Prepared By: S.

Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]

ME 471- BIO-ENGINEERING / BIO-MEDICAL

TOPICS: LIGAMENT

Prepared By,

S. EHTESHAM AL HANIF (HRIDOY)

STUDENT ID: 0510035
E-MAIL: SEAHHRIDOY@GMAIL.COM
MOBILE: 88-01670839383

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – LIGAMENT

 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]
Why study these tissues?

 Force deformation characteristics of ligaments and tendons play important role in function of joints and
muscle actuation
 Knowledge of allowable forces which these tissues can sustain aids in
o Sports injury research
o Car crash investigations
o Pressure sore analysis
o Gait analysis

Connective tissues:

 Ligaments: bone to bone

 Tendons: muscles to bone
 Without them: musculoskeletal system falls apart
 Withstand high loads in tension, but buckle in compression
 Injuries to ligaments and tendons very debilitating

Principal structural components for ligaments/tendons:

 Collagen
 Elastin
 Ground substance

Histology: Study of tissue composition

 Dissection, staining, etc

Proportions of each vary: composition follows function

 Transmitting load
 Maintaining anatomic alignment
 Guiding joint motion

Types of collagen fiber cross-over in tendons:

 Four types of fiber crossing

o Parallel fibres (A)
o Simply crossing two fibres (B)
o Crossing oftwo fibres with one straight running fibre (C)
o A plait formation with three fibres (D)
o Typing of parallel running fibres with on additional fibre (E)

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – LIGAMENT

 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]
Tendon mechanical properties: typical force extension curve:

 O-A physiological range: increase in force as collagen fibres are engaged

 A-B Linear range
 C ultimate tensile strength
 D rupture
 Under tensile loading, crimped fibrils are progressively engaged and straighten out-nonlinear stress-strain
relation
o Max elongation approx: 10-15%
o UTS approx 50-100 MPa

Structural properties:

 Ligaments & tendons guide movements by generating forces when stretched – so researches attempt to
characterize their mechanical behaviour
 Experimental studies conducted to determine the response of body regions such as the spinal structure to
external loading yield force-deformation or moment-rotation curves which curves which can be incorporated
into mathematical models
 Models mostly based on either
o Multi-body mechanics with lumped parameter joint stiff-nesses or point force models or
o Are finite element based
 Used for diverse applications such as pre surgical simulation. Crash safety research and computer games.
 Focus on uni-axial tensile testing – and goal is to determine the constitutive relationship between stress and
strain
 For a linear elastic material, and considering only 1 dimension. The following familiar relations apply:
o = , = , = , = ,
o = → =
 Determination of stress from force therefore requires an accurate measure of the cross-sectional area of the
specimen.
 This is difficult for soft tissues because many traditional methods deform the tissue and hence change the cross-
sectional area one is trying to measure.
 Researchers have therefore attempted to use non-contact techniques to measure tissue cross-section.
 Measurement of overall tissue displacement is straightforward when using a universal testing machine. But
localized tissue strains are much more difficult to measure. Again, non-contact methods have been developed

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – LIGAMENT

 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]
Structural Properties of the Bone-Ligament-Bone Complex:

Modeling tendons and ligaments:

 Provides ability to predict mechanical behaviour in ways not possible by experiment – prosthesis behaviour,
impact, etc
 Must describe non-linear and time dependent effects
 Structural models – based on known behaviour of constituents
 Phenomenological models
o Capture global response but do not have parameters relating to composition
o Easier and sometimes sufficient

Properties of Visco-Elastic Materials:

 Relaxation – for a constant displacement, force decays

 Creep – for a constant force, displacement creeps
 Hysteresis – difference between loading and unloading curves – energy dissipation

Hysteresis & Pre-Conditioning:

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – LIGAMENT