based on the Grant Agreement between The
government of Indonesia and JRF signed on 6 February 2007 with the number of
TF090014‐IND.
JRF provided US$ 76 million, allocated for the followings sectors:
1. US$ 60 million for permanent houses using the scheme / model of P2KP
2. US$ 16 million for livelihoods (recovery of public economy) the allocation
of which is not clearly regulated. Of this allocated fund, US$ 6 million was
used to construct T‐Shelter/Roof Structure given to IOM and CHF. USD 1.5
million has been cashed and currently the Secretariat of JRF/World Bank is
evaluating the real needs for temporary houses.
As much as USD 60 million used for the development of permanent houses is
managed by JRF‐CSRRP. CSRRP itself is actually a project that previously has
been performed by the government supported by the World Bank to have
community‐based reconstruction of settlements by optimizing the UPP in the
affected regions. Initially, this model was developed in Aceh and Nias after the
R&D PSO, December 2007
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disaster of earthquake and tsunami in 2004. After the earthquake in 2006 in
Central Java and Yogyakarta Special Region, this project was made the model for
reconstruction of earthquake‐proof houses. Initially, the fund were allocated by
the project of UPP that this project is popularly known as UPP‐CSRRP. Because it
was relatively successful, the model is adopted and financed by JRF. Therefore,
shown in the following figure:
Figure 2 Implementation Structure of JRF‐CSRRP
R&D PSO, December 2007
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Technically, this project is executed by District Management Consultant (DMC)
and is controlled by National Management Consultant (NMC) at national level. In
JRF‐CSRRP, there are two DMCs: one in Yogyakarta and the other comprises the
regions of Central Java (Klaten) and West Java (Pengandaran).
To implement the project of permanent house construction, the fund were
allocated for the following reconstruction of houses:
1. 12.000 units for Bantul Regency – Yogyakarta Special Region
2. 5.000 units for Klaten Regency‐ Central Java
3. 1000 units for Pangandaran, Ciamis Regency‐ West Java
The JRF‐CSRRP used the institutions and regulation of UPP: BKM and the
Kecamatan Development Program (PPK) being the Tim Pelaksana Kegiatan (TPK)
supported by DMC. The potential recipients form Kelompok Pemukim (KP) or
Resident Groups.
The objective of CSRRP is to perform community‐based reconstruction of the
houses destroyed by the earthquake in Yogyakarta and Central Java. The expected
results are: (1) development of community settlement and the environment; (2)
earthquake‐proof requirement; (3) organized residential environment meeting the
specified disaster mitigation requirement.
In providing fund for house reconstruction, JRF‐CSRRP set some criteria to meet
by the potential recipients of JRF‐CSRRP. Based on the results of the discussion of
National Management Consultant (NMC) on 11 January 2007 there are 8 (eight)
criteria:
R&D PSO, December 2007
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Table 4 Criteria of Recipients of JRF‐CSRRP
1. Households/families having The recipients of house reconstruction fund
lost their house due to the are households / families. It means that even
earthquake on 27 May 2006 when there are many people living in one
household, only one household will receive
the fund. On the contrary, although only one
person (single or living alone) lives in one
household, he or she will receive the fund.
Household refers to a unit of family or
individual dwelling a house and take care of
him/herself before the earthquake
2. Destroyed house or severely Totally demolished house means all parts or
damaged by the earthquake, majority (80%) of the building has been
unfeasible for living, and demolished. Severely damaged means that
receiving no aid at all from any the building might stand but technically it is
donor. not feasible for living or it is dangerous for
dwelling
3. Legally owning the house Clear
4. Holding the right to use the Legal ownership is proven by certificate of
land ownership or letter c or other relevant
document or witness (surrounding adjacent
neighbors)
Legal permit of use is proven by certificate of
heir or permit of use for minimally 5 years
signed by witnesses
5. Not in the process of receiving Clear
any other fund from other
donors
6. Priority is given to poor Clear
households unable to
reconstruct their house because
of the limited resources
7. Willing to reconstruct and live Original place means the initial place where
in the original place the house was located
8. Willing to obey the prevailing Clear
regulations and rules
R&D PSO, December 2007
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III. SURVEY FINDINGS
Description and Profile of Respondents
Most of the respondents were male (N=352 or approximately 64 % of total
respondents). The remaining respondents were female (N=198 or 36 % of total
respondents). Data on the sexes of the respondents is presented in graph 1:
Graph 1 Respondents’ Sex Distribution
Female
, 198, 36%
Male
352, 64%
About the distribution of respondents’age, most respondents aged between
31‐45 years (N= 145 or 47.8 % of total respondents. The next largest
proportion was those aged between 40 and 60 years (16.4%). It implied that
majority of recipients of JRF‐CSRRP was those in productive age. In
addition, the survey also revealed that two respondents or recipients of
JRF‐CSRRP aged more than 80 years (see graph 2)
Graph 2 Respondents’ Age
100
80
P ercentage
60
47.8
40
26.4
20 16.4
9.1
0 0.4
17-30 31-45 46-60 61-80 >80
Age Category (Years)
R&D PSO, December 2007
21
With regard to the job, most respondents said they worked as laborers (45.3
%). Averagely they work as incidental laborers in construction, farming,
and handicraft industry. They work only when there was job vacancy.
