Public Policy

MAHENDRA K Patidar / Public Policy Notes 2011
Public Policy
 Harold Lasswell in 1951 coined the term policy sciences.
 Policies supply the standard guides which help managers to plan,

to act in line with legal requirements and to realize the desired
objectives.
 Policy may take the form of:

 A declaration of goals
 A declaration of course of action
 A declaration of general purpose, and
 An authoritative decision
 Dimock defines as “the consciously acknowledged rules of conduct

that guide administrative decisions.”
 Woodrow Wilson published a paper on, The Study of

Administration in 1887.
 LD White: Introduction to the Study of Public Administration in

1926.
 Power: The ability to bring about some change in the behaviour of

other people. In terms of public policy, power may be defined as
the capacity of individual or groups or holders of public offices to
determine policy decisions.
 According to Gladden, Four different levels in policy making:

 Political/General policy framed by the parliament
 Executive policy framed by the Cabinet
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 Administrative policy, that is, the form in which the

administrator carries out the will of the Government, and
 Technical policy, that is, the day-to-day policy adopted by
officials in the working out of the administrative policy.
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Policy Formulation in India

 Public policy has five stages. According to Michael Howlett and M
Ramesh:
 Agenda-setting
 Policy Formulation
 Decision-making
 Policy Implementation
 Policy Evaluation
 Four features, stand out most prominently, are:

 The democratic and sovereign republic
 The parliamentary system
 The federal character of the constitution
 A broad kind of socio-economic philosophy
 Important institutions:
 Legislature
 Executive:
 Cabinet
 Prime Minister Office (PMO); setup in 1947
 The Central Secretariat
 The Cabinet Secretariat
 Established Institutions
 Planning Commission
 National Development Council
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Planning Commission
 M Visvesvaraya formulate a 10 year plan in 1933
 National Planning Committee in 1938 under the chairmanship of

JL Nehru
 Committee for Planning in 1941
 Replaced by Reconstruction Committee in 1943, Governor General

as chairman
 Planning and Development Department in 1944
 Bombay plan in 1944 by industrialist for the economic

development of the country.
 Planning Commission established on 15 March, 1950
 PM as an ex-officio chairman
 Planning Commission work through three major divisions:

 Programme Advisors
 General Secretariat:
 Administrative Branch
 Plan Coordination Branch
 General Coordination Branch
 Information and Publicity Branch
 Technical Divisions:
 General Division
 Subject Division
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National Development Council

 NDC Created in 06 Aug, 1952
 It was the Advisory Planning Board set up in 1946 under the

chairmanship of KC Neogi
 Functions:
 To review the working of the National Plan from time to time
 To consider important questions of social and economic policy
affecting national development
 To recommend measures for the achievement of the aims and
targets set out in the national plan
 Composition:
 PM as chairman
 Union minister for Home and Defence
 Members of Planning Commission
 Chief Ministers of States.
 Total members are 50.
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Policy Implementation
 According to C Ham and M Hill “Implementation is a process in
which are involved operational flexibility, objective realization and
objective-action continuum”.
 Elements:
 Knowing what you want to do
 Availability of the required resources
 Ability to marshal and control these resources to achieve the
desired end, and
 If others are to carry out the tasks, communicating what is
wanted and controlling their performance
 Conditions for successful implementations:

 Firstly, different kinds of uncertainties often accompany
programmes and policies. Space, inputs, technology and even
staff may not be available at specific in time.
 Secondly, resources may fall short of requirements and may
not be flowing in time.
 Thirdly, there are well known organisational problems
affecting programme implementation.
 Fourthly, Leadership problems, which determines outcomes.
 Lastly, success depends on inter0agency co-ordination.
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Policy Evaluation
 According to Wholey “Policy evaluation is the assessment of the
overall effectiveness of a national programme in meeting its
objectives”.
 Functions of policy evaluation:

 It provide reliable Information about policy performance
 It help to clarify the values that underline the selection of goals
and objectives
 It’s a process of learning
 An integral pare of evaluation is discussion, debate, argument
and persuasion about policy process and working.
 It may restart the policy process in order to continue, modify
or terminate existing policy
 It’s primarily an effort to analyze the policy outcomes in terms
of some set objectives.
 Problems of policy evaluation:

 Policy goals are not clear
 Measuring the objectives is a problem
 Shortage of accurate and relevant facts
 Different actors by different ways
 It’s a political activity
 Ignore some human situations.
 Types of policy evaluation:

 Administrative Evaluation
 Judicial Evaluation
 Political Evaluation
 Models of policy evaluation:
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 Institutional Approach
 Group Theory
 Elite Theory
 System Model
 Rational Policy Model
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Public Policy

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MAHENDRA K Patidar / Public Policy Notes 2011

 Policies supply the standard guides which help managers to plan,

 Policy may take the form of:

 Dimock defines as “the consciously acknowledged rules of conduct

 Woodrow Wilson published a paper on, The Study of

 LD White: Introduction to the Study of Public Administration in

 Power: The ability to bring about some change in the behaviour of

 According to Gladden, Four different levels in policy making:

 Administrative policy, that is, the form in which the

Policy Formulation in India

 Four features, stand out most prominently, are:

 National Planning Committee in 1938 under the chairmanship of

 Committee for Planning in 1941

 Replaced by Reconstruction Committee in 1943, Governor General

 Planning and Development Department in 1944

 Bombay plan in 1944 by industrialist for the economic

 Planning Commission established on 15 March, 1950

 Planning Commission work through three major divisions:

National Development Council

 It was the Advisory Planning Board set up in 1946 under the

 Total members are 50.

 Conditions for successful implementations:

 Functions of policy evaluation:

 Problems of policy evaluation:

 Types of policy evaluation:

 Models of policy evaluation:

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