Symmetrical Components

à Fortescue’s Theorem
o 3 unbalanced phasors of a 3-phase system can be
resolved into 3 balanced systems of phasors.
The balanced sets of components are:

à Positive-sequence components
+ 3 balanced phasors
ð equal in magnitude
ð displaced from each other by 120°
ð same phase sequence as the original phasors
(for example a-b-c)

à Negative-sequence components
+ 3 balanced phasors
ð equal in magnitude
ð displaced from each other by 120°
ð opposite phase sequence to the original
phasors (for example a-c-b)

à Zero-sequence components
+ 3 equal phasors
ð equal in magnitude
ð zero phase displacement from each other

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
67 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Symmetrical Components

à Original voltages:
à Va Vb Vc

à Positive-sequence components:
à Va1 Vb1 Vc1
à or
à Va+ Vb+ Vc+

à Negative-sequence components:
à Va2 Vb2 Vc2
à or
à Va- Vb- Vc-

à Zero-sequence components:
à Va0 Vb0 Vc0

à ORIGINAL PHASORS ARE THE SUM OF

THEIR COMPONENTS:
à Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
à Vb = Vb0 + Vb1 + Vb2
à Vc = Vc0 + Vc1 + Vc2
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
68 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Example 1

NEGATIVE-SEQUENCE
COMPONENTS
Vb2
POSITIVE-SEQUENCE
COMPONENTS
Vc1 Va1
Vc2

Va2

ZERO-SEQUENCE
Vb1 COMPONENTS
Va0
Vb0
Vc0

Vc0
Vc
Vc2 Vc1 Va1
Va2

Va Va0
Vb
Vb0
Vb1

Vb2

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
69 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Example 2

Vb2

Vb1
Va2

Vc2

Va1 Vc1

Va0
Vb0
Vc0

Vb

Va
Vc
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
70 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Example 3

Vb2

Va2
Vb1

Vc2
Vc1

Va1 Va0=Vb0=Vc0=0

Vb

Va=Vc

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
71 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Operators

à Lets define a phasor:

a = 1 Ð 120° = -0.5 + j 0.8666

120°

à The following relations are true:

a2 = (1Ð120°)(1Ð120°) = 1 Ð240°= 1 Ð -120°

a3 = 1 Ð360°= 1 Ð 0°

à 1 + a + a2 = 0
a = 1 120

a3=1

a 2 = 1 -120
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
72 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Symmetrical Components Relations

Vb2
Vc1

Va0
Va1 Vb0
Vc2
Vc0

Vb1 Va2

The positive-sequence components can be written as:

Vb1 = (1 ∠ −120°) Va1 = a2 Va1
Vc1 = (1 ∠ 120°) Va1 = a Va1

For the negative-sequence, we have:

Vb2 = (1 ∠ 120°) Va2 = a Va2
Vc2 = (1 ∠ −120°) Va2 = a2 Va2

And for the zero-sequence:

Va0 = Vb0 = Vc0

The totals are:

Va= Va0 + Va1 + Va2 = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
Vb=Vb0 + Vb1 + Vb2 = Va0 + a2 Va1 + a Va2
Vc=Vc0 + Vc1 + Vc2 = Va0 + a Va1 + a2 Va2
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
73 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Symmetrical Components Relations

In m atrix form :

 V a  1 1 1  V a 0

     
 V b  =
2
1 a a  V a 1 
 V c   1 a a 2   V a 2


T h is defin es the tra n s f o r m atio n m atrix:

1 1 1 
 
A = 1 a 2 a 
 1 a a 2 

Its in v e r s e is:
1 1 1 
-1 1  
A = 1 a a 2
3  
 1 a 2 a 

T h e r e f o r e :
 V a 0
 1 1 1  V a 
  1    
 V a 1  = 3 
1 a a 2  V b 
 V a 2
  1 a 2 a   V c 

or:
1
V a 0 = (V a + V b + V c )
3

V a 1 =
1
3
(V a + a V b + a 2 V c )
V a 2 =
1
3
(V a + a 2V b + a V c )

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
74 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Example

Ia=10 A.

Ib=-Ia
Ic=0

Ia = 10∠0° A. Ib = 10∠180° A. Ic = 0 A.