Graph 3 Respondents’ Job
100
80
Percentage
60
45.3
40
20
16.9 15.6
9.8
5.6 3.5 2.9
0
or
er
r
er
ed
ife
ye
ye
b
rm
oy
oy
ew
la
plo
plo
fa
pl
pl
us
m
em
m
ho
te
-e
e
un
lf-
te
en
se
iv a
m
rn
pr
ve
go
Jobs
Most respondents had relatively low level of income. It means that the economic
capacity of the recipients of JRF‐CSRRP was also low that they did not have the
earthquake has deprived them of their livelihood, either temporarily or
permanently. Thus JRF‐CSRRP is very significant for the casualties of earthquake
of 27 May 2006. Of 550 respondents, it was identified that only 16 people (3 %)
admitted to have earned less than 1 million and there were 175 people (32 %) with
income between 500 thousand rupiahs and 1 million rupiahs. The most
predominant segment was those with income below 500 thousand rupiahs (N=359
people or 65 % of total respondents (see graph 4).
R&D PSO, December 2007
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Graph 4 Respondents’ Income Level
16. 3%
175. 32%
359. 65%
When elaborated further, it was found that the largest percentage of respondents
with income less than 500 thousand rupiah was in Desa Bangunjiwo (86 % of total
respondents in Desa Bangun Jiwo). Meanwhile the largest percentage of
respondents with income more than 1 million was in Desa Wonolelo (25 %) (see
graph 5 )
Graph 5 Distribution of Respondents’ Income per Village
58
Banguntapan 37
5
77
Sriharjo 21
2
62
Sumber Agung 36
2
66
Sumbermulyo 30
4
39
Trirenggo 52
8
63
Srihardono 37
0
69
Bangunharjo 31
0
70
Pendow oharjo 24
Village
85
Karangtengah 15
0
82
Selopamioro 9
9
80
Caturharjo 20
0
43
Potorono 52
5
65
Srimartani 33
2
0
Wonolelo 75
25
79
Segoroyoso 21
0
86
Bangunjiw o 14
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Pe rce ntage
R&D PSO, December 2007
23
Criteria Deviation and Rate of Target Accuracy
What is meant by criteria deviation is that the criteria are not consistently and
Therefore, the house reconstruction fund provided by JRF‐CSRRP did not meet
the intended target. Based on the survey, the accuracy rate of targeting of potential
40 % of house reconstruction fund provided by JRF‐CSRRP was not accurately
targeted to the eligible target because of the inconstant application of criteria (see
graph 6).
The high rate of inaccurate targeting to potential recipients of house
reconstruction (40%) was caused by the inconstant application of inclusion criteria
set by JRF‐CSRRP by the respondents. Although toleration was given in particular
criteria, such as in the criteria of priority for poor households/families, the
recipients had to meet all of the specified criteria. It means that although only one
criterion was not met, the person was not authorized to get the house
reconstruction fund of JRF‐CSRRP.
Graph 6 Rate of Target Accuracy
Inaccurate
220, 40%
Accurate
,
330, 60%
Viewed from the cluster of the selected villages, the highest rate of accuracy was
found in Desa Potorono (90 %), meaning that only 10 % of the recipients of house
reconstruction of JRF‐CSRRP in Desa Potorono did not meet the criteria.
R&D PSO, December 2007
24
Meanwhile, the location with the lowest rate of accuracy was Desa Bangunjiwo
(only 32 %), meaning that there were approximately 68 % of respondents in Desa
Bangunjiwo did not meet the criterion. Graph 7 shows information that there were
three villages with higher rate of inaccurate targeting than accurate targeting.
They were Desa Sumbermulyo, Pendowoharjo and Bangunjiwo.
