THE INVENTIONS RESEARCHES AND WRITINGS OF NIKOLA. TESLA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HIS WORK IN POLYPHASE CURRENTS AND HIGH POTENTIAL LIGHTING 1 THOMAS COMMERFORD MARTIN Edu Tee Exacta: Epcieecen; Past-President American Tneainone Electrical Fingineens 1894 THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER NEW YORKPREFACE. ae electrical problema of the present day lie largely in the economical transmission of power and in the radical im- provement of the means and methods of illumination, To many workers and thinkers in the domain of eleetrical invention, the apparatus and devices that are familiar, appear eumbrous and waeteful, and subject to eevere limitations. They believe that the principles of current gencration must be changed, the area of eurrent supply be enlarged, and the appliances used by the consumer be at once cheapened and simplitied. The brilliant successes of the past justify them in every expectancy of still more generous fruition. The present volume ie a simple record of the pioneer work dove in such departments up te date, by Mr. Nikola Tesla, in whom the world has already recognized one of the foremost of modern electrical investigators and inventors. No attempt what- ever has been made here to emphasize the importance of Mis reacarches and diseoverice. Gureat ideas and real inventions win their own way, determining their own place by intrinsic merit. But with the conviction that Mr. Tesla is blazing a path that electrical development must follow for many years to come, the compiler has endeavored to bring together all that bears the im- press.of Mr, Teala’s wenins, and is worthy of preservation. Aside from its value as elowing the seope of his inventions, this volume may be of service as indicating the range of his thought. There is intellectual profit in studying the push and play of a vigorous and original mind. Althqugh the lively interest of the public in Mr. Tesla’s work is perhape of recent growth, this volume covers the results of foll ten years. It iueludes his lectures, misccllancous articlesvi PREFACE, and discussions, and makes note of all his inventions thus far known, particnlarly those bearing on polyphase motors and the effects obtained with eurrents of high potential and high fre- queney. Tt will be seen that Mr. Tesla has ever pressed forward, barely pausing for an instant to work ont in detail the utilizatione that have at onee heen obvious to him of the new prineiplea he has elucidated, Wherever possible his own langnage has been employed. Tt may be added that this volume is issucd with Mr. Tcela’s sinetion and approval, and that permission has been obtained for the re-publication in it of such papers aa lave been read before various technical societies of this country and Europe. Mr. Tesla has kindly favored the author by looking over the proof sheets of the sections cibodying his latest researches, The work hae also enjoyed the carefol revision of the authors friend and editorin! associate, Mr. Joseph Wetzler, throngl whore bande all the proofs hare passed. Deceween, 1892. T.c. M.CONTENTS. PART IL POLYPHASE CURRENTS. CHAPTER L Buwieariican axn Lwrronmorony......0-02.0-2. 02. kee CHAPTER IL A New Systew or Acreesarioa: Crnrext Mirroza axn TRANSFORMERS. oe. cece cee ee eens eee eee e reas OHAPTER IIL. Tar Testa Rotaniso Macsene Freen—Morogs wire Close Cox puctor.—S8yscunoxizixa Morow.—Rora- Tina FIELD TRANSFORMERS... ..- 00-0 cee ree ere es CHAPTER TV. Momvicarions aso Exraxstoxs or rik Teana Povrriase SYBTEMB.... ss ee eee CHAPTER V. Urnasinc Faniiian Tyres of Gixenatons of tHe Cox- Tinwons Comment Trrt.... cence ces cee esea eeu OHAPTER V1. Meroop or (hevaunixe Destin Srexp or Moron ox AVBNBBATOM 6 Qc 0 eee cee cece eres seme earerarn rues aL 36ylil ONTENTS. CHAPTER VIL Reavaaton For Rerary Cement Motors.......-.....- CHAPTER VIIL Sincere Ceri, Beer-Srartinc Swacnaestzina Morons... CHATTER TX. Cuasce From TDiockyr Curresr to Bixnene Correnr Mens ence rete eens CHAPTER X. Morex weu *Cunnexr Lag” AtiFicLatiy Skecmen.... CHAPTER AL Aswrime Merion of Transrormation Frow 4 Torguk To A Sywcumoxtzina Mannan. ..0. 00.0 22. 2 eee CILAPTER XIL “Macxeno Lag’ Morok..... pada a tee fase essen es CHAPTER NIL. Meroom oy Onvarisc Therekence or Poask nv Mac- NETIO SHIELDING 2.2.6.4... ne CHAPTEI XIV. Tree or Teena Sinute-Puase Moron ...... CHAPTER XV. Motors were Circurrs or Therexexr Ieemetance CHATTER XVI Motos with Equa. Maexerie Exeraes in Firmen ATP Aumature... CHAPTER XVIL Moroes wirn Comemia Maxica oF Mauxene Evrscr In AistaTuRE axn Freep 45 Wh fe te oe ae AT a1 EbCONTENTS, CHAPTER AVIUL Moms Basen os tae Dirrerexce or Puase ix tue Mad NETIZATION OF THE Iswee axt Ovter Parts oF an Tram CORR... cece cere re etree eee cetera CHAPTER XIX. AsoTaeR Tree or Testa Ixvvermn Motor............. CHAPTER XX. CoMBINATIONS oF BrxcHRuxizixG Motor axp Torgre Moron... 0-200. eee eee ee eee ee CHAPTER XXII. Morox win a Coxpensek in THe ARMATCRE Cuncrir... CHAPTER XXII, Morer wrre Cospexsen ox Osn or gee Figup Comevirs, CHAPTER XXIII. Testa Pourruasxr Transrormen,,.......-::-0cc¢ereten CHAPTER XXIV. A (Coxstant Cuunext Tuassronmen wirh Maaneric Swe Berwees Cows or Primary ash Sucuxpary PART IL Be a2 ah Lin log 1 113 THE TESLA EFFECTS WITH IGIL FREQUENCY AND HIGH POTENTIAL CURRENTS. CHAPTER XAYV. Istrepectony.—Tae Scorn or Tur Trsta Lucremes.... CHAPTER XAXVL Tae New York Lecrers, Exreninente worn AvrKsate Correxts of Very Hion Frrgvescy, axp Turi Aprucatios to Merton: or Axtivician Inirwra- tot, Mav 2, USML ee ee eee eee eee eee ee Lisx CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXVIL. Tux Loxpon Lecrure. Expruiments witil ALTERNATE * Crrmenrs oF Hien Porestia. axp THtoa Freqvency, Femrvary 8, U892.. 000066 cc cece eee eee eee eee 198 CHAPTER XXVITL Tue Pramaveneuia asp St, Lowe Leorres, Oe Lic axp Oram Wier Fregvescy Purxomens, Pepevary awn Mame, 1898... 0c. cc cece e ree eee renee eee a4 CHATTER XXIX. Testa Aurennatisa Crrnent (enenate FREQUENCY sce ccuce cere terrence ees eee cee eens ae CHAPTER XXX, Aureasare Consent Exeeteosraric Ispverion Arranatus 392 ror Htett CHALTER XXXL “ Massage" wrt Cverests ov Hrow Feequency....... a4 CHAPTER XXXTE Eveemuc Diserarcr cx Vaovwm Tunes ......0. 000. ..0. 306 PART LIL MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS ANDY WRITINGS. CHAPTER XXXII Merson or Oetammec Dimeer prom ALrersarive Cur CIAPTER XXXIV. Cowpeneuxs with Puarrs mw Omn.......- 5 tobe temeeauh 418 CUAPTER XXXV, Exxctmonyt Reoisremtsa Merer.....ec.s cece eee ee ee 420CONTENTS. zi CHAPTER XXXVI. Tusemo-Maoxetic Motors axn PrroMaoxetio Grp RATORS, 000020004 ecu c ese aaa eee Saecb stdin 404 CHAPTER XXXVIL Astrérarkina Dywawo Berar ann ComMrTaton......s 453 CHAPTER XXXVIL Acxtuary [rosa Teoveation or Theeer Oorrmrst Dy- Be Ca 438 CHAPTER XXXIX. Iareevemest ix Dyxamo asp Moron Coxsrmvction,.... 448 CUAPTER XL. Testa Thenet Comrest Arc Liontisa Systew....... - 451 CHAPTER XII. Iseprovement om Usirocan Grenematoms.............2+. 405 PART IV. APPENDIX: EARLY PHASE MOTORS ANT) THE TESLA OSCILLATORS, CHAPTER XLII. Mn. Testa’s Persona Exatert av ree Worno'a Farr... 477 CUAPTER XLIIL Toe Testa Mecnamtest ann Execretoas Osctu.atora... 456PART I. POLYPHASE CURRENTS.CHAPTER I. FiockarHicat, at DxtRopecrory. As as introduction to the record contained in this velume of Mr. Tesla’s investigations and diseoverice, a few words of-a biographical nature will, it is deemed, not be out of place, nor other than weleome. ‘ Nikola Tesla was born in 1887 at Similjan, Lika, a borderland region of Anstro-Hungary, of the Serbian race, which has main- tained against Turkey and all comers so unceasing a struggle for freedom. His family isan old and representative one among these Switzer of Eastern Europe, and his father wae an eloquent elergyman in the Greek Chureh, An uncle is to-day Metropoli- tan in Roania. THis mother was a woman of inherited ingenuity, and delighted not only in skilful work of the ordinary household character, but in the construction of such mechanical appliances as looms and ehurns and other machinery required in a rural community, Nikela was educated at Gospich in the public «whool for four years, and then epent three years in the Real Schule. He was then sent to Caretatt, Croatia, where he con- tinned his etudies for three years in the Higher Real Behole, There for the first time he saw a steam locomitive. He gradu- ated in L878, and, surviving an attack of cholera, devoted himn- aelf to experimentation, especially in electricity and magnetism, Hie father would have had him maintain the family tradition by watering the Chureh, but native venins was too strong, and he was allowed to enter the Polyterhnie School at Gratz, to finish his studies, and with the object of becoming a profeseer of math- ematies and pliysice, One of the machines there experimented with was a Gramine dynamo, need as a motor, Despite his in- structor's perfect demonstration of the fact that iit was impossible to operate a dynamo without commutator or brushes, Mr, Teala sould not be eonvineed that enel. accessories were neoeaary OF desivable. He had already seen with quick intuition that a way could be fonnd to dispense with them ; and from that time he may4 INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TESLA, be said to have begun work on the ideas that froctitied ultimately in his rotating field motors. In the second year of his Gratz course, Mr. Tesla gave up the notion of becoming a teacher, and took up the engineering cur- rleulum, This eiucies ended, he retarned home in time to see his father die, and then went to Prague and Buda-Peeth to study languages, with the object of qualifying himself broadly for the prictice of the engineering profession. For a short time he served as an assistant in the Government Telegraph Engineer- ing Department, and then berame associated with M. Puskas, a personal and family friend, and other exploiters of the telephone in Tlongary. He made a number of telephonic inventions, but found his opportunities of benefiting by them limited in various ways, To gain « wider field’ of action, he pushed on to Paris and there secured employment as an electrical engineer with one of the large companiee in the new industry of electric lighting. Tt was during this period, and ae early as 188%, that le began serious and continued efforts to embody the rotating field prin- ciple in operative apparatus, le was enthusiastic about it; be- lieved it to mark a new departure in the electrical arte, and could think of nothing else, In fact, but for the solicitations of a few fricude in commercial circles who urged him to form a company to exploit the invention, Mr. Tesla, then a youth of little worldly experience, would lave souglit an immediate opportunity to pub- lish hie ideas, believing thom to he worthy of note ae a novel and radical advance in electrical theory as well as destined to have a profound influence ou all dynamo electrie machinery. At last he determined that it wowkd be beet to try Iie fortunes in America, In Franee he had met many Americans, and in contact with them learned the desirability of turning every wew idea in electricity to practical nie. He learned aleo of the ready encouragement given in the United States to any inventor who could attain come new and valuable reeult. The resolution woe formed with characteristic yoickuess, and abandoning all bis Prospects in Europe, he at once set his face westward, Arrived in the United States, Mr. Tesla took off his eoat the day be arrived, in the Edison Works. That place had been w goal of hieambition, and one can readily imagine the benefit and stimula derived from association with Mr. Edieon, for whom Mr, Tesla laws always had the strongest admiration. Tt-was im possi » that, with his own ideas to carry out, and hisPOLYPHASE CURRENTS. as own inventions to develop, Mr. Tesla could Jong remain in even the most delightful employ; and, his work now attracting atten- tion, he left the Edison ranks to join 4 company intended to make and gell an are lighting ayetern based on some of his inven- tions in that branch of the art. With uneessing diligence he brought the system to perfection, and eaw it placed on the market. But the thing which most oceupied his time and thoughts, how- ever, all through this period, was his old discovery of the rotating field prineiple for alternating current work, aud the application of it in motors that have now become known the world over, Strong as his convictions on the subject then were, it is a fact: that he ateod very much alone, for the alternating eurrent had no well recognized place. Few electrical engineers had ever teed it, and the majority were entirely unfamiliar with its value; or even ite eseential features. Even Mr. Tesla limeelf did not, until after protracted effort and experimentation, learn how to construct alternating current apparatua of fair efficiency, But that he had accomplished his purpose wae shown by the testa of Prof. Anthony, made in the of winter 1887—8, when Tesla motors in the hands of that distinguished expert gave an efficiency equal to that of direct current motors, Nothing now stood in the way of the commercial development and introduction of ench motor, except that they had to be constructed with a view to operating on the cireuita then oxisting, which in this country were all of high frequency, The first fall publication of his work in this direction—outside his patente—wae a paper read hefore the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in New York, in May, 1888 (read at the snggestion of Prof. Anthony and the present writer), when he exhibited motors that had been in operation long previous, and with which his belief that brushes and commutators conld be dispensed with, was triumphantly proved to be correct. The section of thig volume devoted to Mr. Teela’s inventions in the utilization of polyphase eurrents will eliow how thoroughly from the outaet he lad mastered the fundainental idea and applied it in the greatest variety of ways. Having noted for years the many advantages obtainable with alternating currents, Mr. Tesla was naturally led on to experi- ment with them at higher potentials and higher frequencies than were common or approved of. Ever pressing forward to deter- nine in even the clightest degree the outlines of the unknown, bea INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TESLA. wae rewarded very quickly in thie field with results of the most surprising nature. A slight acquaintance with some of these experiments led the compiler of this volume to urge Mr. Tesla to repeat them before the American Institute of Electrical En- gineera. This was done in May, 151M, in a lecture that marked, beyond question, a distinet departure im electrical theory and practice, and all the results of which have not vet made them- selves fully apparent. The New York lecture, and ite aue- cessors, two in mumber, are also ineluded in this volume, with a few supplementary notes. Mr. Tesla’s work ranges far beyond the vast departments of polyphase currents and high potential Lighting. The “ Miseella- neous” seetion of this volume ineludes a great many other in- ventions in are lighting, transformers, pyro-magnetic generators, thermo-magnetic motors, third-brush regulation, improvements in dynames, new forme of incandezcent lamps, eleetrical meters, condensers, unipolar dynamos, the conversion of alternating into direct currents, ete. Lt is needless to say that at this moment Mr, Tesla is engaged on a number of interesting ideas and inven- tions, to be made public im due course, The present volume deals simply with his work accomplished to date,CHAPTER IT, A New Svstvew of Anrersativ: Current Motors anp TRanaronMEns, Tue present section of this volune deals with polyphase car- rents, and the inventions by Mr. Tesla, made known thus far, in which he has embodied one feature or another of the broad Principle of rotating field poles or rervifent adtraction exerted on the armature. It is needless te remind electricians of the great interest aroueed by the firat enunciation of the rotating field Principle, or to dwell upon the importance of the advance from a eingle alternating enrrent, to methods and apparatus whieh deal with more than one. Simply prefaeing the eoneideration here attempted of the anbject, with the remark that in nowise ia the object of this volume of a polemic or controversial nature, it may be pointed out that Mr. ‘Teela’s work has not at all been folly understood or realized up to date. To many readers, it is believed, the analysis of what he bas done in this department will be o revelation, while it will at the aame time Hlustrate the beantifal flexibility and range of the principles involved. It will be seen that, as just suggested, Mr. Tesla did not stop short ata mere rotating fleld, but dealt broadly with the shifting of the resultant attraction of the magnets. Tt will be seen that he went on to evolve the “imultiphaas ” system with many ramifica- tiona and torna; that he showed the broad idea of motors em- ploying currents of differing phase in the armature with direct currents in the fleld ; that he firat described and worked ont the idea of an armature with a body of iron and coils closed upon themselves; that he worked out both synchronizing and torque motors; that he explained and illustrated how machines of ordi- nary construction might be adapted to hia aystem; that he em- ployed condensers in field and armature cireuits, atu went to the bottom of the fundamental principles, testing, approving or reject- ing, it would appear,.awery detail that inventive ingenuity could hit wpon.8 INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TESLA, Now that opinion ie tarning av emphatically in favor of lower frequencies, it deserves special note that Mr, Tesla early re- cognized the importance of the low frequeney feature in motor work. In fact his first inotore exhibited publiely—and which, as Prof, Anthony showed in his tests in the winter of ISS87-8, were the equal of direct current motors in efficieney, output and start- ing torque—were of the low frequency type. The necessity arising, however, to utilize theee motors in connection with the existing high frequency cireuits, our snrvey reverls in an inter- esting manner Mr. Tesla’s fertility of resource in this direction. But that, after exhausting all the poesibilitics of this field, Mr. Tesla returns to low frequencies, and insista on the superiority of his polyphase avstern in alternating current distribution, need not at all aurprise ua,in view of the strength of his convictions, so often expressed, om this eubject. This is, inded, signiticant, and may be regarded a2 indicative of the probable development next to be witnessed. Incidental reference lias been made to the efficiency of rotating field motors, a matter of inach importance, though it is not the intention to dwell upon ithere. Prof, Anthouy in his remarks before the American Inetitnte of Electrical Engineers, in May, 1853, om the two smal! Tesla motors then shown, whieh: he bad tested, stated that one gave an efficieney of about 50 per cent. and the other a little over sixty per cent. In 1989, some tests were reported frum Pittshorgh, made by Mr. Tesla and Mr. Albert Schmid, on motors up to Wi nn. and weighing about S30 pounds, These machines showed an efficiency of nearly 40 per cent, With s larger motors it was then found practie- able to obtain an efticieney, with the three wire aystem, up to as high as 4 and 83 per cent. These interesting figures, which, of course, night be anpplemented by others more elaborate and of later date, are cited to show that the efficiency of the aystem has not had to wait until the present late day for any demonstration of its commercial usefulness, An invention is none the less beanti- ful beeauee it may lack ntility, but it mmst be a pleasure to any inventor to know that the ideas he is advaneing are fraught with substantial benetits ta the public, :CHAPTER III. Tue Treta Rotanse Magxune Fretp.