1
Ia0 = [10∠0°+10∠180°+0] = 0
3
Ia1 = [10∠0°+ (10∠180° )(1∠120° ) + 0] = 5.78∠ − 30°
1
3
Ia2 = [10∠ 0°+(10∠180° )(1∠ − 120° ) + 0] = 5.78∠30°
1
3

Ib0 = Ia0 = 0
Ib1 = 5.78∠ − 30°−120° = 5.78∠ − 150°
Ib2 = 5.78∠ + 30°+120° = 5.78∠ + 150°

Ic0 = Ia0 = 0
Ic1 = 5.78∠ − 30°+120° = 5.78∠ + 90°
Ic2 = 5.78∠ + 30°−120° = 5.78∠ − 90°

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
75 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Unloaded Generator

a
+
Ea
jXn -
n - Eb
- +

+
Ec b
c

Generator is grounded through a grounding reactor

Internal voltages are balanced.

Find the symmetrical components for the internal voltages.

Ea0  1 1 1  Ea  1 1 1   Ea 
  1   1   
 Ea1  = 3 1 a a 2  Eb  = 1 a
3
a 2  a 2 Ea 
Ea2  1 a 2 a  Ec  1 a 2 a  aEa 

Ea0  0 
   
 Ea1  =  Ea 
Ea2  0 

Only positive-sequence voltage exists!!!

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
76 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Generator Equivalent

Positive-sequence Negative-sequence
jX1 jX2
+
Ea1
-

jX0
Zero-sequence
Xn=Impedance from
neutral to ground
j3Xn

The current in the neutral of the generator is:

In = Ia + Ib + Ic = ( Ia1 + Ib1 + Ic1) + (Ia2 + Ib2 + Ic2 ) + Ia0 + Ib0 + Ic0

The positive and negative sequence components add to zero:

Ia1 + Ib1 + Ic1 = 0
Ia2 + Ib2 + Ic2 = 0

This means that the neutral does not carry positive or negative sequence
components.

However, the zero-sequence components are in phase, and their sum is:
In = Ia0 + Ib0 + Ic0 = 3 Ia0

Therefore the zero sequence equivalent has a grounding impedance of

value: Zg = 3 j Xn

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
77 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Single-line to ground fault

Unloaded generator (with balanced internal voltages)

If
a
b
G
jXn c
Generator is Y-connected
grounded using a grounding reactor

Ia = If Va = 0
Ib = 0 Vb=?
Ic = 0 Vc=?

 Ia 0  1 1 1   Ia  1 1 1   If 
  1    1   
 Ia 1  = 3  1 a a 2   Ib  =  1
3
a a 2  0 
 Ia 2   1 a2 a   Ic   1 a2 a   0 

 Ia 0   I f / 3 
   
 Ia 1 =
  I f / 3 
 Ia 2   I f / 3 

If
Ia 0 = Ib 0 = Ic 0 =
3

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
78 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Single-line to ground fault

We have Ia1=Ia2=Ia0 and Va=0.

This situation can be represented in the following way:
Ia1=Ia2=Ia0
jX1
+
+
+
Ea1 Va1
- -

Ia2
jX2
+ Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2 = 0
Va2
-
Ia0
jX0 +
j3Xn Va0 -
-

F r o m t h e c ircuit:
Ea1
Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 =
jX1 + jX2 + jX0 + j3Xn

V a 1 = Ea1 - (jX1)(Ia1)
With this term
V a 2 = 0 - (jX2)(Ia2) we include the
value of the
Va0 = 0 - j(X0 + 3Xn)(Ia0) grounding
reactor

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
79 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Example: Line-to-ground fault in an unloaded generator

Assume:
X 1 = X 2 = 0.12 p. u. X 0 = 0.06 p. u. , X n = 0 Ea1 = 1 p. u.

