‫د‪ .‬ل ا ‪٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨‬‬ ‫د‪ .

‬أ
  ‪٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤‬‬
٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨ ‫ ل ا‬.‫د‬ ٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤  
‫ أ‬.‫د‬

Lecture 1

Human Body Terminology and Orientation

Anatomy: is the study of structure and the relationships among structures.

Levels of body organization:

1) Chemical level: includes atoms, the smallest units of material that participate in
chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.

2) The cellular level: the cells are the basic structural and functional units of an
organism and are the smallest living units in the human body (muscle cells, nerve
cells and blood cells).

3) Tissue level: tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that
work together to perform a particular function. There are 4 basic types of tissues in
the body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

4) The Organs: are structures composed of two or more different types of tissues,
they have specific function and usually have recognizable shapes (stomach, liver
and lungs).

5) The system level: consists of related organs that have a common function
(digestive system).

6) The organismal level: organism is any living individual.

•The principal systems of human body:

• Integumentary system: the skin and structures derived from it such as hair, nails
and sweat and oil glands, its functions are :
1- protects the body.
2- regulate the body temperature .
3- eliminates some wastes
4- sensation.
٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨ ‫ ل ا‬.‫د‬ ٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤  
‫ أ‬.‫د‬

• Skeletal system: all bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.

• Muscular system: refers specifically to skeletal muscle tissue, which is muscle

attached to the bone. Other muscle tissue types are smooth and cardiac muscles.

• Cardiovascular system: Blood, heart and blood vessels.

• Lymphatic and Immune system: lymph, lymphatic vessels and structures or organs
containing lymphatic tissue such as spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils.

• Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs such as the
eyes and ear.

• Endocrine system: all hormone-producing cells and glands such as the pituitary
and thyroid glands and pancreas.

• Respiratory System: lungs and the airways leading into and out of them (pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchus and lungs).

• Digestive system: organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and the anus.

• Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra that together
produce, store and eliminate urine.

• Reproductive system: Gonads (testes or ovaries) and associated organs:

uterinetubes, uterus, and vagina in females and epididymis, ductus deferens, and
penis in males.

The basic anatomical Terminology:

• Anatomical position: the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head
level and the eyes facing directly forward. The feet are flat on the floor and
directed forward, and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward.
٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨ ‫ ل ا‬.‫د‬ ٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤  
‫ أ‬.‫د‬

• Prone position: if the body is lying face down.

• Supine position: if the body is lying face up.

• Regional Names:
- The principal regions are the head, neck, trunk, upper limp and the lower limbs.

- The head consists of skull (encloses and protects the brain) and face (is the anterior
portion of the head).
٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨ ‫ ل ا‬.‫د‬ ٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤  
‫ أ‬.‫د‬

- The neck supports the head and attached to the trunk.

- The trunk consists of the chest, abdomen and pelvis.

- Each upper limb (extremity) is attached to the trunk and consists of the shoulder,
armpit, arm (from shoulder to elbow), forearm (from elbow to wrist), wrist, and
hand.

- Each lower limb is also attached to the trunk and consists of buttock, thigh, leg,
ankle, and foot.

- The groin is an area on the anterior surface of the body marked by a crease on each
side where the trunk is attached to the thighs.

-
٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨ ‫ ل ا‬.‫د‬ ٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤  
‫ أ‬.‫د‬

The names of the major parts of the body and their corresponding form (adjective)
for each part:

Head Cephalic Upper limb

Skull cranial Armpit Axillary
Face Facial Arm Brachial
Forehead Frontal Front of elbow Antecubital
Eye Orbital Forearm Antebrachial
Ear Otic Wrist Carpal
cheek Buccal palm Palmar
Digital or
Nose Nasal Fingers
phalangeal
Chin Mental Bach of elbow Olecranal
Neck cervical Lower limb
Trunk Thigh Femoral
Anterior surface
Chest Thoracic Patellar
of knee
Posterior surface
Navel Umbilical Popliteal
of knee
Groin Inguinal leg Crural
Pubis Pubic calf Sural
abdomen abdominal ankle Tarsal
Pelvis Pelvic heel Calcaneal
hip Coxal Top of foot Dorsum
loin Lumbar sole Plantar
Btw hips Sacral toes Digital or
buttock gluteal phalangeal

Planes and Sections:

• Sagittal plane (midsagittal or median plane): is a vertical plane that divides the
body or organ into right and left sides or halves, passes through the midline of the
body and divides into equal R & L sides.