—Morora wir Cossen Goxpccrors,—Srsonnorizine Motors,—Roratixa Fray Teanaroem ens. Tue beet deceription thet can be given of what he attempted, and sueceeded in doing, with the rotating magnetic field, ia to be found in Mr, Teala’s brief paper explanatory of his rotary cor- rent, polyphase system, read before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, in New York, in May, 1888, under the title “A New System of Alternate Corrent Motors and Trans- formers.” As a matter of fact, which a perusal of the paper will eetabligh, Mr. Tesla made no attempt in that paper to de- soribe all his work. It dealt in reslity with the few topica eno- inerated in the caption of thie chapter. My. Teela’s reticence waa no doubt dne largely to the faet that his action was gov- ered by the wishes of others with whom he was associated, bot it may be worth mention that the compiler vf this yolume—who had geen the motor running, aud who was then chairman of the Institute Committee on Papers and Meetings—had great diffi- eulty in inducing Mr. Tesla te give the Institute any paper at all. Mr. Tesla wae overworked and ill, aud manifested the greatest reluctance to an exhibition of lis motors, hut hie objections were at last overcome. The paper was written the night previous to the meeting, in pencil, very haetily, and under the preasere jost mentioned. In this paper eaenal reference was made to two epecial forms of motora not within the group to be considered, These two forms were: 1, A motor with one of ita circmits in series with a transformer, and the other in the secondary of the transformer. 2. A motor having its armature cireuit commected] to the zener- ator, and the field coils closed upon themeelves. The paper in ite cxeence is aa follows, dealing with a few leading featurea of the Tesla system, namely, the rotating magzietic field, motorsit INVENTIONS OF NIKORA TESLA. with clued conductors, synchronizing motors, and rotating field transformers :— : The subject whieh I now have the pleasnre of bringing to your notice is a novel system of electric distribution and trans iniusion of power by means of alternate currents, affording peeu- liar advantages, partionlacly in the way of motors, whieh I am eontident will at once establish the superior adaptability af these currents to the tranamission af power and will show that many results heretofore wmattainable cam he reached by tlicir use; ne- sult whieh are very much desiced in the practical operation of auch system, and which caunet be accomplished by means of continuous currents. Hetore going into a detailed deseription of this avatem, I think it necessary to tmake a few romarke with referenee te certain con- ditions. oxisting in continneus current pencrators and motors, which, although generally known, are frequently disregarded. Tu our dyname machines, it is well known, we generate alter- nate currents whieh we direct ly meank of & commutator, & come- plicated device and, it may be justly said, the source of most of the troubles experienced in the operation of the machines, Now, the eurrents so directed cannot be utilized in the moter, but they must—again by means of a similar unreliable deviee— be reconverted into their original state of alternate curreute , The function of the cumunutalor ie entirely external, and in no way doee it affect the internal working of the machines, In reality, therefore, all machines are alternate current machines, the currents appearing as continuous only in the external eireuit during their transit from generator to motor, In view simply of thin faet, alternate currents would commend themselves as a more direct application of cleetrieal energy, and the employment of continnoue corrente would ouly he justified if we had dynamos which would primarily generate, nnd anutera which would be directly actuated by, such enrrents. But the operation of the eottmutator on a imotor is twofold : first, it reverses the currents througl the motor, and sceondly, it offects automatically, a progressive shifting of the poles of onc of ite magnecic constituents. Ascuming, therefore, that both of the uscless operations in the ayaterns, that is to say, the directing of the alternate currents ou the generator and reversing the direct enrrents on the motor, be eliminated, it would sti!l be necessary, in order to canse a rotation of the motor, to prodnee a progressivePOLYPHASE (CURRENTS, u shifting of the poles of one of ita clements, and the question presented itselfi—How to perform thie operation by the direet action of alternate currents? I will now proceed to chow how this reeult. waa accomplialied. Tn the first experiment a drum-armature wea provided with Fu. 1. Fi. da. two coils at right angles to each other, aul the ends of these coils were connected to two paire of ineulated contact-rings as uenal_ A ring wus then made of thin insnlated plates of sheet-iron and wound with four coils, each two opposite coils being connected together eo as to produce free poles on diametrically opposite sides of the ring, The remaining froe ends of the eoils were then eunnected to the contactrings of the generater armature so as to form two independent cirenits, aa indicated in Fig. # It may now be seen what resulta were secured in this combination, and with this view I would refer ta the diagrame, Fign 1 to 8a. The field of the generator being independently exeited, the rote tion of the armature sets up eurrents in the coils ¢ c,, varying in Fra. 2. Fie, Ja, strength and direction in the well-known manner. In the posi- tion shown in Fig, 1, the current in coil cia nil, while coil o, is traversed by its waximum corrent, and the connections may be sueh that the ring is magnetized by the evile o ¢,, 08 indicated by the letters ws in Fig. 1a, the magnetizing effect of the coils12 INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TESLA. ee being nil, since these eile are included in the cirenit of eoil ¢, . : In Fig. 2, the armature eoils are shown in a more advanced position, one-eighth of one revolution being completed. Fig. da Muetrates the corresponding magnetic condition of the ring. At this moment the coil o, generatce a current of the san Fre. 4, Fra. 88. rection as previonely, bot weaker, producing the poles a, 4, upon the ring; the coil c also generates a current of the same direc tien, and the connections may be such that the coile ¢ ¢ produce the poles a=, as ehown in Fig, go, The resulting polarity is indicated by the letters xe. and it will be observed that the pelea of the ring have beeu shifted one-eighth of the periphery of the same, In Fig. 2 the armature has completed one quarter of one revolution, Tn this phase the enrrent iu coil ¢ isa maximum, and of sueh direetion as to produce the poles x s in Fig, 20, whereas the current in coil o, is vil, this coil being at its neutral position, Fie. 4, The poles xa in Fig. a are thes shifted one quarter of the circumference of the ring. Fig. 4 shows the coile cc in a still more advanced position, the armature having completed three-cightha of one revolution, At that moment the coil c still generates a current of the same direction as before, but of Tees strength, producing the comparPOLFPHASE CURRENTS. Ey atively weaker polea x in Fig. 4c. The current in the coil c, ia of the same strength, but opposite direetion. Its effect ia, therefore, to produce upon the ring the poles #, # a8 indicated, anda Polarity, ws, results, the poles now being shifted three. eighths of the periphery of the ring. In Fig. 5 one half of one revolution of the armature is com- Fri, 3, Five, Fin, pleted, and the resulting magnetic condition of the ring: ia indi- eated in Fig. Sa. Now the current im coil ¢ is nil, while the euil c, Fields its maximum current, which is of the same direetion as previously ; the magnetizing effect is, therefore, due to the coils, @, # alone, and, referring tu Fig. fia, it will be observed that the poles s 8 are shifted ove half of the civenmference of the ting. During the next half revolution the uperations are repeated, ag represented in the Figs. ¢ to Sa. A reference to the diagrams will make it clear that during one Fra, Ga. revolution of the armatare the pules of the ring are shifted once around its periphery, and, each revolution producing like effects, a rapid whirling of the polea in harmony with the rotation of the annatnre is the remit, If the connections of either one of the circuite in the ring are reversed, the shifting of the poles is made to progres: in the opposite direction, but the operation is identi-id INVENTIONS GF NINOLA THALA, cally the same. Luetead of using four wires, with like result. three wires may be used, one forming a common return for both cireuite, This rotation or whirling of the poles manifests itself ina series of carious plienomens. Ifa delicately pivoted dise of steel or other magnetic metal is approached to the ring it is set in rapid rotation, the direction of rotation varying with the position of Fra. 7. Fis. Fa. the dise, For instance, noting the direetion outside of the riné it will he fooud that inside the ring it turns in an opposite direr- tion, while it is unaffected if placed in a position «vminetrical to the ring, This is easily explained. Each time that a pele ap progehes, it induces an uppusite pole in the nearest point on the disc, aud an attraction is prodneed upon that point; owing to this, as the pole is ehifted further away from the dise-a tangential pull is exerted] upon the came, and the action being constantly repent- od, a more or less rapid rotation of the dise is the result, As the pull is exerted mainly upou that part which is nearest to the ring, the retation outside and inside, or right and left, reepeetively, is in opposite directions, Fiz, th When placed syimuetrically tothe ring, the pull on the oppoeite sides of the dice being equal, no rotation results, The action is based on the magnetic inertia. of iron: for this reasou a dice of hard stecl is much more af- feeted than a dice of soft iron, the latter being capable of very rapid variations of magneticm. Such a dise has proved to be a very ueeful instrament in all these investigations, as it las en- abled me to detect any irregularity in the aetion, A curious ef- feet is aleo produced upon iron tilings, By placing some upon « paper and holding them externally quite elose to the ring, they are set in a vibrating motion, remaining in the same place, although the paper may be moved hack and forth; butin lifting the paper toa certain height which seems to be dependent on the intensity of the poles and the speed of rotation, they are thrown away inPOLFPUASE CURRENTS a a direetion always opposite to the aupposed movement of the poles, Tf e papar with filings'is prt flat upon the ring and the enrrent tamed on suddenly, the existence of a magnetic whirl may eaaily be observed. To demonstrate tha completa analogy between the ring and a revolving magnet, a strongly energized electromagnet was rota- ted by mechanical power, and phenomens identical in every par- Heular to those mentioned above were cheerved. Obviously, the rotation of the polee prodaces correaponding inductive effects and may be utilized to generate enrrents in a closed condtetor placed within the influence of the pole, For thie purpose it is convenient to wind a ring with two sete of superimposed voila forming reepectively the primary and second. ary eirenite, as shown in Fig. 10. In order to secore the most economical results the magnetic cirenit slould be completely closed, and with this object in view the eonstraction may be unedified at will. The inductive effect exerted npon the secondary coile will be mainly due to the shifting or movement of the magnetic action ; nt there may alio he currents aet ap in the circuits iu comse- qnance of the variations in the intensity of the poles. However, by properly designing the generatorand determining the magneti- dng effect of the primary coils, the latter element may be made to dieappear. The intewdty of the poles being maintained eon- Fa. & stant, the action of the apparatas will be perfect, and the same reenlt will be secured a though the shifting were effected by means of 6 commutator with an intinite number of bars. In auch ease the theoretical relation between the energizing effect of each vet of primary coile and their resultant magnetizing effect may he expressed by the equation of a circle having its centre coin- eiding with that of an orthogonal syatem of axes, and in which the rading represants the reeultaut and the co-ordinates both14 INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TESLA. of its components, These are then respectively the sine and cosine of the angle @ hetweeu'the rading and one of the axes (OX). Referring to Fig, 11, we have A =? + Fy where vareona, and y= ain a oe Assuming the magnetizing effect of eacl set of evils in the transformer to be proportional to the eurrent—wbieh may be admitted for weak degroce of tragnetization—then «= Ave and g= Ae, where Ais o constant and ¢ and ¢ the current in both sete of coils respectively. Supposiug, further, the field of the wenertor tu be uniform, we lave for constant epecd ot = AT sin « and « = AT ain GH oa) = AT! co aq where AU is a constant. Soe Fig, 12. Therefore, ese We oA A cos a AA sin ay aml Fra. th That is, for a nuiformn tield the disposition of the two coils at tight anglee will eceure the theoretical result, and the intensity of the abifting poles will be constant, Hut from et = 2+} 9 it follows that for y= 0, 7 = 4; it follows that the joint maguet- izing effect of both sera of coils should be equal to the effeet of one set when at its maximum action. In transformers and in @ certain: class of motors the fluctuation of the poles is wot of great importance, bet in another elass of these motors it is desirable to obtain the theoretical result. In applying this principle to the constroction ot motors, two typieal forms of inotor have been developed. Firat, a form hav- ing « comparatively small rotary effort at the start but maifitaining a perfectly uniform speed at all loads, which motor has been tenned eyuchronona, Second, a form possesing a great rotary effort at the start, the speed being dependent on the load.POLITHASE CURRENTS. iT These moters may be operated in three different ways: 1, By the alternate eurrenta of the source only. 9. By a combined ac- tion of these and of induced current. 3. By the joint action af alternate and continuons currents, The simplest form of a eynehronoua motor fs obtained by wind- ing a laminated ring provided with pole projectiona with four coils, and connecting the sue in the manner before indicated, An iron dise having a segment ent away on each aide may be need Fru lu, asau armature, Sueh a moter ia shown in Fig. The dise being arranged to rotate freely within the ring in elose proximity te the projections, it ie evident that ay the polee are shifted it will, owing to ita tendeney to place iteelf in nel a position as to embrace the greatest number of the lines of force, closely follow the movement of the poles, and ite motion will be synchronous with that of the annatnre of the generator, that is, in the peculiar disposition shown in Fig. 4, in which the arnatere produces by one revelution two current impelses in each of the eireuite. It is evident that if, by one revolution of the armacure, a greater nuinber of iinpulses is produced, the speed of the motor will he correspondingly inereased. Considering that the attraction ex- erted upon the dise is greatest when the sume isin close proximity to the poles, it follows that such a motor will maintain exactly the same epeed at all loade within the limite of its capacity. To facilitate the starting, the dise may he provided with a coil closed upon itelf. The advantage secured by such a coil is evi- dent. On the start the currents set up in the coil strongly ener-1B INVENTIONS OF NIKGLA THAGLA, gize the dise and increase the attraction exerted upon the same by the ring, and currents heing penerated in the evil as long ae the speed of the armature is inferior to that of the poles, consider- able work may be performed by such a motor even if the speed be below normal. The intenéity of the poles being constant, no eurrenita Will be generated in the coil when the motor is turning at its normal speed. Tnatend of closing the coil upon iteelf, its ends may he connected to two insulated sliding rugs, and a eoutinmens current supplied to these from a@ suitable generator. The proper way to etart euch a motor is to close the coil upou iteelf until the normal zpeed ie reached, or wearly so, and then turn on the continuous eur- rent. Ifthe dise be very strongly energized hy a continous enrrent che imotor inay wot he able to start, but if it be weakly energioad, or generally so that the wagnetizing effect of the ring Fra. 14, ie preponderating, it will start aud reach the normal speed, Such a motor will maintain abeolutely the same speed at all loade, Tt has alao heen fonnd that if the motive power of the generator ia not exceseive, by checking the motor the epeed of the generator is diminished in synchronism with that of the motor. It ia charae- terietic of this form of motor that it eaunot be revereed by revers- ing the continuons current tlrongh the eoil. The thronien of these motors may be demonstrated experi- mentally in a variety of waye, For thie purpose it ie beet to employ a motor consisting of a stationary field maguet and an armature arranged co rotate within the eame, as indicated in Fig. 1.0 In this case the shifting of the poles of the armature produces a rotation of the latter im the opposite direction, It resnite therefrom that when the normal speed is reached, the poles of the armature aseume tixed positions relatively to thePOLYISTASE CURRENTS. 