Graph 7 Distribution of Target Accuracy per Village
100
90 90
87
80
75 74
70 69
68
64
60 61 60
57 58 58 58
Precentage
55
52
50 50
48
45
43 42 42 42
40 39 40
36
32 31
30
25 26
20
13
10 10
0
Bangunjiwo
Segoroyoso
Wonolelo
Srimartani
Potorono
Caturharjo
Selopamioro
Karangtengah
Pendowoharjo
Bangunharjo
Srihardono
Trirenggo
Sumbermulyo
Sumber Agung
Sriharjo
Banguntapan
Village
Inaccurate Accurate
R&D PSO, December 2007
25
The survey also identified that the criterion mostly manipulated was the
commitment to reconstruct house in the original place (N=153 respondents or
approximately 62.4 %). The next mostly manipulated criterion was that the
households/families were the casualties of the earthquake of 27 May 2006 (N=63
respondents or approximately 26 %). The third mostly manipulated criterion was
the criterion of totally destroyed house (N=27 respondents or approximately 11
%). The least manipulated criterion was criterion of double aid. It was found that
reconstruction funds from JRF‐CSRRP. It was also found that one respondent
receiving JRF‐CSRRP did not live in Bantul before the earthquake on 27 May 2006.
Graph 8 Criteria Deviation of JRF‐CSRRP Aid Recipient
27; 11% 2; 1%
63; 26%
153; 62%
Details of criteria deviation can be explained as follows:
Requirement to Reconstruct in Original Place
This criterion required that the received fund of JRF‐CSRRP had to be used to
reconstruct the damaged house in the original place. Based on the
recommendation from the coordinating meeting of NMC on 3 March 2007, in
special circumstance, fund recipients were allowed to reconstruct house beyond
R&D PSO, December 2007
26
the original place as long as it is located in the same village. Special circumstance
meant that on the original place public facilities supported by community
settlement plan (CSP) would be built. There were 153 respondents or
approximately 62 % of total respondents who reconstruct house beyond the
original place with various reasons (see graph 9).
Graph 9 Reasons for Deviation of Requirement to Reconstruct House in
Original Place Criterion
31; 20%
47; 32%
14; 9%
19; 12%
42; 27%
The most frequent reasons were that after the division of the inherited land, the
respondents inherited the land on which the house was developed. In other
words, they might not build on the original place because it was no longer their
land. There were 47 respondents (approximately 32 %) gave such this reason.
Interestingly, the division of the inherited land was not legally documented in
inheritance certificate. Averagely, the division was made by”acungan” 1 .
The second reason was that on the foundation of the original place, a house
donated by RR‐Pokmas was already developed. The respondents stating this
reason amounted to 42 (27%). Most respondents stating this reason originally
1 Acungan lexically means appointment. In this context, the inherited land was divided only by
showing which part goes to a heir, and which other part goes to another heir, without any legal
document.
R&D PSO, December 2007
27
lived in a house consisting of many households/families before the earthquake. In
this case, other households/families previously living in the same house already
got aid through RR‐Pokmas.
The third reason was that at the original place there was a house dwelled by the
recipient of JRF‐CSRRP. This was the case because the original house was not
demolished or severely damaged. The number of respondents giving such this
reason was 19 (12 % of total respondents). The fourth reason was that the original
land was too narrow. There were 14 people stating this reason (9%). Other reasons
were closeness to parents’ house, laziness to demolish the old foundation, extra
costs of old foundation demolition, or discomfort location.
Household/Family Characteristics
As mandated by the discussion held by NMC on 11 January 2007, it was
mentioned that one of the criterions to be eligible to receive JRF‐CSRRP was that
the households/families had lost their house due to the earthquake of 27 May
2006. Household refers to a unit of family or individual dwelling the house and
taking care of him/herself before the earthquake 27 May 2006.
However, based on the survey results, many recipients did not meet the criterion.
The most prevalent inconsistent application of criteria was because some
households/families dwelled in a single house. This enabled them to get multiple
aids from different donors including JRF‐CSRRP. For example, Household A and
Household B dwelled in the same house although with separate household
also received aid from JRF‐CSRRP. Based on the criterion, Household B was not
eligible to receive similar aid from JRF‐CSRRP. Household B would only be
eligible to receive the fund from JRF‐CSRRP when before the earthquake of 27
May 2006 had physically lived separately and independently from Household A,
although it was still under one roof.
