Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Isotopes: Atoms of same element with different number of Type 3 Binary Covalent: Contains two non-metals (which do
neutrons (and different mass) are. not form charges when bonding together).
• Mass number refers only to a specific isotope.
Calculating Average Atomic Mass: (found on periodic 1. Write the first element’s name with the prefix indicating
table) the # of molecules (mono- is not used with the first
Atomic mass = Σ(fractional abundance)(mass of that isotope) element).
2. Write the second element’s name with the prefix
Atoms, Elements and Molecules indicating the # of molecules and “-ide”.
• Atoms: made of sub-atomic particles.
• Elements: made of the same type of atom (each has the Acids: (Compounds with “H+” cations are acids)
same number of protons). 1. Look up the anion:
• Molecules: made of more than one type of atom (more o No oxygen, a single element: “hydro__ic acid”
than one element) chemically bonded together. o “__ate” ion: “__ic acid”
o “__ite” ion: “__ous acid”
07: Writing Chemical Formulas
Type 1 Binary Ionic: Contains two elements—one metal &
one non-metal.
1. Write the symbol and charge of the first element.
2. Write the symbol and charge of the second element.
3. Balance the charges (to form a neutral compound) by
using subscripts.
p 2 3 6
same energy for all sigma bonds of the atom.
d 3 5 10
# of sigma bonds Hybridization Formed from
←
f 4 7 14
2 sp 1 s and 1 p
Aufbau Principle: Fill shells from lowest energy to highest.
3 sp2 1 s and 2 p
Hund’s Rule: electrons are placed in each equal-energy
4 sp3 1 s and 3 p
orbital before doubling up to produce the lowest energy atom
Pauli Exclusion Principle: Two electrons occupying the
Molecular Orbital Theory: Molecules form new orbitals when
same orbital must be opposite spins (angular momentum).
bonding, rather than using the overlap of atomic orbitals.
Use the periodic table as a guide (read left to right):
Order of Filling Molecular Orbitals:
1s
1σ 1σ∗ 2σ 2σ∗ 1πa 1πb 3σ 1πa∗ 1πb∗ 3σ∗
2s 2p
3s 3p
Bonding Orbital: Molecular orbital that pulls the nuclei
4s 3d 4p together.
5s 4d 5p
6s 4f 5d 6p Antibonding Orbital (*): Molecular orbital that pushes the
7s 5f 6d 7p nuclei apart.
3 types of Electron Configuration Notations: Bond Order: determines the type of bond (none, single,
Boxes & Arrows: O (8 electrons): 1s ↑↓ 2s ↑↓ 2p ↑↓ ↑ ↑ double, triple) based on bonding and antibonding electrons.
Spectroscopic: Br (35 electrons): bonding − antibonding
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5 Bond Order =
2
Noble Gas: Br (35 electrons): [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5
15: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structures Exceptions to the Octet Rule:
Bond type Happens Electrons are 1. Hydrogen and Helium can only hold 2 electrons Boron and
between Beryllium can be full with 6 electrons.
Ionic Metal & non-metal Transferred 2. Any element in period 3 or below can have more than 8
Covalent Non-metals Shared electrons.
Polar Non-metals Shared
Covalent unevenly Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR):
Bonds and lone pairs (electrons) repel and arrange themselves
Metallic Metals pooled
in 3D as far away from each other as possible.
Solving pH Problems: Free Energy = maximum work that can be done by system
• For strong acids, assume the [H3O+1] = the concentration ΔG = −n × F × EMF
of the acid. ΔG = free energy (in J); n = # of moles of electrons
• For weak acids, use an ICE chart and the Ka for weak acids transferred; F = 1 Faraday (1 mole of e-1) = 96475
(use approximations for tiny Ka’s). Coulomb (C); EMF = cell potential.