19 field magnet, and the anime is magnetized by induction, exhibiting 4 distinct pole on each of the pole-pieces. Tf a piece of aoft iron ie approached to the field magnet, it will at the start be attracted with a rapid vibrating motion produced by the reversals of polar- ity of the magnet, but as the speed of the armature increases, the vibrationa become lese and lees frequent and finally entirely cease, Then the iron ia weakly but permanently attracted, showing that synchroniam is reached ail the field magnet energized by in- dnetion. The cise may also be need for the experiment. Tf held quite close to the armature it will turn as long ae the speed of rotation of the poles exeeeds that of the anuature; bat when the normal Fis 1a. spew is reached, or very nearly 40, it censes to rotate and is per manently attracted. A-ernde but illuetrative experiment is made with an incandes- cent lamp. Placing the lamp in cireuit with the continnene eur rent generator and in series with the magnet coil, rapid fluctua. tions are obeerved in the light in consequence of the induced eur- rete set up in the coil at che start; the speed ineressing, the flnctuations oeewr at longer intervals, mtil they entirely disap- pear, showing that the motor has attained its normal apeed, A telephone receiver affords a most sensitive instrument; whew connected to any cirenit in the motor the eynchroniem may be easily detected on the disappearance of the iuluced currents. In motors of the synchronous type it is desirable ‘to maintaina INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TESLA. the quantity of the abifting maguctiem constaut, especially if the magnets are not properly subdivided. : To obtwin 9 rotary effort in there motors was the subject of long thought. In order to seeure this resnlt it was necessary to make such a disposition that while the poles of one element of the motor are elifted by the allernate currents of the somree, the poles produced npon the other elements should always be main- tained in the proper relation to the former, irrespective of the speed of the motor, Sneha condition existe in a continmons current motor; hut in a evnelironona mater, such as described, this condition is fultitled only when the epeed is normal. The object has been attained by placing within the ring a prop. erly subilivided cylindrical iran core wound with several indepen- dent coils closed upon themselves. Two coils at right angles as Fro. 14. in Fig. 14, are entticient, but a greater number may be advan- tageourly emploved. Lt resulte from this disposition that when the poles of the ring are shifted, currents are generated in the closed annature ecils. These currents are the most intense at or near the poiuts of the greatcet density of the lines of foree, and their effect is to produce poles upon the armature at right angles to those of the ring, at Least theoretically eo; amd since this ae mh is entirely independent of the speed—that is, as far as the location of the poles is concerned —a continuous pull ie exerted upon the periphery of the armature, Tn inany respecte these motors are similar to the continnows current motors. Tf load is pnt on, the speed, and also the resistance of the motor, is diminished and more current if made to pass through the energizing coils, thusPOLYPHASH CURRENTS, 4 increasing the effort. Upon the load being taken off, the ecounter-cleetromotive force inereases and less current passes through the primary or energizing ecoila. Without amy load the speed is very nearly equal to that of the shifting poles of the tield magnet. It will be found that the rotary effort in these motors fully ofe 2 ow oF, Bes gf A 4 << E ome Pn Fae equals that of the continuous current moters, The effort seems to be greatest when both armature and field magnet are without any projections; but aa in sueh dieporitions the field cannot be concentrated, probably the beet reeults will be obtained by leay- ing pole projections on one of the clewente only, Generally, it may be stated the projections diminish the torque and produce a tendency to synehronism. A characteristic feature of motors of this kind ie their property of being very rapidly reversed. This follows from the peculiar action of the moter. Suppose the armature to be rotating and the direction of rotation of the polee to be reversed. The appa- ratus then represents a dynamo machine, the power to drive this machine being the momentum etored up in the armature and its speed being the eum of the speeds of the armature and the poles. Tf we now consider that the power to drive auch a dynama nN, Mm, away Fia. 18. Fis. 19, Fie, wh Fra. 21. would be very nearly proportional to the third power of the speed, for that reason alone the armature should be quickly re- versed. Ent simultaneously with the reversal another element is brought into action, namely, as the movement of the poles with respect to the armature is reversed, the motor acte like a trans former in which the resietance of the secondary cireuit would bea INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TESLA. abnormally nished Ly producing in thie cirevit an additional electromotive forve. (Chving to these eanses the reversal is in- stantaneour. If it ia desirable to secure 4 conetant speed, and at the eame time a certain effort at the aturt, this reeult may le easily attained in a variety of wave. For instance, two armatures, one for torque and the other for synchroniem, may be fastened on the sume shaft and any desired preponderance may be given to either one, or an annature may be wound for rotary effort, but a more or less pro nounced tendency toe synchronism may be given tu it by properly constructing the iran core; and in many ether ways Aga ticana of obtaining the required phase of the currents in borh the cireuits, the disposition of the two coils at right angles is the cimplest, securing the most uniform action; Lut the phase may be obtained in matiy other ways, varving with the machine employed. Any of the dynamos at present in use may be easily adapted for this purpose by making connections to proper points of the generating cuile, In elosed cireuit armatures, such as med in the eomtinuons current eyetems, it ie best to make four deriva- tions from equi-distant points or bare of the commutator, and to connect the eame to four insulated sliding rings ou the shaft. Tn this case each of the motor circuits is connected to two diametri- cally opposite bare of the commmentor, In euch a disposition the motor may also he operate at half the potential and on the three- wire plan, by eounccting the motor ¢ircuite in the proper order to three of the contact rings, Tn multipolar dynamo machines, such as used in the converter eyeterns, the phase ie conveniently obtained by winding upon the armature two eeciee of coils in such a manner that while the eoila of one wet or series are at. their masimum production of current, the coils of the other will leat their neutral position, or nearly a0, whereby both ects of colle may be subjected simultaneously or enevessively to the inducing action of the feld amagnets. General ly the circuits in the motor will be eimilarly dieposed, and varions arrangenents miy Lemade te fulfill the requirements; but the simplest and most practicable ia to arraige primary cir- euits on stationary parta of the motor, thereby obviating, at least in certain forms, the employment of eliding eontaeta, In such a case the magnet coils are connected alternately in both the eir- euite; that is, 1, 3, 5....im one, and 2, 4, 6... in the other, and the coils of each eet of avriee may he connected all in the samePOLYPHASH CURRENTS. a8 manner, or alternately In opposition; in the latter case a motor with half the number of poles will result, and its action will be correspondingly modified, The Pigs. 15, 18, and 1%, show three different phases, the magnet coils in each cirenit being eon- nected alternately in oppoeition, In this case there will be alwaya four poles, as in Figs. 15 and 17; four pole projections will be neutral; and in Fig. 16 two adjacent pole projections will have the same polarity. Lf the coils are connected in the same manner there will be eight alternating polce, os indicated by the letters n'a’ in Fig, 15, The employment of tultipolar motora securesin this svatem an advantage inuch desired and unattainable in the eontinnous eur- rent system, and that is, that a motor may he made to rom exactly ata predetermined epeed irrespective of imperfeetions in con- struction, of the load, and, within certain limite, of cleetromotive fores and current strength. Tn a general distribution system of this kind the following plan should be adopted. At the central station of supply a generator should be provided having a consideralle nomber of polea, The motors operated from thie generator should be of the synchronous type, but possessing eutticient rotary effort to insure their atarting, With the chservance of proper rules of construction it may be admitted that the speed of cach motor will be in some inverse proportion to its size, and the number of poles should be choeen accordingly. Still, exceptional demands inay modify this rule, In view of this, it will be advantageous to provide each motor with a greater number of pole projections or coils, the number being preferably a multiple of twoand three, Dy this means, by simply changing the conneetions of the coils, the motor may be adapted to any probable demands, If the number of the poles in the motor is even, the action will be harmonious and the proper reeule will be obtained; if this is not the case, the beet plan to be followed is to make a motor with a double number of poles and connect the same in the manner before indicated, eo that lalf the number of poles result. Suppose, for instance, that the generator has twelve poles, and it would be desired to oltain a speed equal to 1? of the apeed of the generator. Thia would require a motor with seven pole projections or magneta, and such a motor could not he properly eonnected in the cireuits unless fourteen armature coile would be provided, which would necessitate the employment of slidingEo INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TRALA. contacts, To avoid this, the motor should be provided with four- teen magnets and seven connected in each cirenit, the magnets in each eireuit alterunting among themselves, The armatore should have fourteen closed coil, The action of the motor will not be quite as perfect ax in the caseof aneven mumber of poles, but the drawback will not be of @ serious nature, However, the disadvantages resulting from this unsymmetrical form will be reduced in the same proportion a the number of the poles ie augmented. If the generator has, say, #, aud the motor 1, poles, the speed of the motor will be eqnal to that of the generator multiplied by n ny The speed of the motor will generally be dependent on the number of the poles, but there may he exceptions to this rule. The speed may he moditied hy the phase of the currents in the eiteuit or by the character of the current impulses or by inter- vale between each or between groups of impulses, Some of the possible eases are indieaced in the diagrame, Figs, 15, 19, Sb aud 21, which are self-explanatory, Fig, 18 represents the condi- tion generally existing, and whieh secures the best result, In such a case, if the typical form of motor illustrated in Fig. 9 is employed, one complete wave in each cirenit will produce one revolution of the mator, Tn Fig, 19 the sume reeult will be effected by one wave in ech eirecit, the impolees being smcces- sive; in Fig. 20 by four, and in Fig. 21 by eight waves. By such means any desired speed may be attained, that is, at least within the limits of practical demands, This ayatem poe cesses this advantage, besides others, resulting froin almplicity. At full fonds the motors chow an eflicieney fully equal to that of the continuons current motors., The transformers present an additional advantage in their capability of operating motors. They ave capable of similar meditications in construction, and will facilitate the introduetion nf motors and their adaptation to prac- tical demands, Their efficieney ehold be higher than that of the present transformers, and [ base my assertion on the fol lowing : In 8 transformer, as constructed at present, we produce the currents in the secondary cireuit by varying the strength of the primary or exciting eurrenta, If we admit proportionality with respect to the iron core the inductive effect exerted upon thePOLYITHASE CURRENTS. 5 secondary coil will be proportional to the numerical sum of the variations in the strength of the exeiting current per unit of time; whenee it follows that for a given variation any prolongation of the primary current will result in a proportional lows. In order te obtain rapid variations in the strength of the eurrent, essential to efficient induction,a great number of undulations are employ- ed; from this practice various disadvantages reeult. These are: Inereased cost and diminished efficiency of the generator; more waste of energy in heating the cores, and also diminished output of the transformer, incu the core is uot properly utilized, the reversals being too rapid, The induetive effect is aleo very amall in certain phases, aa will be apparent from a graphic representa- tion, and there may be periods of inaction, if there are intervals between the aneeeeding current impulses or waves, In producing a shifting of the poles in 4 transformer, and thereby inducing eurrents, the induction is of the ideal character, being always maintained at its maximum action, Tt ie also resonable to as sume that by a shifting of the poles lesa energy will be wasted than. by reversals.CHAPTER IV. Movirications asm Exeassiune oF THR Trans Pourenase SYsTEME, Iw his earlier papers anil patients relative to polyphase currents, Mr. Teste devoted himneelf chiefly to an enunciation of the bread Tines and ideas lying at the hasie of this new work; but he snp plemented this immediately lw a eeriea of other striking inven- tions whieh may le regarded ae modifications and expansions of certain features uf the Tvela aveteme., These we shall now pro- eved to deal with, In the preeeding chapter: we have thus shown aul described the Tvela eleet tical svete for the tranemiseion of power and the conversion and distribution of eleetrical energy, in whieh the motors and the transformers contain two or more coils or ects of eoila, which were connected ap in independent cirenits with cormspomding eoile of an alternating current generator, the opera- tion of the ayetem being browglt about by the cooperation of the alternating enrrents in the independent eireutts in progres- sively moving or ebifting the poler or points of maximum mag- uetie effeet of che motors or eonverteh. Dn these ayeteme two independent conductors ave employed far each of the independ- ent cireuita connecting the generator with the devices for eon- verting the tranemitted eurrente into mechanieal energy or into electric currents of another character, This, however, is not always necessary, The two or more circuits may have a single return path or wire in common, with a lose, if any, whieh is eo extremely slight that it may lw disregarded entirely, For the sake of illustration, if che generator have two independent coils and the motor two coils or two sets of coile in corresponding rela- tions to its operative elements one terminal of each generator coil ig conneeted to the ecarresponding terminals of the inoter coils through two independent conductors, while the opparite terminals of the reepective ooile are both connected ta one return wire, The following deeeription deals with the modifiea-POLFPHASE CURRENTS. aT tion, Fig. 22 is a diagrammatic iustration of @ generator and single motor constrneted and electrically connected in accord: ance with the invention, Fig, 23 is a diagram of the aystem aa it is naed in operating motors or converters, or both, in parallel, while Fig. 24 illustrates diagrammatically the manner of operat ing two or more motors or converters, ar both, in series, Refer- ring to Fig. 28, 4 4 designate the poles of the field magneta of an alternating-current generator, the armature of whiell, being in this case evlindrical in form and mounted on a elaft, eis wound Fie. 34. Fro, 34. longitudinally with coils en’, The shaft ¢ carries three insulated eontact-rings, ade, te two of which, as be, one terminal of each coil, ase a, ia connected, The retaining terminals, fg, are both connected to the third ring, et. A motor in this case is shown as compoeed of a ring, H, wound with four coile, 114 J, electrically counceted, eo as to co-operate in pairs, with a tendency to fix the poles of the ring at fonr points ninety degrees apart. Within the magnetic ring » isa dise or eylindrical core wourd with two coils, a a’, whieh may he eon-a4 INVENTIONS OF NTKGLA TRSEA, nected to form two closed eirenita, The terminals 7 & of the two sete or pairs of coils are connectel, respectively, to the binding. ests ee’, and the other terminals, 4%, are connected to a single hinding-port, no’, ‘To operate the motor, three linewires are need to connect the terminals of the generator with those of the mo- tor. So far as the apparent action or mode of operation of this ar- rangement fe concerted, the single wire v, whieh is, so to epeak, RES Fig. 2, acommon returnwire for both cirenits, may be regarded as two independent wires. In the illustration, with the order of con- nection shown, coil »’ of the generator ia producing its maximum current and coil a its minimum; henee the eurrent which PRISER through wire ¢, ring &, brush 4", line-wire , terminal E', wire j, coils 11, wire or terminal nm’, line-wire n, brush a’, ring @, and wire J, fixes the polar line of the motor midway between thePOLY PHASE CURRENTS. on two eoils 115 bué as the coil 8’ moves from the position indieated it generates less current, while coil a, moving into the field, gen- erates mote. The current from eoil & passes through the devices and wires desiguated by the letters 4,2, ¢ FF’ Ay ou, 7’, Ba’, a, and g, and the portion of the poles of the motor will be duc to the resultant effect of the currents in the two seta of eails— that