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28
number of cases of multiple aids for multiple households living in one house was
58 or 92% of the total inconsistence of criterion of being the household / family
disadvantaged by the earthquake of 27 May 2006. This case constituted the largest
inconsistence of criterion application. Such this inconsistent application of criteria
was found evenly in nearly all villages, except Desa Banguntapan. The largest
proportion of case was found in Desa Srihardono.
Graph 10 Deviation of the Household/Family characteristic criterion
4; 6% 1; 2%
58; 92%
In addition to the two aforementioned patterns, the criterion of being the
Those were single persons living together with parents and those people getting
married after the earthquake (6% and 2% respectively). The case of unmarried
persons living together with parents was found in Desa Trirenggo for Phase I and
Desa Pendowoharjo, Bangunharjo for Phase II. Actually, these single persons
could get aid for house reconstruction from JRF‐CSRRP if they had separate house
before the earthquake as specified by the criterion made by NMC. Meanwhile,
new households/families resulting from the marriage after the earthquake were
found in Desa Sumber Agung.
R&D PSO, December 2007
29
House Condition Because of the Earthquake
One of the objectives of the project of JRF‐CSRRP was to give aid for house
reconstruction for the casualties of the earthquake of 27 May 2006. One of the
fundamental reasons of whey they were helped was because their houses were
destroyed or severely damaged (more than 80%) by the earthquake. On the other
hand, they were economically unable to reconstruct their own house at their own
cost. Therefore, criterion of demolished house or severely damaged house by the
earthquake was relevant.
Graph 11 Deviation of House Condition Criterion
6; 22%
21; 78%
Masonry wall, not demolished, not severly damaged Woven-bamboo house, not demolished
The results of the survey showed that not all houses of the recipients of the fund
of inconstant applications in this case. The first was that the houses had masonry
wall and was not demolished nor severely damaged (6 persons, 22%). The second
was that the houses were made of woven bamboo, and they were not demolished
(21 persons, 78%). The largest proportion was found in Desa Bangunjiwo. Other
than that, only few villages had this kind of inconsistent application of criteria.
Other criteria
There were two kinds of inconstant application of this criterion. The first was the
case in which all households/families in a single house respectively received fund
R&D PSO, December 2007
30
from JRF‐CSRRP. Based on the specified criterion, in case that many
would be eligible to receive one aid from JRF‐CSRRP. The second was the case in
which the recipients of JRF‐CSRRP lived outside of Bantul before the earthquake
of 27 May 2006. They returned and lived in Bantul after the earthquake. These two
kinds of criteria inconsistence constituted the least proportion to the criterion
inconsistence.
R&D PSO, December 2007
31
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the survey the following conclusion can be made:
1. The target accuracy of house reconstruction aid from JRF‐CSRRP was
relatively low (only 60 %), whereas the rest (40%) was inaccurate.
2. The inaccurate target was caused by inconsistent application of the critera
made by the management of JRF‐CSRRP. In order of percentage, the
manipulated criteria were requirement to reconstruct on the original place
houses condition (11%) and other criteria (1%).
R&D PSO, December 2007
32
REFERENCE
Anonym. 2007. One Year After the Java Earthquake and Tsunami: Reconstruction
Achievements and the Result of the Java Reconstruction Fund. Jakarta: Java
Reconstruction Fund
________. 2006. Preliminary Damage and Loss Assessment, Yogyakarta and Central Java
Natural Disaster, A joint report of BAPPENAS, the Provincial and Local
Governments of D.I. Yogyakarta, the Provincial and Local Governments of
Central Java, and international partners, June 2006.
______. 2007. Appraisal Report For A Java Reconstruction Fund (Jrf) Grant In The
Amount Of Us$60 Million To The Republic Of Indonesia For A Community‐
Based Settlement Rehabilitation And Reconstruction Project October 9, 2007.
Jakarta: The World Bank
For Yogyakarta Special Region, Central And West Java (Project Management
Guidelines) November 6, 2006
Eriyanto.2007.Teknik Sampling: Analisis Opini Publik. Yogyakarta: LKiS
Remaja Rosda Karya
Jakarta: LP3ES
Subkhan, Imam and Sri haryani. 2007. ”Studi Efektifitas Pelaksanaan Proyek
Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Perkotaan‐Rehabilitasi and Rekonstruksi
REKOMPAK) in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta” dalam Jurnal Ekonomi &
Bisnis Indonesia, Volume 22, No. 1, Januari 2007. Yogyakarta: Fakultas
Ekonomi UGM
R&D PSO, December 2007