1∠ 0 °
Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 = = − j 3.33 p. u.
j ( 0.12 + 0 .12 + 0 .06 )
Ia = If = 3Ia1 = -j10 p. u.
Ib = 0
Ic = 0

V a 0 = -jX0(Ia0) = -j0.06(-j3.33) = -0.2

V a 1 = Ea1 - jX1(Ia1) = 1 - j0.12(-j3.3 3 ) = 1 - j0.4 = 0.6
V a 2 = -jX2(Ia2) = -j0.12(-j3 .33) = -0.4

 V a  1 1 1   Va0 
    
 V b  = 1 a2 a   Va1 
 V c  1 a a 2   Va2 

V a = V a 0 + Va1 + Va2 = -0.2 + 0.6 - 0.4 = 0

V b = Va0 + a 2 V a 1 + a V a 2
V b = -0.2 + 0.6 a 2 - 0.4 a = -0.2 + 0.6 ∠ - 120 ° -0.4 ∠ 120 °
V b = 0 .9165 ∠ − 109 .1°

V c = V a 0 + a Va1 + a 2 Va2 = -0.2 + 0.6 ∠ 120 ° -0.4 ∠ - 120 °

V c = 0 .9165 ∠ + 109 .1°

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
80 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Line-to-line fault

Unloaded generator
a 0

b If
G
c
jXn
-If

Ia = 0 Va = ?
Ib = If Vb=Vc
Ic = -If

 Ia 0  1 1 1   Ia  1 1 1  0 
  1    1   
 Ia 1  = 3  1 a a 2   Ib  = 1
3
a a 2   If 
 Ia 2   1 a2  
a   Ic  1 a2 a   − I f 

 Ia 0   1−1 
  I f  2 
 Ia 1  = 3  a − a 
 Ia 2   a 2 − a 

Ia 0 = 0
 If 
Ia 1 = j  
 3
 If 
Ia 2 = − j  
 3

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
81 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Line-to-line fault

We have Ia1=-Ia2, Ia0=0.

This situation can be represented in the following way:

Ia1
jX1
+ +
Ea1 Va1
-
-

Ia2=-Ia1
jX2
+
Va2
-
Ia0=0
jX0 +
j3Xn Va0
-

F r o m t h e c ircuit:
Ea1
Ia1 = -Ia2 =
jX1 + jX2

Va1 = Ea1 - (jX1)(Ia1)

Va2 = Va1
Va0 = 0

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
82 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Example: Line-to-line fault in an unloaded generator

Assume:
X 1 = X2 = 0.12 p.u. X 0 = 0.06 p.u ., X n = 0 Ea1 = 1 p. u.

1∠ 0 °
Ia1 = -Ia2 = = − j 4 .1 7 p . u .
j ( 0 .1 2 + 0 .1 2 )
Ia0 = 0

P h a s e c u r re n t s d u r i n g t h e f a u lt a r e :
Ia = 0
I b = If = -j 3 I a 1 = - 7 . 2 2 p . u .
Ic = -If = 7 . 2 2 p . u.

Va0 = -jX0(Ia0) = 0
V a 1 = E a 1 - j X 1 ( I a 1 ) = 1 - j 0 . 1 2 ( - j 4 .1 7 ) = 1 - 0 . 5 = 0 . 5
V a 2 = - j X 2 ( I a 2 ) = - j 0 . 1 2 ( j 4 .1 7 ) = 0 . 5

P h a s e v o l t a g e s d u r i n g t h e f a u lt a r e :
V a = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
V a = 0 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 1 . 0 p . u . Did not change!!!

V b = Va0 + a 2Va1 + aVa2

V b = 0 + 0 . 5 a 2 + 0.5 a = 0. 5 ( a 2
+ a ) = 0 .5 ( − 1 )
V b = − 0 .5 p . u .

V c = Va0 + aVa1 + a 2 Va2

V c = 0 . 5 ( a + a 2 ) = − 0 .5
V c = − 0 .5 p . u .

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
83 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000
 Protection in Industrial Electric Networks

à Objective: Isolation of the problem with the

minimum service disruption
à Based on the protective device Time-Current
characteristics
time

current

à Information needed for a protection study:

o Protective device manufacturer and type
o Protective device ratings
o Trip settings and ratings
o Short circuit current at each bus
o Full load current of all loads
o Voltage level at each bus
o Power transformers data
o Instrumentation transformers ratios

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies Industrial Power Systems
84 © Salvador Acevedo, 2000