is, it will be advanced in proportion to the advance or for- ward movement of the armature coil The movement of the generatoranmatere through onedpuarter of a revolution will ob viously bring coil x’ into its nevtral position and coil » into ite position of maximum effect, and this shifts the poles ninety de- grees, ae they are fixed solely by colle a. Thie action is repeated for cach quarter of a complete revolution, When more than one motue or other deview is employed, they may be ron either in parallel or series. In Fig. 23 the former arrangement ig shown, The eleetrical deviee is shown aa a con- verter, 1, of whieh the two sets of primary coila p or are con- uected, respectively, to the maine « e, whiel: are cleetrieally con- nected with the twe eoils of the generator, The cross-cirenit wires £40, making these connections, are then connected to the common returi-wire b. The secondary coils pe’ p’ are in cirenite #4, including, for example, ineandcseent lampe, Only one eon- verter ig shown entire in this figure, the others being illustrated diugratumatieally. When motors of converters are lo be run in series, the two wires # ow are led from the generator to the coils of the first moter or converter, them continued on to the mest, and eo om through the whole series, and are then joined to the single wire vp, Which completes both cirenics through the generator. This is shown in Fig. 24, in which si represent the two coils or ects of eoila of the motors, There are, of course, other couditions under which the same idea may be carried ont. For example, in case the motor and generator each has three independent cirenite, one terminal of each cirenit is connected to a linc-wire, and the other three ter- tinal te a ehinmet returneonductéor, This arrangement will sernre similar results to those attained with a generator and motor having but two independent cirevita, as above deseribed. When applied to euch machines and motor as have three or more induced cirenits with a common electrical joint, the three or more tenninals of the generator would be simply connectedao INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TESLA. to those of the motor, Mr, Tesla states, however, that the re- sults obtained in this manner show a lower efficiency than do the forme dwelt upon more fully abowe, ,CHAPTER ¥, Uriuzan Pastis Tyres oe Gasekator or tax Contincore OCcesent Tres Tue preceding descriptions have assumed the use of alternating eurrent generators in which, in order to prodnee the progressive movement of the magnetic poles, or of the reanltant attraction of independent field magnets, the eurrent generating coile are inde- pendent or separate. The ordinary forwe of eontinnons earrent dynamos may, however, be employed for the same work, in accordance with a method of adaptation devised by Mr. Teala. Ag will be seen, the modifieation involves but clight changes in their eonstrnction, and presents other elements of economy. On the shaft of a given generator, either in place of or in ad- dition to the regular commutator, are secured as many pairs of inzulated collecting-rings ae there are cirenite to be operated. Now, it will be understood that in the operation of any dynamo electric generator the currents in the cela in their movement through the field of foree undergo different phasee—that is to say, at different positions of the coils the emrrenta have certain directions and certain strengthe—and that in the Tesla motors or transformers it is necessary that the eorrents in the energizing eoila chonld undergo a certain order of variations in strength and direction. Hence, the further step—viz., the connection hetween the induced or generating coils of the machine and the eontact- Tings from whieh the currents are to be taken off—will be deter- mined solely by what order of variations of strength and direction in the currents is desired for producing a given result in the electrical tranelating deviee. hia may be secomplished in varions waye; but in the drawings we give typieal instances only of the best and inmost practicable ways of applying the invention to three of the leading types of machines in widespread nae, in order to illustrate the principle. Fig. 25 ie a diagram illuetrative of the mode of applying the invention to the well-known type of “ closed ” or continuous cir-a INVENTIONS GF NIKGLA TREE, cuit machines Fig, 241 ik & similar diagram embodying au arin ture with separate eoile connceted diametrically, or what is pener- ally called an “opencireuic” maclune, Fig. 27 is a diagram showing the application of the invention te a machine the ari ature-coils of which havea common joint. Referring to Fig, 2 A represent a Tesli motor or trans un former wl uch, for convenienee, we will designate as a “eon- verter.” Tt consists of an anmulur eore, 8, wound with four inde- pendent coils, ¢ and 1, those diainetrieully opposite heing con nevted together ao as to conperate in pairs in establiehing free poles in the ring, the ten of eneh pair being to fix the poles at ninety degrees from the other, There may he an armature, x, within the ring, which is wound with coils closed upon them- selves. The object is to pasa through coils cp currents of such relative etrength and dircetion ag to produce a progressive shift- ing or movement of the pointe of maximum magnetic effect aroun the ring, and to thereby maintain a rotary movement of the armature, There are therefore sceured to the elaft F of the generator, four insulated contact-rings, a } ¢ ¢, upon whieh bearPOLTPRASE CURRENTS a the collegting-brushee a’ be d', connected by wires G @ HB, re apectively, with the terminals of cofle o and n. Assime, for sake of ilnatration, that the coils oo are to re veive the maximum and eoils o¢ at the same inatant the mini- tw eurrent, a0 that the polar line may be midway between the coils op. The rings «4 would therefore be connected to the continous armature-coil at ite neutral points with respeet to the field, or the point corresponding with chat of the ordinary com- Inutator Washes, and between which exiete the greatest differ ence of potential; while rings ¢«f would be connected to two points in the coil, between which exists no difference of potential, The beet results will he obtained by making these connections at points equidistant from one another, as ahown, These contee- Hons are easiest nade hy using wires 1 between the rings and the loops or wiree a, connecting the evil 1 te the eepinenta of the committer x. When the converters are made in this manner, it is evident chat the phases of the currents in the sections of the generator coil will be reproduced in the eouverier coil, For example, after turning through an are of ninety degrees the con ductora 1.1, which before conveyed the maximum current, will receive the minknam current by reueon of the change in the position of their coils, and it is evident that for the same reason the eurrent in these coils las eralually fallen from the ma: to the minimam in pacing through the are of ninety degrece. In this apecial plan of connections, the rotation of the magnetic poles of the converter will he syuchrouons with that of the armature coils of the generator, wil the result will be the sine, whether the energizing eirevite are derivations from a eontinwona armature coil or from independent evils, as in Mr. Tosla’s other devices, dn Fig. 25, the broshes x a are slows in dotted lines in their proper normal poeition. Tn practice these hrnshes may he re- moved from the commutator and the fell of the generator exelted by an external senree of current; or the brushes may be allowed to remain on the eoumutator and to take off a converted eurrent to excite the field, or to be used For other purposes. Tn a certain wellknown clacs of machines known aa the “open cirenit,” the armature containa a number of coils the terminals of which connect te commutator segruents, the coils being connected across the annature in pairs. This type of machine is repre- sented in Fig. 26.. In this machine vach pair of coils gos LLaH INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TESSA. through the same phases as the coils in some of the generators already shown, and it is abyiourly only meeessary te wtilize them in pains or sets toe operate a Teela converter by extending the: segments of the commutators belonging to each pair of coils and cansing a collecting briel te bear on the contintens portion of each segment. In this way two or more cireuits may he taken off from the generator, exch including one or more pairs or sets of coils as nay he desired, In Fig. 8.12 represent the armature coils, 77 the poles of the field magnet, and F the shaft carrying the commutators, which are extended to for continnons portions a bed. The brushes Fie, 26, Fis. 27. bearing on the continuous portions for taking off the alternating: currents are represented by a’ be’ ad, The eolleeting: bushes, oc those whieh may be used to take off the direet current, are desiguated by Ma. Two pairs of the armature eile and their commutators ave shown in the figure as being utilized; but all May be utilized ina similar manner. There it another well-known type of machine in which three er mere eis, ale con the armature duve a eommen the free mds by Th ‘tern ing connected to the segments of a eommnntater, fori of generator is Ulustrated in Fig, 27. In this case each al of the generator is connected directly or in derivation toe continuous ring, # 6 ¢, and eallecting brnshes, a’ 8’ ¢', bearingPOLFPHASH CURRENTS, Do thereon, take off the alternating currents that operate the motor, It is preferable in this ease to employ a motor or transformer with three energizing evils, 4° 2° co", placed symmetrically with those of the generator, and the cirewits from the latter are eon- nected to the terminals of sueh coils cither directly—as when they are stationary—or by means vf brushes ec’ and contact rings ¢, In this, asin the other cases, the ordinary commutator may be weed on the generator, and the current taken from it wtiliaed for exciting the generator tichLmagnete or for other purpases.CILAPTER V1, Marien ov Gutacsine Destmen Sern oF Moron og (IENRRATON. Work the object of obtaining the desired speed in moters operated by means of alternating currents of differing phase, Mr. Tesla las dovised various plane intended to aect the prac- ties) requircinents of the case, in adapting his system to types of multipolar alternating current machines yielding th large main eer of enrrent reversals for each revolution, For example, Mr. Tesla has pointed ont that to adapt 4 given type of alternating current generater, vou may couple rigidly two complete machines, seeuring them together in such a way that the requisite differenee in plinge will be produced; or you may fasten two armatures to the sume shaft within the influence of the same field and with the requisite angular displacement to yield the proper difference in phase between the two currents; or two armatures imiy be attached to the same shedt with their coils symmetrically disposed, but subject to the influence of two sets of field magnets duly displaced; or the two sets of coils may be wonnd ov the same arniature alternately or in suel man ner that they will develop currents the phases of which differ in time softiciently to produce the rotation of the motor. Auothes hed ineladed in the scope of the same idea, where- by a single penerator may run a moumber of imotors either at its own tate of apeed or all at different speeds, is to construct the motors with fewer poles than the generator, in which case their speed will be greater than that of the generater, the rate of speed being higher as the number of their poles is relatively less, This may be understond from an example, taking a generator that has two independent generating coils which revolve between two pole pieces oppositely magnetized; and a motor with energizing coils that produce at any given time two magnetic poles im one element that tend to set wp a rotation of the motor, oA genera- tor thus constrncted yields four reversals, or impnlses, in eachPOLY PHASE CURRENTS. a revolution, two in each of its independent cirevite; and the effect upon the motor ie to shift the magnetic poles throwgl three hun- dred and sixty degrees, [tie olvious that if the four reversals in the same order conld be produced by each half-revolution of the generator the motor would make two revolutions to the gen- erators one. This would be readily accomplished by adding two intermediate poles to the generator or altering it in any of the other equivalent ways above indicated. The same rule applies to generators and motors with maltiple poles, For instance, if a generator be constructed with two ctrenita, each of whieh pro duces twelve reversals of enrrent toa revolution, amd] these eur- rents be directed through the independent energizing-coils of a inoter, the calla of which arc se upplied as to prodece twelve magnotic Poles at all times, the rotation of the two will be gyn elironons; but if the metor-coils produce but six poles, the movable element will be rotated twice while the zenerator rotates ance; or if the moter have four poles, its rotation will le three times as feat aa thot of the generator, These features, eo far as necessary to an understanding of the principle, are here illustrated, Fig. 28 is a diagrammatic illus. tration of a generator constructed in accordance with the inven- tion, § Fig. #4) is 9 similar view of @ correspondingly eonstrneted motor. Fig. 30 is a diagram of a generator of modified con- stroetion, Fig, 31 is a diagram of a motor of correspouding character. Fig. 32 is a diagram vf a system containing a gener- ater and several motors adapted to rin at various speeds,a8 INVENTIONS OF NIKGLA TESLA, In Fig, #8, let ¢ represent « evlindrical armature core wound longitudinally with insulated coils aa, whieh are connected mp in series, the terminals of the eeries being connected to collecting- rings a @ on the shaft. Ty means of this shaft the armature is mounted to rotate between the poles of an annular field-mag- net 0, formed with polar projections wound with coils #, that magnetize the said projections, The coils ® are included in the cirenit of a generator F, ly means of which the fieldamagnet is euengized. Tf thus constucted, the machine is a well-kuown form of alternatingeurrent generator, To adapt it to his sve tem, however, Mir. Tesla winds on armature ¢ a second set of coils 1 intermediate to the first, or, in other words, in auch po- sitions that while the enila of one set are in the relative positions to the poles of the tield-tugnel to produce the maximum current, those of the other set will be in the position in which they pro- duce the wintmem eurrent, The eoils o ore connected, also, in series and to two connecting-rings, secured generally to the shaft at the opposite etul of the armature. The motor shown in Fig, 24 has an sunular tield-magnet nH, with four pole-picees wound with coils 1. The armature is eon- strueted similarly to the generator, but with two sets of two coils in closed cireuita to correspond with the reduced wumber of magnetic poles in the fleld, From the foregoing it is evident that ane revelution of the armature of the generator producing eight current impulses in each eireuit will produce two revolutions of the motor-armature, The application of the prineiple of this invention is not, lhow- ever, confined to any partienlar form of machine. In Figs. 4 and 30 8 generator and moter of another well-known type are shown. In Fig, 30, 4 3 are magnets disposed in a circle and wound with enils x, which ave in cironit with a generate? whichPOLYPHASE (CURRENTS. aD aupplies the eurrent that tmaintsine the field of foree. In the nanal conatmnetion of these naclines the armatore-conduetor 1 ie carried by a suitable frame, ac aa to be rotated in face of the Inaguets 4 J, or between these magnete and another similar set in front of them, The magnets are energized ao as to be of al- ternately opposite polarity throughout the series, sv that as the eomdnetor c¢ is rotated the eurrent impulace combine or are wided te one another, those produced by the couductor in any given position being all in the same direction. Tu adapt euch a machine to hie eyetem, Mr, Tvela adde 9 eeeond act of induced conductors st, in all respects similar to the first, bnt so placed in reference to it that the currents produced in each will diffur by a quarter-phase, With such relations it is evident that a# the current decreases in conductor tit inereases in corluetor vw, and conversely, amd that any of the forms of Tesla motor invented for use in this system may be operated by such a generator, Fig, 41 is intended to ahow a motor corresponding to the ma- chine in Fig. 60. The constraction of the iotor is ideetionl with that of the generator, and if coupled thereto ic will ran eyn- ehronoualy therewith, a's’ are the field-tagnets, and «’ the eoils thereon, ois one of the armature-conduetors and w" the other. Fig. 22 ahows in diagram other forma of machine, The gene- rater 5 in this ease is shown ue consisting of a etationary ring o, wound with twenty-four eoile & ep’, alternate eoils being connected in series in two eireuite, Within this ring is a dise or drum aq, with projections q’ wound with energizing-coils incladed in cir- enit with a generator x. Dy drtving this dise or cylinder alter- toting currents are produced in the eoila » aud ey which are carried off to run the several motors. The motors are composed of a ring or anwular field-imagnet s, wonnd with two sete of energizing-coils vr’, and armatures v, having projections Ww weand with eotla v, all connected in series ita closed circuit or each closed independently on itself. Suppose the brelve generaturecile are wound alternately in opposite directions, ao that any two adjaceut coils of the same set teml to produce a free pole in the rity o between them and the twelve coila to be similarky wool. A single revolution of the dice or cylinder q, the twelve polar projections of which are of opposite polarity, will therefore produce twelve current inn pulses in each of the cirenits wow’, ence the motor x, whieh4 INVENTIONS GF NIKOLA TESLA, has sixteen coils or eight free poles, will make one and a half turns to the generators one. The inotor ¥, with twelve eoile or six poles, will rotate with twice the speed of the generator, and the motor x, with eight coils or four poles, will revolve three times as fast as the generator, These multipolar motors have a peetli- arity whiell may he often utilized to great advantage. For ex- ample, in the motor x, Fig, 92, the eight poles may be either alternately opposite or there may be