CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 1 09/04/2009

School of Civil Engineering Fluid Flow in Pipes

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

• Pressurised flow
 Liquid or Gas
 Above or below atmospheric
Fluid Flow in Pipes: Lecture 1 pressure
• No free surface
Dr Andrew Sleigh  That is “open channel flow”
Dr Ian Goodwill • “Real” viscous fluid
 Interacts with boundary
CIVE2400: Fluid Mechanics

www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1

Resistance to flow This module:

• Flowing fluid • Analysis of pipeline flow

 Shear stress where touches solid boundary • How to quantify friction
 Both for pipes & open channels  What causes it
 What is its magnitude
• Referred to as “frictional resistance”  How significant it is
 Energy transfer between fluid and boundary • How to take account of friction
 Experienced as a “loss” of energy in fluid • How to take account of other losses
• Examples:
• Energy “loss” at joints and junctions  Pipes in series
 Due to flow separation (a local friction  Pipes in parallel
effect)
 Branched pipes (small networks)
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 3 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 4

Analysis of pipelines Bernoulli Equation

• Typical simple pipeline joining 2 reservoirs • Including losses

Friction Loss
• Bernoulli 2
pA u A pB uB2
z A hpump z B hL entry hL expansion hL exit h f
pA u A2 pB u B2 g 2g g 2g
zA zB H Constant
g 2g g 2g

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 5 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 6

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CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 1 09/04/2009

Bernoulli Equation (simplified) Pressure head

• pA = Atmospheric pressure • Fluid flowing in pipe
• pB = Atmospheric pressure
• uA = small (negligible) Pressure Head
• Piezometer
• uB = small (negligible) p
h
• Level rises g

p A u A2 pB uB2
z A hpump z B hL entry hL expansion hL exit h f
g 2g g 2g
z A zB h pump hL entry hL expansion hL exit hf
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 7 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 8

Velocity head Shear stress on fluid

• Fluid flowing in pipe Velocity Head • Newton’s law of viscosity
• Piezometer & u2  Shear stress proportional to velocity gradient
• L-shaped Piezometer h du
2g
dy
• Levels rise p u2
g 2g p
• Viscosity, , is the constant of proportionality
g

du
dy

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 9 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 10

Laminar and turbulent flow Reynolds Number Calculation

• Flow can be either • Pipe diameter: 0.5m
 Laminar - low velocity • Crude oil:
 Turbulent – high velocity
 (with a small transitional zone between) Kinematic viscosity = 0.0000232 m²/s
ud ud • Water:
• Reynold' Number Re
Dynamic viscosity µ = 8.90 10−4 Pa·s
Laminar flow: Re < 2000
Transitional flow:2000 < Re < 4000 What are the velocities when
Turbulent flow: Re > 4000
Turbulent flow would be expected
• Pipe flow nearly always turbulent to start?
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 11 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 12

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CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 1 09/04/2009

Reynolds Number Calculation Pressure loss due to friction in pipes

ud ud
• Crude oil: Re • Cylinder of fluid: w Area A
u 0.5
4000 Direction of flow

2.23 10 5 Pressure p Pressure p - p

u 0.1784 m / s w

• Water: • Driving force (due to pressure) P = F/A

1000u 0.5 Driving force = upstream force – downstream force

4000
8.90 10-4 d2
Driving force = pA p p A pA p
u 0.007 m / s 4

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 13 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 14

Pressure loss due to friction in pipes Pressure loss due to friction in pipes
w Area A
w Area A
Direction of flow
Direction of flow
Pressure p Pressure p - p
Pressure p Pressure p - p
w
w Driving force = Retarding force
• Retarding force (due to shear stress at wall) p
d2
w dL
4
Retarding force = shear stress x area acts
w 4L
p
d
Retarding force = w area of pipe wall = w dL pressure loss in terms of Shear Stress at wall

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 15 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 16

Pressure loss velocity relationship Pressure loss shear stress relationship

• Shear stress will • This graph is empirical
change with velocity Obtained from experiment
• So shear stress
changes with Re • We would like to know
The relationship between
• Laminar w and Pressure
p u
• Turbulent • Will not get a general expression
p u 1.7 to 2.0
• But we will see a method of estimating w
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 17 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 1 18

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CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 1 09/04/2009

Today’s lecture:

• Fluid flow in pipes

• Analysis of pipelines

• Bernoulli Equation (revision)

• Pressure loss / Wall Shear Stress and

velocity relationship

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