• Parasagittal plane: not pass through the midline and divides the body or organ
into unequal R & L sides.
٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨ ‫ ل ا‬.‫د‬ ٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤  
‫ أ‬.‫د‬

• Frontal (Coronal) plane: divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior
(back) portions.

• Transverse (horizontal or cross sectional) plane: divides the body or organ into
superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
- All of them are at right angles to each others.

• An oblique plane: passes through the body or organ at an angle between the
transverse plane and either a sagittal or frontal plane.

- Each one above gives us section view, meaning that we look at only one flat surface of
three dimensional structures.

Directional Terms:

- They are words describe the position of one body part relative to another.

Superior (cranial or cephalic): toward the head, or the upper part of the structure.

Inferior (caudal): away from the head, or the lower part of the structure.
٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨ ‫ ل ا‬.‫د‬ ٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤  
‫ أ‬.‫د‬

Anterior (ventral): nearer to or at the front of the body.

Posterior (dorsal): nearer to or at the back of the body.

Medial: nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane.

Lateral: farther from the midline or sagittal plane.

Intermediate: between two structures.

Ipsilateral: on the same side of the body as another structure.

Contralateral: on the opposite side of the body from another structure.

Proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the point of
origin.

Distal: farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, farther from the point of
origin.

Superficial: toward or on the surface of the body.

Deep: away from the surface of the body.
٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨ ‫ ل ا‬.‫د‬ ٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤  
‫ أ‬.‫د‬

Body Cavities:

- They are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal
organs.

- Bones, muscles and ligaments separate the various body cavities from one another.
Body cavities and their membranes
Cavity divisions subdivisions definition Contents

Formed by cranial bone and

Cranial
contains brain and its coverings.
Dorsal Meninges
Formed by vertebral column and
Vertebral
contains spinal cord.

Each surrounds a lung, the serous

Two Pleural
membrane of the pleural cavities
Cavities
is the pleura
Surrounds the heart, the serous
Pericardial membrane of the pericardial
Thoracic cavity is the pericardium.
Central region of the thoracic
cavity between the pleural cavities
Mediastinum extends from sternum to vertebral
Ventral column and from neck to
diaphragm.
Contains stomach, spleen, liver,
gallbladder, small intestine, and
Abdominal most of large intestine, the serous
membrane of the abdominal
Abdominopelvic
cavity is peritoneum.
Contains urinary bladder. Portions
Pelvic of large intestine, and internal
organs of reproduction.

- The Dorsal body cavity: is located near the dorsal (posterior) surface of the body
and has two subdivisions (cranial and vertebral).
٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨ ‫ ل ا‬.‫د‬ ٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤  
‫ أ‬.‫د‬

- The Ventral body cavity: is located on the ventral (anterior) aspect of the body.

- The Diaphragm: is the large dome-shaped muscle that powers lung expansion
during breathing and it forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and the roof of the
abdominopelvic cavity.

- The Viscera: are the organs inside the ventral body cavity.

- The thoracic cavity: is encircled by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum
(breastbone), and the backbone.