at any given time alternately iwo like and two opposite poles, This is readily attained by waking the proper electrical conuections, The effect of auch a change, however, would be the aame ae redneing the number ofPOLY PHASE CURRENTS. a poles one-half, and therehy doubling the speed of any given motor, Tt is obvious that the Tesla electrical transformers which have independent primary currents may be used with the generators deseribed. It may alao be stated with respect to the devices we now deseribe thet the most perfect and harmonious action of the generators and motors is obtained when the numbers of the poles of each are ever and not add. If this ie not the case, there will be 4 certain nnevenness of action which is the leas. appreci- able as the number of poles is greater; although this may be ina measure corrected by special provisions whieh it is not here necessary to explain. It also follows, as a matter of conrse, that if the namber of the poles of the motor be greater than that of the generator the motor will revolve at a elower speed than the generator, To this chapter, we may include a methal devised by Mr. Teala for avoiding the very high speeds which would be neces. sary with large generators. In lion of revolving the generator armature at a high rate of epecd, he seenres the desired reenlt by a rotation of the magnetic poles of one element of the generator, while driving the other ata different speed. The effeet is the same as that yielded by a very Ligh rote of rotation. In thia instance, the generator which supplies the current for operating the motors or transformers comsista of a subdivided Ting or annular core wound with four dismetrically-opposite coll, rn’, Fig, $8. Within the ring is mounted a cylindrical armatnre-core wound longitndinally with two independent coils, vv’, the ends of which lead, respectively, to two poire of ine- lated contact or collecting rings, hi’ oo’, om the armature ahaft, Collecting brushes fd’ gg" bear upon these rings, respectively, and convey the currents through the two independent lime-cir- enite wm’. In the main line there may be inelnded one or more motors or transformers, or both, Tf motors be used, they are of the usual form of Tesla construction with independent evils or sets of coils ay’, included, respectively, in the eireuits wm’. These energizing-coils are wound on a ring or annular fleld or on pole pieces thereon, and produce by the action of the alternating currents passing through them a progressive shifting of the mag- netism from pole to pole. The cylindrical armature woof the motor is wound with two coils at right angles, which form inde- pendent closed eireuita,42 INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TRALA, Tf transformers be employed, one set of the primary evils, as xox, wound on a ring or annular core ia connected to one cirenit, asm’, and the other primary coils, » x", to the cirenit a. The accondary olla kk’ may then he wtilized for ronning groupe of incandeseent lamps rp’. With this generator an exciter ia employed. ‘This eoneists of Fin. Bi, two poles, 4 4, of steel permanently magnetized, or af iron ox- cited by a battery or other generator of continnois currents, and a eylindrical armature core momnted on a shaft, 5, and wound with two longitudinal coils, ¢ c’. One end of each of these coils is connected to the enllucting-rings be, respectively, while thePOLYPHASE CURRENTS OS other ends are both connected toa ring, @ Collecting-broshes 4 ¢ bear on the rings & ¢, respectively, and conductors 1. £ con- vey the enrrents therefrom through the coils » and » of the gen- erator. 1! is a cominon return-wire to brush a’, Two indepan- dent cirenits are thus formed, one including coils ¢ of the exciter and eB of the generator, the other evils o' of the exeiter and x eof the generator. It resulte from this that the operation of the exeiter produces a progressive movernent of the magnetic poles of the annular field-core of the generator, the shifting or rotary movemeut af the poles being synelironons with the pota- tion of the exeiter armature, Considering the operative evn- ditions of a system thus established, it will be found that when the exeiter ic driven ao aa te energize the field of the generator, the armature of the latter, if left free to turn, would rotate at a apeed practically the same as that uf the exeiter. If under ench conditions the evils pF of the generator armature be elosed upon themeelves or ehort-cirenited, no currents, at least theoreti- ally, will be generated in these armature evils. In practice the presence of slight currents ie observell, the existence of whieh ig attributable te more or Jesa proneuneed fluctuations in the in- tensity of the magnetic poles of the generator ring. So, if the armature-coile yr’ be closed through the motor, the latter will not be turned ae long as the movement of the genervter armature is synelronons with that of the exciter ar of the magnetic poles wf ite field. Tf, on the contriry, the speed of the generator arm- ature be in any way checked, eo that the shifting or rotation of the poles of the field beeomes relatively more rapid, enrrenta will be induced in the armature coils, This obviously follows from the paesing of the lines of foree weroes the armature conductors. The greater the speed of rotation nf the magnetic poles relatively tu that of the armature the more rapidly the enrrents developed in the coils of the latter will follow oue another, and the more rapidly the motor will revolve in response thereto, smd this con- tinues ontil the armature generator is stopped entirely, ag by a brake, when the motor, if propecly conetrncted, rans at the speed with which the magnetic poles of the generator rotate. The effective strength of the currents dleveloped in the arma ture eoila of the generator is dependent upon the strength of the eurrents energizing the generator and upon the tuinber of rota- tions per unit of time of the magnetic poles of the generator henee the speed of the motor armature will depend in all easesa EXVENTIONS OF NIXOLA TRALA, upen the relative speeds of the armature of the generator and of its magnetic poles. For example, if the poles are turned two thouand times per unit of time and the armature is turned eight hondred, the motor will turn twelve hondred times, or nearly 50. Very slight differences of speed may be indicated by a delicately balanced motor. Let it now be asammed that power is applied to the gemerator armatore to turn it ina direction opposite to that in which its magnetic poles rotate, In such ease the result would be similar to thet produced by a generator the armature and field magnets of which are rotated in opposite directions, and by reason of these conditions the wotor armature will turn ata rate of speed equal to the sum of the speeds of the armature and magnetie poles of the generator, eo that a comparatively low speed of the generator armature will produce a high speed in the motor, It will be obeerved in connection with this system that on diminiehing the resistance of the external eirenit of the generator armature by checking the speed of the motor er by adding translating devices in nvultiple are in the secondary cirewit or eir- cuits of the transformer the strength of the eurrent.in the arma ture cirenit ie greatly inereaeed, This ie due to two cansce: frat, to the great differences in the speeds of the motor and generator, anil, secondly, to the fuet that the apparatne followe the analogy of a trineforiner, for, in proportion as the resistance of the arma- ture or secondary cirenits is reduced, the strength of the currents in the field or primary circuite of the gencrator ie increased and the currents in the armature are auginented correspondingly. For similar reasons the currents in che armeture-coils of the generator increase very rapidly when the speed of the armature is reduced when running in the same direction as the magnetic poles or conversely. Tt will be understood from the above deseription that the generatoranmature may be run in the direetion of the shifting of the magnetic poles, but more rapilly, and that in sueh case the speed of the motor will be equal to the difference between the two rates.CHAPTER VI. Reounator ror Horary Current Motor Aw interesting device for regulating and reversing has Leen devised by Mr. Tesla for the purpose of varying the speed of polyphase motors, Tt consists of a form of converter or trans- former with one element capable of movement with respect to the other, whereby the inductive relations may be altered, either manually or automatically, for the purpose of varying the strength of the induced current. Mr, Tesla prefers to construct this device in such manner that the induced or secondary ele- ent may be movable with reapeet to the other; and the inven- tion, #0 far as relates merely to the construction of the device it- self, consiate, ceeentially, in the combination, with two opposite magnetic poles, of an armature wound with an insulated coil and mounted on a shaft, whereby it may he turned to the desired extent within the field produced by the poles. The normal po aition of the eore of the sceondary clement is that in whieh it most completely closes the magnetic cirenit between the poles of the primary element, and in thie position ite coil is im its most effeetive position for the inductive action upon it of the primary coils; but by turning the inovable core to either «ide, the induced currente delivered by its coil beeome veaker until, by a movement of the said core and coil through 90°, there will be no current delivered, Fig. $4 is a view in side elevation of the regulator. Fig. 35 is a broken section on line w # of Fig. 34, Fig. 26 in a diagram illustrating the most convenient manner of applying the regulator to ordinary forma of motors, and Fig, 37 ipa eimilar diagram illns- trating the application of the device to the Tesla alternating- enurrent motors, The regulator may be constructed in many waye to seeure the desired reenlt; but that which is, perhaps, its heat form is shown in Figs. #4 and 35. A represents a frame of iron. 6 5 ure the cores of the indnc-46 INVENTIONS OF NINOLA TESLA ing or primary coils cc. pis a ehaft monnted on the side bars, p', and on which is ecenred a scetional irom core, », wou ud with an induced or secondary coil, r, the convolutions of which are parallel with the asis of the shaft, The. ends of the eore are rounded off so as te fit closely in the space between the two polos and permit the core x to be turued to and held at any desired point. A handle, &, eenred to the projecting end of the shaft provided for this purpesc. In Fig. 86 let mt represent an ordinary alternating eurrent gen- erator, the field-magnets of which are excited by a suitable sonree of current... Leta designate an ordinary forin of electro- tuagnetic motor provided with an armatore, &, couunutator 4, and fieldsmagnets xt, [tis well kuown that sueli a motor, if ite ™m I i (a + Fis, H, field-imagnet cores be divided mp into insulated sections, may be practically operated ly au alternating eurrent; but in using this regulator with euch a imeotor, Mr. Tesla ineludes one element of the motor only—say the armature-coile—in the main cireuit of the generator, making the connections through the brushes and the commutator in the usual way, He also ineludes one of the elemente of the regulator—say the stationary coile—in the same cirenit, and in the cirenit with the secondary or movable eoil of the regulator he connects up the field-coils of the motor, He aleo prefers to mse flexible conductors to make the connections from the secondary enil of the regulator, as he thereby avoids the nse of sliding coutacts or rings withont interfering with the requisite movement of the core B.PUL YPHASE CURRENTS, aT Tf the regulator be in its normal position, or that in which its Thagmetic eirenit is most nearly closed, it delivers its maxima Tndwevd current, the phases of which so correspond with those of the primary current that the inotor will run as theugh both fie! “by the main current. and annature were ¢ To vary the speed of che motor te auy rate between the muiti- Tin andl maximum rates, the were x and coils ¢ are trened in wither dircetion to an extent whieh produecs the desired result, for in its normal position the eonvalurions of eoi) F embrace the maxim mmuber of lines of force, all of whieh wet with che aune effeet upen the coil; henes ft will deliver ite maximum current; bat by meening che coil eonted its position of muon effect the number of lines of foree cushraccd lw it is diminished, The inductive effeet is therefore inipaized, and the ewrrent adie Hivered hy coil powill continae te diminish te proportion to the Fra, iti, an angle of ninety degrece, the convolutions of the eoil will be at right angles to those af eatle ee, and the inductive offece re- (laced to a tminimnm, Tneidentally to certain constructions, other eagses may inthe ened the variation in the strei of the indueci everenta. For example, in the present cage it will be observer that by the first movement of coi Fa certain portion of its eonvelutions are carried beyond the line of the direct inthmenee af the limes of force, amd that the tnagetic pith oreirewit tur the lines is iu s lene the inductive effect would be redureedl. Next, that after moving through # certain angle, which is obviously determined by the relative dimensions of the hobbin ar cail ey diagonally eppesite portions of the coil will be strumltaneoudly ineluded in the field, bot ia euch positions that the lines whiell produce a eurrent- impulee in one portion of the ecil in a certain direction will pro-a ENFENITONS GF NIKOLA THALA, duce in the diagonally opposite portion a vorrespouding: impolee in the opposite direetion; henee portions of the enrrent will neutralize one another. As before stated, the mechanical eonstrnetion of the device may be greatly varied 5 bat the essential conditions of the prinei- ple will be fulfilled in any apparatus iu which the movement of the elements with respect to one another effeers the same reeulte by varying the induetive relations of the two elements in a man- ner shnilar te that described, Tt may aleo be stated that the core e is wot indispensable to the operation of the regulator, but its presence is obviously bene ficial, This regulator, however, has another valuable property y of reversing the motor, for if the eoil x be turned through a half-revolution, the position of its convelutions rela- tively to the two ¢ roid to the fines of foree is reversed, aid consequently the phases of the current will be reversed. This will produce a rotation of the motor in an opposite direction. This form of regulator is alse applied with great advantage to Mr. Tesla’s system of utilizing alternating currents, in which the inagnetic poles of the ticld of a motor are progressively shifted by means of the combined effects upon the field of magnetizing coils included im independent circuits, through which pass alter- nating currents in proper onder and relations to each other, In Fig. Sf, let» represent a Tesla generator having two inde- pendent coils, »’ and fp’, on the armature, and 1a diagram of aPOL FPHASE CURRENTS, a motor having twe independent energizing coils ar sets of coila, ek’, Ome of the cirenite from the generator, as *’ s’, includes one set, eR’, of the energizing coils of the motor, while the other cirenit, a8 42, ineludes the primary coils of the regulator. The seeoidary coi) of the regulator ineludes the other coils, x 4, af the motor. While the secondary coil uf the regulate is in ite normal pri. tion, it produces its maxiiwum current, and the maximum rotary effect is imparted to the motor; but this effect will be diminiehed in proportion to the angle at which the coil r of the regulator is tuned. ‘The motor will aleo be reversed by reversing the poei- tion ef the coil with reference to the calls oc, and thereby re- versing the phases of the enrrent produced by the gencrator, This ehanges the direction of the movement of the chifting poles whieh the armainre follows, One of the main addvanitiyes of thie plan of regulation is ite economy of power. When the induce] eoil is generating its maximum ewrent, the maximum amount of energy in the prim. ary coils is absorbed | mt ws the indeed coil is turned from ite normal position the sehnduetion of the primary-coile reduces the expenditure of energy and saves power, Tt is obvions that in practice either coils ¢ cor coil er may be used as primary or secondary, and it i4 well nederstoud that their relative proportions may be varie to produce any desired cliffor. ence or similarity in the indueing aul induced currents,CNAPTER VIII. Sixace Cievir, SeercStarmiva Syxcuuosiie Motors. In the first chapters of this veetion we have, bearing in mind ying principle, considered « distinct class of mo- tora, namely, such as require for their operation a special genera- tor capable of yielding currents of differing phase. As a matter of course, Mr, Tesla recognizing the desirability of utilizing his motors in comnmection with ordinary ayatems of distribution, ad- dressed himeelf to the tsk of inventing various methods and waye of achieving this object. In the euececding chapters, therefore, we witness the evolution of a number of ideas bearing upon this important beaneli of work, It must be obvious to acarefal reader, from a numberof hints encountered here and there, that even the inventions described in these chapters to fol- low do not represent the full xeope of the work done in those — They might, indeed, be regarded as cxemplifications. Ve will present theee various inventions in the order which to us appenrs the most helpful to an understanding of the subject hy the majority of veaders. [et will be naturally pereeived that in offering a series of ideas uf this nature, wherein eome of the steps or linke are mireing, the deseriptiona are not altogether se- quential; but any one who follows carefully the main drift of the thoughts now bronght together will tind that a satisfactory eomprohencion of the principles can be gained, Asis well known, certain forms of alternatingenrreut machines have the property, wheu connected in cireuit with an alternating current generator, of running as a motor in synchronism there- with; but, while the alternating current will run the motor after it has attained a rate of speed synchronous with that of the ger erator, it will not start it, Henee, in all instances heretofore where these “eynehronizing motora,” as they are termed, have heen ron, some means have been adopted to bring the motors op to aynehroniem with the generator, or approximately 0, before the alternating