CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 4 09/04/2009

School of Civil Engineering Local Head Losses

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

• Local head losses are the “loss” of energy at point where

the pipe changes dimension (and/or direction).
 Pipe Expansion
 Pipe Contraction
Fluid Flow in Pipes: Lecture 4  Entry to a pipe from a reservoir
 Exit from a pipe to a reservoir
 Valve (may change with time)
 Orifice plate
Dr Andrew Sleigh
 Tight bends
Dr Ian Goodwill

• They are “velocity head losses” and are represented by

CIVE2400: Fluid Mechanics
u2
hL k L
www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2 2g
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 2

Value of kL Losses at an Expansion

• For junctions and bends we need • As the velocity reduces (continuity)

experimental measurements • Then the pressure must increase
(Bernoulli)
• kL may be calculated analytically for • So turbulence is induced and head losses
 Expansion occur
 Contraction Turbulence and losses

• By considering continuity and momentum

exchange and Bernoulli
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 3 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 4

Value of kL for Expansion Value of kL for Expansion

u12 u22 p2 p1
• Apply the momentum equation from 1 to 2 • Combine p2
g
p1 u2
g
u1 u2 and hL 2g g
p1 A1 p2 A2 Q u2 u1 2
u1 u2
hL
• Using the continuity equation we can 2g
eliminate Q p p u u u 2 1 2
1 2 • Using the continuity equation again
g g
 u1A1 = u2A2 u2=u1A1/A2

2 2
A1 u12 kL 1
A1
hL 1
A2 2g A2
1 2
• From Bernoulli hL
u12 u22 p2 p1 • A1 >> A2, kL = 1 exit loss
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 2g g 5 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 6

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CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 4 09/04/2009

Losses at an Contraction Losses at an Contraction

• Flow converges as the pipe contracts • Apply the general local head loss equation
• Convergence is narrower than the pipe between 1’ and 2
2

 Due to vena contractor A1' u12'

hL 1
A2 2g
• Experiments show for common pipes
 A1’ = 0.6A2  Using A1’ = 0.6A2
 And Continuity
• Can ignore losses A2u2 A2u2 u2
u1'
bewteen 1 and 1’ A1' 0.6 A2 0.6
1’ 2 1 1’ 2
1 u22
hL 0.44
 As Convergent flow is very stable 2g

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 7 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 8

Other Losses Losses: Junctions

• Whenever there is expansion

• Pressure increases down stream
• Danger of boundary layer separation as the fluid
near the walls had little momentum Reduced velocity
Reduced velocity
Increased pressure

Increased pressure

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 9 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4

Losses: Sharp bends kL values

Bell mouth Entry T-branch
kL
valu kL = 1.5
e
Bellmouth entry 0.10

Sharp entry 0.5

kL = 0.1
Sharp exit 0.5

Reduced velocity 90 bend 0.4

Sharp Entry/Exit
90 tees

In-line 0.4 kL = 0.5

flow
Branch 1.5
to line
Gate value (open) 0.25

T-inline
Increased pressure kL = 0.4

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4

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CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 4 09/04/2009

Pipeline Analysis Bernoulli Graphically

pA u A2
• Bernoulli Equation • Reservoir g 2g
zA H

equal to a constant: Total Head, H


• Pipe of Constant diameter
pA u A2 • No Flow Pressure head
Total Head Line
zA H
g 2g

• Applied from one point to another (A to B) p/ g

p/ g
p/ g
 With head losses z A= H
H

pA u A2 pB u B2 z
zA H z B hL h f
g 2g g 2g
z
z

Datum line Elevation

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4

Bernoulli Graphically Bernoulli Graphically

pA u A2 Change of Pipe pA u A2
• Constant Flow g 2g
zA H
• Constant Flow Diameter g 2g
zA H

• Constant Velocity Total Head Line • Constant Velocity Total Head Line

• No Friction Velocity head Hydraulic Grade

Line
• No Friction Velocity head Hydraulic Grade
Line
u22/ g
u2/ g u2/ g

p/ g p/ g
z A= H z A= H Wider Pipe
H H
Pressure head Pressure head

z Elevation z Elevation

Datum line Datum line

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4

Bernoulli Graphically Reservoir Feeding Pipe Example

pA u A2 pB u B2 • d = 0.1m
• Constant Flow g 2g
zA H
g 2g
zB hL h f
• Length A-C = L = 15m
Find
a) Velocity in pipe
• Constant Velocity Hydraulic Grade • Length A-B = L = 1.5m
b) Pressure at B
Line
• f = 0.08
• With Friction Total Head Line
• kL entry = 0.5 Sharp
u2/ g • kL exit = 0 Opens to atmosphere
u2/ g u2/ g B

p/ g A zB-zA = 1.5m
z A= H
H-hf
zA-zC = 4m

zA zB C
z
pc = Atmospheric
zC
Datum line

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4

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CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 4 09/04/2009

Reservoir Feeding Pipe Example Reservoir Feeding Pipe Example

• Apply Bernoulli with head losses • Find pressure at B: Apply Bernoulli A-B
pA u A2 pC uC2 pA= pc = Atmospheric pA u A2 pB u B2 pA= Atmospheric = treat as 0
zA zC hL h f zA z B hL h f
g 2g g 2g uA= negligible g 2g g 2g uA= negligible

uC2 u2 4 fLu 2 u2 4 fL pB u B2 u 2 4 fLABu 2

z A zC 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 zB zA u uB 1.26m / s
2g 2g 2 gd 2g d g 2g 2g 2 gd
2
u2 pB 1.26 4 0.08 5.0
4 1.5
4 0.08 15
u 1.26m / s 1.5 1.5 pB 28.58 103 N / m2
2 9.81 0.1 1000 9.81 2 9.81 0.1
B B Negative
A A i.e. less than Atmospheric pressure

zA zB C zA zB C
pc = Atmospheric zC pc = Atmospheric zC

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 4

Today’s lecture:

• Local head losses hL kL

u2
 Expansion loss 2g
2
 Contraction loss A1 u12
hL 1
 Junction A2 2g

 + other minor losses

• Graphical representation of Bernoulli
 Total Head Line
 Hydraulic Grade Line
• Analysis of pipeline, including losses
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