- The Mediastinum: is the central portion of thoracic cavity, it is located between

the pleural cavities and extends from the sternum and the vertebral column, and
from the neck to the diaphragm. It contains all thoracic viscera except the lungs
themselves.
٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨ ‫ ل ا‬.‫د‬ ٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤  
‫ أ‬.‫د‬

Thoracic and abdominal cavity Membranes:

- Serous membrane: is a thin, slippery membrane, covers the viscera of the within
thoracic and abdominal cavities and lines the wall of the thorax and abdomen.
- The parts of a serous membrane are:
• The parietal layer, which lines the wall of the cavity.
• The visceral layer, which covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities.
• Serous fluid between the two layer reduces friction, allowing the viscera to slide
somewhat during movements.
- The serous membranes are:
1. Pleura: consists of parietal pleura (lines the wall of chest) and visceral
pleura (lines the surface of the lungs), and between them is the pleural
cavity.
2. Pericardium: the same but as above but covers the heart.

3. Peritoneum:

- It is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity. The visceral peritoneum covers the
abdominal viscera, whereas the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall.
- Between them is the peritoneal cavity.

-Most of abdominal organs are located in the peritoneal cavity, but some are
located behind the parietal peritoneum (they are between it and the posterior
abdominal wall.

- Such organs are said to be retroperitoneal (kidneys, adrenal glands,

pancreas, duodenum of small intestine, ascending and descending colons of
large intestine, and portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava.
٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨ ‫ ل ا‬.‫د‬ ٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤  
‫ أ‬.‫د‬

Abdominopelvic region Regions an

Quadrants:

- To describe the location many human abdominal and pelvic organs more easily, we use
two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller compartments.

- The first method, two transverse and two horizontal lines, partition this cavity into nine
regions.

• The subcostal line (top transverse) is drawn just inferior to the rib cage, across the
inferior portion of the stomach.
• The transtubercular line (bottom transverse) is drawn just inferior to the tops of the
hip bones.
• The right and left midclavicular (two vertical) lines are drawn through the
midpoints of the clavicles (collar bones) just medial to the nipples.
٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨ ‫ ل ا‬.‫د‬ ٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤  
‫ أ‬.‫د‬

-The name of these regions and the structures found in each region:
Right Left
Epigastric
hypochondriac hypochondriac
Region
region region
Right Lumbar Umbilical Left Lumbar
region region region
Right Iliac Hypogastric Left Iliac
(inguinal) region (pubic) region (inguinal) region

1-Left lobe and medial

part of right lobe of liver, 1-Body and fundus of
1-Right lobe of the 2- pyloric and lesser stomach.
liver. curvature of stomach, 2- Spleen.
2- gallbladder 3- Duodenum, 3- Left colic flexure.
3-upper superior 4- Body and superior part 4- Superior two thirds
third of right kidney of head of pancreas, of left kidney.
5- Right and left adrenal 4- The tail of pancreas.
glands.
1-Superior part of
cecum,
1-Middle portion of
2- Ascending colon, 1- Descending colon.
transverse colon.
3- right colic 2- Inferior of left
2- Part of small intestine.
flexure, kidney.
3- Bifurcations of
4- inferior portion 3- Part of small
abdominal aorta and
of right kidney, intestine.
inferior vena cava.
5- Part of small
intestine.
1-Lower end of the 1- Junction of
1- Urinary bladder when
cecum. descending and
full.
2- Appendix. sigmoid parts of colon
2- Small intestine.
3- Part of small 2-part of small
3- Part of sigmoid colon.
intestine. intestine.

- The second method is simpler and divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four
quadrants.

- The transverse plane and midsagittal plane are passed through the umbilicus or belly
button.
٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨ ‫ ل ا‬.‫د‬ ٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤  
‫ أ‬.‫د‬

-The names of these quadrants are:

1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ).
2. Left upper quadrant (LUQ).
3. Right lower quadrant (RLQ).
4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ).

The End

٠٧٧٩٣٨٠٧٩٨ ‫ ل ا‬.‫د‬ ٠٧٨٦٤٤٣٠٧٤  

‫ أ‬.‫د‬

‫رب "!ر اﻡ‬$% &‫!ون ﻡ) ﻡ(آ‬

0796071972
0786187636