current of the generator is applied to drive them,POLTPHASE CURRENTS. a1 In some instances inechanical appliances have been utilized for this purpose. In others special and complicated forma of motor have been conetructed, Mr, Tesla has discovered « tuch more simple method or plan of operating synchronizing motors, which requires practieally no other apparatus than the motor itself, In other worde, by a certain change in the eireuit connections of the motor he eonverta it at will from a double eirenit moter, or auch as have teen already deserted, and which will start under the aetion of an alternating current, into a synehronizing motor, or one which will be run by the generator only when it has reached acertain speed of rotation synchronous with that of the penera: tor, In this manmer he is enabled to extend very greatly the ap plications of his system and to secure all the advantages of both forms of alternating current motor. The expression “synchronous with that of the generator,’ is used here in its ordinary aceeptation—that ie to say, a motor ie said to spnehronize with the generator when ir preserves a certain relative peed determined ly its vurnber of poles anil the nunther of alternations produced per revolution af the generator, [ta actual speed, therefore, may be faster or slower than that of the generator; but it is said to be aynehronous eo Longe as it preserves the same relative speed. In carrying ont this invention Mr. ‘Teala consrmers a motor which ha: a strong tendency te avuchronism with the generator. The coustruction preferred is that in whieh the armeture is pro vided with polar projections, The tield-magnets are wound with two sets of coils, the terminals of whieh ane connected to a switch inéehaniem, by means of whiell the linewnrrent imay be carried directly clirough these eails av indireetly through paths hy whieh its phases are minvditied. To start euel a motor, the ewitch is turned on tea set of comtacte whieh Includes in one mater eirouit adead resistance, in the other an inductive resistance, and, the two circuits being in derivation, it is ules that the differ- ene in phase of the current in euch eireuits will eet up a cotation of the moter, When the speed of the motor has thus been brought to the desired rate the ewiteh is shifted to throw the main current direetly through the mote cirenits, aval although the currents in both eirenita will now be of the stime phase the nator will eontinue to revalve, lbeeaming a true armehronans motor, To seenre greater efficiency, the armature or its polar projections are wound with evils closed on thenelves.5g INVENTIONS OF NIEGLA TESLA, In the accompanying diagrama, Fig. $8 illustrates the details of the plan above set forth, and Fign 3% and 4? modifications of the same, Referring to Fig. 8, let a detignute the field-magnets of a Frew, ibs, 1 wok th motor, the polar projections of which are wound with coil a oc included in independent eireuite, and » the armature with polar Projections wound with coils © closed upon themeelves, the motor in these respects being similar in eonstrnetion to thosePOLYPHAGE CURRENTS. a described already, but having on account of the polar projections on the armature core, or other similar and well-known features, the properties of a avechronizing-motor, 1 1.’ represents the eomdnetors of a line from an alternating current generator o. Near the motor is placed a ewiteh the aetion of which ix that of the one shown in the diagrams, whielt is constructed aa fol- lowe: F Fo are two conducting plates or arms, pivoted at their ends and connected hy an insulating crossbar, 1, so as to be shifted in ‘paralleliam. In the path of the bara rr’ ia the contact 3, which forms one terminal of the cirenit through evils c, the contact 4, whieh is one terminal of the ecireuit through coils s. The opposite end of the wire of coils c is connected to the wire © or harp’, and the corresponding ond of eoils a is connected to wire 1” and har py lene if the bare be shifted ao aa to bear av coutacts 2 and 4 both sete of eoila eo will be ineluded in the eir- enit Lt’ in multiple are or derivation. [n the path of the levers FF are two other contact terminals, | and 3. The contact 1 is connected to contact 2 through an artificial resistance, 1, and com- tact 3 with contact + throngh a self-indaction coil, J, a0 that when the ewiteh levers are shifted upon the points ] and # the cirenits of coils 5 and ¢ will be connected in multiple are or derivation to the cirenit 1’, and will include the reeistanee and self-induetion eoil respectively, A third position of the awiteh is that in whieh the levers e and ¢’ are shifted ont of sontact with both sets af points, In this case the nunter is entirely aut of eirenit. The purpose and manner of operating the motor by these de- vices are us follows: The normal position of the switch, the motor being ont of cirenit, is off the contact paint Assuming the generator to be running, anc that it is desired to start the motor, the switch is shifted until iti levers rest upon points | and 3, The two motor-cireuite are thus conneeted with the generator sirenit ; hut by reason of the presence of the resistance tin one and the selfinduction coil a in the other the coincidence of the pliases of the current is disturbed suilicient]y to produee a pro- gression of the poles, whieh starts the motor in rotation. When the speed of the motor has mm up to avnehroniem with the penerator, or approximately ao, the switeh is shifted over upon the points 2 and 4, thus eutting out the coils 1 and a, so that the eurrenta in bath cirenite have the same phase: but the motor TAT Tons as a RYChToOnOUs MoOtT, Tt will be understood that when brought ap to speed the me nlpt INFENTIONS OF NINOLA TESLA, tor will run with only one of the cireuita Bor c connected with the main or generator circuit, or the two circuits may be con- nected in series, This latter plan is preferable when a current having « high number of alternations per unit of time is em- ployed to drive the motor, In such case the starting of the motor is more difficult, and the dead and inductive resistances mst take up a considerable proportion of the electromotive foree of the cirenits. Generally the conditions are so adjusted that the electromotive foree aed in ench of the motor cirenits is that which is required to operate the motor when ite circuits are in series, The plan followed in thie case is ilnstrated in Fig. 3%, In thie instance the motor has twelve poles and the arma” ture has polar projections m wound with elosed coila x. The switch used is of substantially the sume eonstrnetion as that shown in the previous figure. There are, however, five contact, designated as 5, 4, 7, 5, and, The motor-cireuits a c, whieh in- elude alternate tield-coils, are connected to the terminals in the following order: One end of circuit ¢ is connected to contact 9 and to contact 5 through a dead resistance, 1. Que terminal of eirenit wis contected to contact T and to contact 4 through a welf-induction coil, 3s. The opposite terminals of both cireuits are connected to contact 5, One of the levers, as, of the switch is made with an exten- sion, f, or otherwise, so a6 to caver both contacts 4 and & when shifted into the position to start the motor, It will be observed that when in this position and with lever e’ on contact $ the eur- rent divides between the two eirenites « c, which from their dif- ference in electrical character produce a progression of the poles that starts the motor in rotation, Wheu the motor has attained the proper speed, the switch is ahifted eo that the levers cover the contacts 7 and 9, thereby conneeting cireuite & and c¢ in ee- ries, It ia found that by this disposition the motor is maintained in rotation in synchronism with the generator, This principle of operation, which consists in converting by a change of con- nections or otherwise a double-cireuit motor, or one operating by a progressive shifting of the poles, into an ordinary synehroniz- ing motor may be earried out in many other ways, For instance, instead of using the switch shown in the previous figures, we may use & teniporary ground cireuit between the generator and motor, in order to start the motor, in enbetantially the manner indicated in Fig. 40. Let a in this figure represent an ordinaryPOLPPHASE CURRENTS, io alternating-current generator with, aiy, two poles, x x’, and an armature wound with two coil, wos’, at right angles and con- nected in serie, The motor has, for example, four poles wound with coils Bc, which are connected in series, and an armature with polar projections p wound with closed coila ee. From the common joint or union between the two circuits of both the gon- erator and the motor an earth connection ia established, while the terminals or ends of these cirenita are connected to the line. Assuming that the motor is a synelironizing motor or ome that has the capability of running in aynelroniem with the gen- erator, but not of starting, it may be started by the above- described apparatus by closing the ground connection from both wenerator and motor, The ayetem thus becomes one with a two eirenit generator and motor, the ground forming a common re- turn for the currents in the two cireuite Land 1’. When by this arrangement of circuits the motor is brought to speed, the ground connection is broken between the motor or generator, or both, ground-switches re° being employed for this purpose. The motor then rung as a eynehronizing motor. In describing the main features whieh coustitute this invention illustrations have necessarily been omitted of the appliances used in conjunetion with the eleetrieal deviece of similar systeme— anch, for instanes, a driving-belts, tixed and loose pulleys for the motor, and the like; bot these are matters well understond. Mr. Tesla believes he ie the firet te operate eleetromagnetic motors by alternating currents inany of the ways herein described —that is to say, by producing a progreskive movement or rota- tion of their poles or points of greatest magnetic attraction by the alternating currents until they have reached a given speed, and then by the same currents producing « simple alternation of their poles, or, in other words, by a change in the order or char- acter of the cireuit connections te convert a motor operating on one principle to one operating on another.CHAPTER IX. Crasok Frow Doune CURRENT Te Sincue Crees Mawr. A prsertrtios ie given elsewhere of a method of operating al- ternating current motors by first rotating their magnetic pales until they have attained synchronous speed, and then alternating the poles, The motor is thus transformed, by a simple change of cirenit connections from one operated by the action of two or tore independent energizing curreuts to one operated either by a single current or by several eurrents acting as one, Another way of doing this will now be described. At the start the magnetic poles of one element of field of the tor are progresvely shifted by alternating currents differing in phase and passed through independent energizing eireuits, and short eirenit the eile of the other element. When the motor thus started reaches or passes the limit of speed arnchronous with the generator, Mr. Tesla connects up the coils previously slort-cir- euited with a seuree of direct current and by a change of the eir- euit connections produces a simple alternation of the poles, The motor then coutinges te ran 1 synehronism with the generator. The motor here shown in Pig, 41 is one of the ordinary forma, with field-cores either laminated or solid and with a cylindrical lamin- ated armature wend, forexample, with the eoile.« sat right angles. The shaft of the armature earries three collecting or contact rings ep (Shown, for better illostration, as of different diameters.) (ine end of enil a connects to one ring, as ¢, and ane end of coil & connects with ring p, The remaining ends are counected tering & Collecting springs or brushes # GH bear upon the rings aml lead to the contacts of a awiteh, te be presently de- scribed, ‘The field-eoils have their terminals in binding-posts « &, aid may be either closed upon themeelvee or connected with aacuree of direct current 1, hy meana of a awitch a, The main or controlling ewitel: has five contacts a bee e and two levers 7? g, pivoted and connected by an insulating eross-har A, a0 as to move in parallelism. Theee levers are connected to the linePOLY PHASK CORRENTS. aT wires from a souree of alternating currents x, Contact @ is con- nected to brash uv and coil a through adead resistance x and wires. Contact 4 is connected with brush » and coil 4 throng a self-induction eoil s and wire o, Contacts cand ¢ are connected to brushes a F, respectively, through the wires ro, and contact dis direetly connected with rush a. The lever f hae a widened whieh may span the eontaete af. When in sneh position aud with lever y on contact, the alternating currents divide be- tween the two motor-eoils, and liv reason of their different self. induction a difference of current-phase is obtained that starts the motor in rotation. In starting, the theld-coils are short cir ehited, : When the motor has attained the desired speed, the switel is shifted to the position shown in dotted lines—that is to say, with the levers fg resting on points ¢¢. This connects op the two armature coils in series, and the mutor will then ran as a syn- chronons motor, The field-coils are thrown into eireuit with the direct current source when the main awitch is shifted,CHAPTER X. Moror Wire *Crreesy Lag” Apriricancy Srorru. (ie of the general waye followed by Mr. Tesla in developing his rotary plase motors is te produce practically independent currents differing primarily in phase and to pass these throngh the motureirenits. Another way is to produce a single alternating current, to divide it between the motor-cireuita, and to effeet artificially a lag in one of these circuits or branches, as by giving to the cirenita different self-inductive capacity, and in other ways. In the former case, in which the necessary differ- ence of phase is primarily effected in the generation of eurrents, in some instances, the currents are passed through the energizing coils of both elements of the motor--the field and armature ; but a further result or modification may be obtained hy doing this under the conditions hercinafter specified in the ease of motors in which the lag, as above stated, is artificially secured. Fige. 42 to 47, inclusive, are diagrams of different waysin whieh the invention is carried ont; and Fig. 45, a side view of a form of motor ued by Mr. Tesla for this purpose. atin Fig. +2 indicate the two energizing cirenits of a motor, andco two cirenits on the armature. Cirenit or coil « is eon- nected in series with cirenit or coil c, and the two cireuits ® pare similarly connected. Between coils a and c is a contuct-ring «, forming one terminal of the latter, and a brash «, forming one terminal of the former, A ring and bruzh @ similarly commect eoils wand p. The oppesite terminals of the field-euils eonnect to one binding post 4 of the motor, and those of the armature coils are similarly connected to the opposite binding post # through a contactring fand brush g. Thus each motor-cirenit while in derivation to the other includes one armature and one field coil. These cirenite are of different velfinduction, and may be made so in various ways. For the sake of clearness, an artificial Te sistance Ris shown in one of these circuits, and in the other a self-induetion eoil a, When an alternating current is passedPOLY PHASE CURRENTS, Es] through this motor it divides between ite two energizing-cirenita, The higher self-induction of one cireuit produces a preater re- tardation or lag in the current therein than in the other. The difference of phase between the two eurrents effects the rotation or shifting of the points of maximum magnetic effect that secures Foon, 43, 47 aod 44. the rotation of the armature. Ln certain respecte this plan of in- eluding both armature and field ecila in cirevit is a marked iin- provement. Such a motor hae a good torque at starting; yet it has aleo considerable tendency to synchronism, owing to the faeta INFENTIONS OF NIKOLA FESEA, that when properly constructed the maximum niagnetic effeeta in both armature and tield evineide—a condition whieh in the usual construction of these motors with closed armature eoils is not readily attained. The woter thus eonstracted exhibits too, a better regulation of current from no load to load, and there ix less difference between the apparent and real energy expended in running it, The true synchronous speed of this form of motor is that of the generator when lwth are alike—that is to say, if the number of the coils on the armature and on the field is a, the motor will run normally at the same speed o8 a generator driving Frae. +i, Hh and 47. it if the number of tield maynets or poles of the same be also +. Fig. 42 chews a somewhat modified arrangement of eireuite, There iain this ease bot one armature coil 5, the winding of which muintains effects corresponding to the resultant poles pro- dueed by the two field-cirenite, Fig. 44 represents o disposition in which both armature and field are wound with two sete of coils, all in multiple are to the line or main circuit. The armature coile are wound to eorre- apond with the tield-coile with respect to their selfinduction, A modification of this plan is shown in Fig, 45—that is to say, thePOLYPHASE CURRENTS, él two feld coils and two armature coils are in derivation to them- selves and im series with one another, The armature eoila in this ease, nein the previews figure, are wound for led self- induction to correspond with the field coils, Another moditication is shown in Fig. 41. In this ease only one anmature-coil, as i, is iueluded in the line-eirenit, while the other, aa c, is short-cireiterd, Tn anch a disposition as that sluowe in Fig. 4, or where only one arnature-coil ie employed, the torque on the start ie eome- what reduced, while the tendency to synchronism is somewhat increased, In much a disposition as sliown iu Fig. 46, the oppe- site conditions would exist, In beth instances, however, there is the advantage of dispensing with one eoutact-ring. In Fig. 46 the two fleld-coils and the armatare-coil n are in oultiple are, In Fig. +7 this disposition is mestified, eof) nm Tem ing ehown in series with the tw tield-coils. Fig. 48 is an outline of the general form of motor in whieh this invention is embodied. The cirenit connections between the armature and field coils are made, as indicated in the previ- ous figares, through braves andl rigs, which are not shown,CHAPTER XL Axotner Meraop or TRaxsrokMaTion FROM 4 ToRQvE To a Syxcumontainn Meer. Ix a preceding chapter we have deeeribed a method by which Mr. Tesla accomplishes the change in his type of rotating field motor from a torque to a synehronizing motor. As will be ob served, the desired end is there reached by a change in the cir- enit connections at the proper moment. We will new proceed to describe another way of bringing about the same result. The principle involved in this method is as follows ;— Tf an alternating eurrent he pased through the Held coils. onby of a motor having two energizing cirenits of different eelf-indue- tion and the armature eoila he short-circuited, the motor will have a stromge torque, but little or no tendency to synehrouism with the generator; but if the same eurront whieh energizes the field be passed aleo through che armature coils the tendency to remain in svuchronisin ie very cousiderably increased. This is due to the fact that the maxinuum magnetic effects produced in the field and armature more nearly coineide. (im this principle Mr. Tesla constructs a motor having independent field circuits of differeut self-induetion, whieh are joined in derivation to a souree of alternating currents. The armature is wound with one or more coils, which are connected with the field coila through contact rings and broshea, and around the armature coilea shunt ig arranged with means for opening or closing the same, In start- ing this motor the shunt is closed around the armature coils, which will therefore he in closed cireuit. When the current is directed throngh the motor, it divides hetween the two cirenuita, (it is not necessary to consider amy ease where there are more than two eireuits used), which, by reason of their different self- duction, secure a difference of phase between the two currents in the two branches, that producce a shifting or rotation of the of the poles. By the alternations of current, other currents are induced in the clased—or shirt-ctrevited—armature coils and thePOLYPHASE CURRENTS. On motor has a strong torque. When the desired epoed is reached, the shunt around the armature-coile ie opened and the eurrent directed throngh beth armature and field coils Under these conditions the motor has a etrong tendency to eynehronistu. In Fig. 49, 4 and 8 desiynate the field eoile of the motor, As the eirevite including these coile are of different self-induetion, this is represented by a resistance coil x in cireuit with a, and a Ff Fes, 49, 5) and 1. selfinduction evil 4 in eireuit with a. The same result may of conned be seeured by the winding of the evila, o is the armature eirenit, the terminals of whieh are rings ¢ 4. Broshes ¢ 2 bear on these rings and connect with the line and field eirenita, 0 is the ehunt or short cirenit around the armature. & is the switel in the elit. Te will be observed that in such a disposition aa is illustrated inu INVENTIONS OF NIKGLA TESLA, Fig. 49, the field cireuits 4 and 5 being of different sclfinduction, there will always be a greater lag of the current in one than the other, and that, generally, the amnature phases will not corre- spond with either, but with the resultant of both. [tis therefore important to observe the proper rule in winding the armature, For instanee, if the motor have eight poles—four in each cireuit —thers will be four resultant poles, and henee the armature winding ehould Ise such as to produce four poles, in order to com stitute a tre synchronizing moter The diagram, Fig. 50, differs from the previous ane only in respect to the order of connections, In the present case the arin ature-coil, instead of being in series with the tield-coils nul tiple are therewith, The armarore-winding may be similar to that of the field—that ix te suv, the armature mar have two or more coils wound ot adapted fur different selfincurtion and Fis. 38, adapted, preferably, te produce the same difference of place as the fieldeoils, Oui starting the sietor the shunt ia closed around both evils This ia shown im Fig. 31, in whieh the armature coile are ru. Tu indicate their different electrical. character, there are eluewn in cireuit with them, respeet- ively, the resistance e’ aud the selfinduction coil «'. ‘The two armature coils are in series with the tield-coils aud the same die position of the shunt or short-eireuit uw is used. [tis of advan- lage in the operation of motere of this kind te construct or wind the armature in such manner that when short-circuited on the start it will have a tendemey to reach a higher speed than that whieh eynehronizes with the generator, For exmnple, a given motor having, say, eight poles ahonld run, with the armature eoil short-circuited, at two thousand revolutions per luinute to bring it up to synelrovism. It will generally happen, however, thutPOOYPHASH CURRENTS, * this spaed is not reached, owing to the faet that the armature and field currents do not properly correspond, so that when the euyrent is passed through the armature (the motor not being quite up te aynelronism) there ie a lishility that ie will noe “hold on,” as it ia termed. It is preferable, therefore, to a0 wind or tunatruct the motor that on the start, when the annature evils are shortcirenited, the motor will tend ta reach a speed higher than the aynehronous—as for instanee, double the latier, Tn such case the difficulty aleve alluded to is not felt, for the mo tor willabways hold up to synchroni¢n if the aynehronous epeed— in the case supposed of two thousand revolutions—is reached or pasted. This may he accomplished in various ways; but for all practical purposes the following will euffice: On the armature are wound two seta of coils, At the atart only one of these is short-circuited, thereby producing a murnlor of poles on the ar mature, whieh will tend te rou the speud up above the eynehronu- ous limit, Wan such limit is reached or passed, the current. ik tlireeted through the other eoil, which, by inereasing the number of armature poles, tends to maintain eynebronism. In Fig. 32, such a dispowition is shown, The motor having, aay, cighit poles eontains two Held-cireaits a and a, of different self-induction, The armature has two coila x and a, The former is closed upon itself, the latter connected with the field and line through contact-rings @ 3, brushes ¢ oy and a ewiteh en the start the coil F alone is active and the motor tende to run ata apeed above the synchronoue; but when the coil a is commected to the eirenit the number of armature poles ie inercased, while the motor is made a trie eynehronous motor, This dispositionfat INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TEXLA has the advantage that the cloned armature-cirenit iaparts to the motor tonne when the speed falls off, but at the sane time the conditions are such that the nieter comes out of synchronism more readily, To inerense the tendency to synchronism, two eirenits may he used on the armature, one of whieh is short-cir- cuited on the start and both counected with the external cirenit after the eynehronous speed is reached or passed, This disposi- tion is shown in Fig. 53. There are three coutaet-rings a b ¢ and three broshes ¢ at, which connect the armature eireuite with the external cireuit. (hn starting, the switell it is turned to complete the connection between one binding-just rand the tield- ooils, This dhortrirenite one of the armature-coils, as a. The other coil eis ont of eireuit and open, When the moter is up to speed, the awitch w ik turned back, so that the connection from binding-post F to the tield cnila is through the eoil G, and awiteh x iz closed, thereby ineluding coil yin multiple are with the field coils, Both armature coils arethms active, Fron the aboveddescrittd inetances it is evident that inany other dispositions for carrying out the invention are possible,CHAPTER XIL “Mace Lag” Motor. Tue following deeeription deals with another form of moter, uamely, depending on “ magnetic lay " or lyeteresis, its peculiar ity being that in It the attractive effects or phases while lagging behind the phases of current which produce them, are mani- fested simultaneously am] not successively. The phenomenon utilized thus at an early atage by Mr. Teela, was not generally believed in by scientific men, and Prof. Ayrton was probably first. to advocate it or to elocidate the reason of ita supposed ex- iatenee. Fig. 5+ isa side view of the motor, in elevation. Fig. 55 is a parteectional view at right angles to Fig. $4, Fig, $6 is an end view in elevation and part section of a modification, and Fig. 57 is a aimilar view of another moditication, In Figs 54 and 35, 4 designates a hase or stand, and 5 & the eupporting-frame of the motor. Bolted to the eupporting- frame are two magnetic cores or pole-piewes coc’, of iron or soft steel, These may be ankdivided or laminated, in which ease hard iron or ateel plates or bare ehould be used, or they should be wound with closed coil, nis a circular disc arma- ture, built up of sections or plates of iron and mounted in the frame between the pole-picees ¢ c’, curved to conform to the circular shape thereof. This dise may be wound with a number of closed coils x,y Fare the main energizing evils, supported by the supporting-frame, so ae to include within their magnet- izmg influence both the pole-pieees coc’ and the armature np. The pole-picess ¢ c' project out beyond the coils vor on op- posite sides, as indicated in the drawings. If an alternating eurrent be pased through the coile FoF, rotation of the arma- tore will be produced, and thia rotation is explained by the following apparent action, or mode of operation: An impulse of current in the coils ¥ F cetablishes two polarities in the mo- tor. The protruding end of pole-piece c, for instance, will bean IVFENXTIONS OF NIKOLA TESLA, of one sigm, and the corresponding end of pule-piece o' will he of the opposite sign, The armatare ales exhibits twe polee at Fight angles to the coils FF, Hike poles te those in the pole- pieces being on the same vide of the coils. While the earrent is flowing there is na appreciable tendeney te rotation devel- oped; but after cach eurrent impulse ceases or begina to fall, the magheriam by the armature and in the ends af the pole- pieees ¢ o” lags or continues to munifcet itself, which produces a rotation of the armature be the repellent furce between the more closely approximating points of maxiuun magnetic effect. ‘This effect is comtinned by the reversal of current, the polari- ties of fichl and armature being simply reversed. One or both of the elements—the armature or field—may be wound with fee oF Fra, Me, Frm. i. closed induced ail to intensify thk effeet. Althangl: in the ilhuctrations but one of the tielda ia shown, each element of the motor really eonstitntes a field, wound with the closed coils, the currents being induced inainky in those eonvelutions or eoils whieh are parallel to the eoila F ¥. A woditied foram of thie motor is shown in Fig, $6, In thie form @ is one of two standards that ampport the hearings for the armature+haft. ua are uprights or sides of a frame, prefer- ably magnetic, the ends co! of whieh are bent in the manner indicated, to conform to the shape of the annature p and form fieldanagnet poles. The construction of the armatare may be the same as in the previous figure, or it may be simply a mag- netic disc or evlinder, as shown, amd] a evil or coils FY are sePOLY PHASH CURRENTS, a enved in position to surround both the armature and the polee ve’. The armature is detachable from its shaft, the latter being passed through the armeture after it lis been inserted in posi- tion, The operation of this form of motor is the same in prin ciple as that previously deseribed and needs no further explana: tion, One of the most important features in alternating current invtors is, however, that they should be adapted to and capable of running ellicicutly on the alternating circuits in present use, in which almost without eaception the generators yield a very high number of alternations, Such a motor, of the type ander consideration, My, Tesla has derigned by a development of the principle of the motor sliwn in Fi fy making a multipolar motor, whieh is Ulnstrated im Fie, 57, In the eonstruction of Fra. G4. this motor he emplors an annular inugnetic frame a, with in- wardly-extending ribs ar projections x, the ends of whieh all bend or turn in one direction and are generally shaped te eon- form te the curved surface of the armature, (Coils » rare wound from one part k te the one next adjacent, the end= or loops of eaeh eoil or gronp of wires being carried over toward the shaft, at ae te form Q-ehaped groupe of convolations at exch end of the armature, The pole-piewes (1 (', being substantially concentric with the aruature, form ledges, albing whieh the eoile are laid and should projeet to some extent beyond the the coils, as shown. The eylindrical or dram armature pis of the same construction as in the other motors described, and is mounted to rotate within the annular frame 4 and Between the U-shaped ends or bends ofTw INTENTIONS 0" NiO PREALA, the coils ¥. The coils e are connected in multiple or im serice with a souvee of altervating currents, and are eo wound that with a curreut or current impulse of given direction they will make the alternate pole-pieces c of one polarity and the other pole-picees c' of the opposite polarity. The prineiple of the operation of this meteor is the same as the other whove de- seribad, for, considering any two polepieces ¢ vc’, a current impulse passing in the eoil which Leidges them or is wound over bath tends te cstallish polarities in their ends of opposite sign and te sct up in the armature core hetween therm 4 polarity of the same sign as that of the nearest pole-picee co. Upon the fall or cessation of the current impulee that established these polarities the nagnetian whieh lags behind the eurrent phase, and which continucs to manifest Heelf in the polar projections ec’ and the armature, produces by repulsion a rotation of the amnatnte, The effeet is continned hy each reversal of the cnr. rent. What oceurs in the case of one pair of pole-piecce cecurs sitvultaneously in all, so that the tendeney to rotation of the armature ik measured by the sum of all the forces exerted by the yole-pieces, as above described. In this motor also the mag- netic lag or effect is intensified by winding one or both cores with closed indured ‘coils, The armature ore ia shown as thos wound, When closed coils are used, the cores should be lamin- ated. It is evident that a pulsatory as well as an alternating eurrent might he used to drive or operate the motors above deceribed. fe will he understood that the degree of subdivision, the mase of the iron in the cores, their size and the nutiber of alternations in the current employed to ran the motor, must be taken into consideration in order to properly construct this motor. In other words, in all snel motors the proper relations between the nom- ber of alternations and the mass, size, or quality of the iron must be preserved in order to seeure the best results,CHAPTER XIII. Merson or Ovtaismco Dirrerencr or Prasn ay Maaneric SATRLDING, Is that class of motors in which two or more sete of energizing magnets are employed, and in whieh by artificial means a certain interval of time is made to elapse batween the respective max- im or minimum periods or phases of their magnetic attraction or effect, the interval or difference in phase letween the two sets of magnets ie limited in extent. It ix desirable, however, for the economical working of euch motors that the strength or attraction of one set of magnete should be maximum, at the tine when that of the other set is minimum, and conversely ; but there conditions have not heretofore been realized except in cases where the two earrents have been obtained from independent sources in the same or different machines, Mr, Tesla has therefore devised a inotor embodying conditions that approach more nearly the theo- retical requirements of perfect working, or in other words, he produces artificially a difference of magnetic phase by means of a current from 4 single primary source snfficient in extent to meet the requiremente of practical and economical working. He employs a motor with two seta of energizing or field magnets, each wound with coils conmectel with a source of alternating or vapidly-varying currente, but forming two separate paths or cirenits, The magnets of one set are protected to 4 certain exe tent from the energizing action of the current by means of a magnetic ehield or sereen interpured between the magnet and ite energizing eotl, This shield is properly adapted to the conditions of particular cases, so as to shield or protuct the main core from magnetization until it has become iteelf anturated and no longer capable of containing all the lines of forsee produced by the eur- rent. Tt sill he seen that by this means the energizing action begins in the protected set of magnets a certain arbitrarily- determined period of time later than in the other, and that by this means alone or in conjunction with other means or devices7% INVENTIONS GF NTHOLA THSEA. heretofore employed a proctical differenee of magnetic phase may readily be eeeured, Fig. 58 is a view of a motor, partly in section, with a dia- gram illustrating the invention. Fig. 59 is a similar view of a modification of the same, In Fig, 58, which exhibits the simplest form of the invention, a sis the field-snagnet of a motor, having, sav, eight poles or inwardly-projecting curve wand c. The cores» form one set of imagnets and are energized by coils o The coresc, forming the other set are energized ly coile x, and the coile are connected, preferably, in series with one another, in two de- rived of brattched circuits, p a, respectively, from a suitable aource of current. Each evil 2 is surrounded by a magnetic shield a, which is preferably composed of an annealed, insulated, Fr, 54. Fac. GH. or oxidized iron wire wrapped or wound) on the eoile in the man- ner indicated so as te form a closed magnetic cirenit around the coils und between the sume and the magnetic cores c. Be tween the pole pieces or corce pec ie mounted the armatnre x, which, ag is usual in this type of machines, is wound with coils L¢losed upon themselves, The operation resulting from this disposition ia as follows: Tf a current impulse be directed through the tee cireaite of the motor, it will quickly cnergize the cores 5, lut net ao the cores c, for the reason that in passing through the coils x thera iz enconntered the influence of the closed magnetic cirenits forined by the shields n. The first effect is to returd effectively the current impulse in cirenit a, while at the eame time the proportion of current which does pase does not magnetize the cores c, whieh are shielded orPOLTPHASK CURRENTS. 3 sereened diy the shielde uw. As the ineressing eleetromotive force then urges more current throngh the coils x, the iron wire Ho beeowoe magnetically saturated and ineupable of varryitur all the lines of foree, and Jence ceases to protect the cores o, whieh: becomes magnetized, developing their maximum effect after an interval of time swlsequent to the similar 1anifestation of etrengtl in the other set of magnets, the extent af which is arbitrarily determined ly the thicknues of the shield a, and other well-we derstoud conditivnes, From the above it will be seen thas the apparatus or device fetes in two ways First, by retarding the eurrent, aml, secur, Tw retarding the thagnetizution uf ine set of the eres, fron whieh. ita offeetivences will readily appear, Many wodifications of the principle af this invention ane pos sible, (me neti) and efficient application of the invention ts shown in Fig. 3, In this fignre a moter is Khaw similar in all respects to thatabove deseribud, vxcept that lve icon wire nH, which is wrapped around the evils 4, is in this enec connected in series with the coils pn, The iron-wire enils et, are connected and wound, aa ga tu have little or no self-induetion, and being added to the Tesietance of the eirenit F, the aetion of the eurrent in that cir: euit will be accelerated, while in the ether ciremit a it will be retarded. The shield uo may be wide in uany forms, as will be understood, and used in different ways, as appears from the foregoing deseription. Aga moditieation of his type of mutar will * elichled ” fields, Mr. Tesla dias constructed a molar with a field-teagnes having two seta of pulea or inward)y-prejecting cures and placed side ky side, an as practically to firm two fields of foree and alter- nately dicposedthat is te cay, with the poles of one set ur field opposite the epacce between the other, He then connects the free ends of one set of poles by means of laminated iron bands or bridge-piceve of considerably smaller crosssvetion than the eures themselves, whereby the eorce will all form parts of complete inagnetic circuits, When the evile on cach sct of magnets are eonnectedl in multiple eirenits of branches from a sourec of al ternating enrrents, eleetrometive forees are set up in or im pressed upon each eirenit simultanenuealy ; hut the eoile on che meaymeticoally bridged or sliunted corce will have, by reason of the closed magnetie_cirenits, a high self-induetion, whieh retards the current, permitting at the beginning of each impulse but lit-74 INVENTIONS OF NIXNOLA THALA. tle current tu pose. Gn che ather houd, no such opposition being encountered in the other set of coils, the current passes freely through them, mametizing the poles on whieh they are wound. As soon, however, as the laminated bridges become saturated aid ineapable of carrying all the lines of force whieh the rising electromotive fore, and consequently inereased enrrent, pro dnee, free poles are developed at the ends of the eores, whieh, acting in conjunction with the others, produce rotation of the ATOLL, The construction in detuil hy which this invention is illustrated in shown in the accompanying drawings, Fig. 60 is a view in side clevation of a motor embodying the principle. Fig. Ht is a vertical erossseetion of the motor, a is the frame of the moter, which should he built up of sheets of iron punched aut to the derired elape and bolted together with insulation between the sheety, When eomplete, the frame makes 4 field-tnagnet with inwardly projecting pole-picecs and c. To adapt them to the requirements of this particular ease these pale- pieces arc out of line with one another, those marked B surround- ing one end of the armature and the others, aso, the opposite end, and they are dispozed alternately—that is to say, the pole- Pieces of one set oceur in Hine with the apaces between those of the other sets. The armature p is of cylindrical form, and is also laminated in the'nsnal way and is wound longitudinally with coils cloeed upon themeelves, The pole-pieves ¢ are conneeted or shunted by bridge-piecea &, These may be made independently and attached to the pole-pieces, or they may be parts of the forms or blanks stamped or punched out of cleet-iron. Their size or mass is de-POLTPHASE CURRENTS. 7 termined by various conditions, euch as the strength of the onr- Tent to be employed, the mass or size of the cores to whieh they are applied, and other familiar conditions. Coils F surround the pole-pieces ,and other coils a are wound on the pole-pieces o, These eoila are connected in series in two circuits, which are branches of a cireuit from a generator of alter- nating currenta, and they may be ac wound, or the respective eireoits in which they are included may be ao arranged, thal the eireuit of coils a will have, independently of the particular eon- atrnetion deeeribed, a higher self-induetion than the other cirenit or branch, The fonction of the shunts or bridges e is that they shall form with the cores ca closed magnetic civenit for a current up to a predetermined strength, so that when saturated hy such current and unable to carry more lines of forve than such a cerrent pro- doces they will to no further appreciable extent interfere with the development, by a stronger current, of free magnetic paler at the ends of the cores o. In such a motor the current is so retarded in the coils a, and the manifestation of the free magnetic in the poles c is eo delayed beyond the period of maximum magnetic effect in poles a, that a slrong torque is produced and the motor operates with approx- imately the power developed in a motor of this kind energized hy independently generated enrrents differing by a full qnarter phase.CIAPTER XTV. Tyrer or Tesua Soe e-]*naar Moron. Te to thie point, two principal types of Tesla motors have twen deseribed : First, those containing two or more energizing eirenite through which are caused to pass alternating currents differing from one another in phase to an extent sufficient te produce a continuous progression or shifting of the poles or points of greatest magnetic effect, in obedience to which the movable clement of the motor is maintained in rotation ; second, those containing poles, or parts of different magnetie suseepti- bility, which under the energizing influence of the came current or two currents coineiding in phase will exhibit differenees in their magnetic periods or phases, In the first class of motors the terqne is due to the magnotiem established in different por- tions of the meror be enrrents from the aame or from inde- pendent sourees, andl exhibiting time differences in phase, In the seeond elass the torque results from the energizing effeets of acurrent upon different parts of the motor which differ in mag- netic eusceptibility—in other words, parts which respond in the sane relative degree to the action of & current, not simultaneously, lat after different intervals of time, Tu another Tesla motor, however, the torque, instead of being solely the result of a time difference in the magnetic periods or phases of the poles or attractive parts to whatever cane due, is produced by an angular displacement of the parts which, though movable with reapect to one another, are magnetized simultane- ously, orapproximately so, by the same eurrents. This prineiple of operation has been embodied practically in a motor in whieh the necesury angular displacement between the points of greatest magnetic attraction in the two elements of the motor—the arma- ture and fieli—is obtained by the direction of the lamination of the magnetic cores of the elements, Fig. 69 is a side view of such a motor with a portion of ite armature core expased. Fig, €3 is an end or edge view of thePOLYPHASE CURRENTS, rd rane. Fig. tH ix a central cross-section of the same, the arma- tare being shown inaiuly in elevation. Let a a designate two plates Uuilt ap of thin sections or laine of soft iron insulated more or less from one another and held together by bolts ¢ and seeured to a hase a. The inner faoos of these plates contain recesses or grooves in whieh a evil ve coils pare secured obliquely mo the direction of the lamin lions, Within the eoils n is a dise x, preferably composed of aspirally-wonnd irom wire or ribborm or a series of concentric rings and mounted ona shaft F, having hearings in the plates Aa. Such a device when scted upon by an alternating current is capable of rotation and coustitutes a meter, the operation of which may he explained in che fiellowing manner; A current or current-impulse traversing the euils tends to magnetiae area el Pre, 13, Pic, Ft, cores a A and &, all of whieh are within the influence of the field of the coils. The poles ¢hue celallishod would paturally lie in the same dine at right angles te the eoila n, hot in the Plates A they ave deflected iy reasem of the tien of the laminations, aul appear at or near the extremities of these plates. In the dice, however, where theee Gonditions are mot present, the poles or points of greatest attraction are on a line at right angles to the plane of the enfley henec there will be a torque es- tabliched by this angalar displacement of the poles or magnetic lines, which starts the dive im rotation, the magnetic lines of the armature and field tending toward a position of parallelisnu. This rotation is continued and maintained by the reversals of the current in coils p op, whieh change alternately the polarity of the fieldeore: aa. This rotary tendeney or cfleet will le greatly7s INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TESLA, increased by winding the disc with conduetors a, closed upon themeelves and having a radial direction, whereby the magnetic intensity of the poles of the dise will be greatly increased hy the energizing efeet of the currents induced in the coils @ by the alternating currente in coils bp. The cores of the dise and field may or may not be of different magnetic susceptibility—thut ik to say, they may both he of the same kind uf iron, so as to be magnetized at approximately the same instant by the eoile pb; or one may be of soft iron and the uther of hard, in order that a certain time may elapse between the periods of their magnetization, In either case rotation will be produced; but anless the dise ix provided with the closed eu- ergizing coils it is desirable that the above-described difference of magnetic susceptibility be utilized to assist in its rotation. The cores of the field and armature may be made in various ways, as will he well nnderstond, it being only requisite that the laminations in cach be in such direction as to seenre the neces sary angular displacement of the points of greatest attraction. Moreover, since the dise may be considered as made up of an infinite number of radial arms, it is obvious that what is true of a dice holds for many other forms of armature,CHAPTER XY. Moroxs wire Orecorts or Darrerent [retstaxcr. Ag has heen pointed aut eleewhere, the lag or retardation of the phases of an alternating current ia direetly proportional te the self-induetion and inversely proportional to the resi eof the eirenit throngh which the current flows. Tlence, in order to seetire the proper differences of plus between the two motor circnits, itis desirable to inake the self-induetion in one much higher and the resistance much lower than the self-induection and resistance, respectively, in the other, At the same time the magnetic quantities of the two poles ar sets of poles whieh the two cireuits produce shenh] be approximately equal, These requirements lave led Mr. Tesla to the fuvention of a motor having the following general charaereristice: The eoilk whieh are inelnded iu that energizing cirenit whieh is to have the higher selfinduetion are made of eoarse wire, ora conductor of relatively low resietanee, and with the greatest porible length or nomber of turns, In the other set of eoils a comparatively few turns of tiner wire are used, or a wire of higher resistance, Furthermore, in order to approximate the magnetic quantities of the poles exeited by these coile, Mr. Tesla employs in the self. induction cirenit cores moch longer than those in the other or resistance cirenit. Fig. 65 is a part eectional view uf the motor at right angles to the shaft, Fig, G6 is a diagram of the field cirenita, lu Fig. 66, let a represent the coils in one motor cireuit, and & thoee in the other. The circuit ais to uve the higher eelf- induction, There are, therefore, wed a long length ora large umnber of turns of coarse wire in forming the coils of this cir- enit. For the cireuit a, a smaller conductor is employed, or a conductor of a higher resistance than copper, such as German silver or iron, and the coils are wound with fewer turns. Inapply- ing these coile to aimoetor, Mr. Tesla builds up a fieldsmagnet of plates c, of iron aud eteel, eeeured together in the usual mannera INVENTIONS OF NOIXODLA TESLA- by boltan, Each plate ie formed with four (more or bese) long cores &, around whiell is 4 space to reeeive the eoil and an equal number of short projections eto receive the eoils of the resistance. cirenit. The plates are generally annular in shape, having an open space in the centre for receiving the armature a, which Mr. Tesla prefers to wind with closed coils, An alternating current divided between the tyo cirenits is retarded aa to its phases in the cirenit a to amneh greater extent than in the cirenit n, By Pra. 65, Fre, 66, reason af the relative sizes and disposition of the cores aml coils the magnetic effect of the pulee e and r upon the armature closely approximate. AD important result seenred by the eonetenerion shown here is that these coil: which are designe to have the higher self- induction are almost completely surrounded by iron, andl that the retardation is thas very materiully increased,CHAPTER AVI. Merokr Wien Eqvar Macneric Exerenms ms Freen ano ARMATURE, Ler it be assumed that tho onergy as reprasented in the tmagtet: ism in the ficld of awviven rotating field toetor is ninery and that of the armature ten, The sum of these quantitivs, whieh representa the total energy expended in driving the motor, is one hundred: but, assuming that the motor be ao conetrneted that the unergy in the field is represented hy tifty, and that in the armature by tifty, the sum is still ame hundred; fat while in the diret instance the product is nine lundred, in the second it is as, WT, two thousand five hundred, and as the energy developed is in Proportion to these products it is clear that those motors are the most eflicient—other things buing epual—in whieh the magnetic energies developed in the armature and field are equal These results Mr. Tesla obtains hy using the same amount of copper or ampere turns in both clemente wlien the cores of both are equal, or approximately so, and the aame enrcent energizes loth; or in eases where the currents in wue element are induced to those of the other be usee in the induced coils an excess of copper over that in the primary element or conductor. ETSct INVRATIONS OF NINOLA TESLA. The couventiousl figure of a motor here introduced, Fig. 67, will give wn idea of the solution furnished ly Mr. Tesla for the specitic problem. Referring to the drawing, a is the tield-anag- net, # the armature, ¢ the teld coils, and p the armature-coils of the imator, Generally speaking, if the mask of the cores of armature and field be equal, the amount of copper or ampere turns of the enurgizing coils on both should also be equal; but these condi- tious will be modified in different forms of machine, Tt will he understood that these results arc moet advantageous when exist- ing under the conditions presented where the motor is running with its norm] load, & point to bé well borne in nrind,CHAPTER XVII. Motowa Wrra Corsernmtia Maxora of Maawwrnc Erevct ix Aparcke asp Fieup. Is tats forin of motor, Mr. Teela’s object is to design ane build machines wherein the maxima of the magnetic cffeets of the armature and field will more nearly coincide than in eome of the types previously under consideration, These types are: First, inotors having two or more energizing circuits of the same elec- trical eharveter, and in the aperation of whieh the currents ueed differ primarily in phase; zeeond, motors with a plurality of auergleing eireuits of different. electrical character, in or by means of whieh the difference of phase is produced artiticially, and, third, motors with a plurality of energizing cireuita, the currents in one being induced fro currents in another. Con- sidering the etructural and operative conditions of any one of them—aa, for example, that frst named—the anuature wliel is monnted to rotate in obedience to the co-operative influence or vetion of the energizing cireuits lus ecile wound upon it which are closed upon thetmuelves and in which eurrente are induced hy the energizing-eurrents with the object and result of energizing the armaturecore; bat under any anch conditions as nmuat exist in these motors, it is obvious that a cortin time inust clapee between the manifestations of an cuergizing current impulse in the field coils, and the corresponding magnetic state or phase in the armature established by the current induced thereby; couse- quently @ given magnetic inflaence or effect in the field which is the direct result of a primary current impulse will have become more or lees weakened or lost before the correeponding effect in the armature indirectly produced has reached ita maximum. This is a condition unfavorable to efficient working in certain ensce—aa, for inetoner, when the progrese of the rezultant poles or points of maximum attraction is very great, ar when a very high wuim- ber of alternations is employed—for it is apparent that a etrongerEe INVENTIONS CF WOTLA FRSLA. tendeney to rotation will be imaintuined if the maximum mag- netic attractions or conditions in both armature and field enincide, the energy developed by a motor leing measured by the produet of the magnetic quantities of the armature and field. To secure this enincidence of maximum magnetic effects, Mr. Teela has devised various means, as explained below. Fig. 68 ie a diagrammatic illustration of a Tesla motor system in which the alternating currents proceed from independent sources and differ primarily in phase. * 4 detignates the fieldanagnet or magnetic fmane of the moter; Pia, 64, Pre, 18, iB, opporitely located pole-pieres adapted to receive the coils of oue energizing circuit; and ¢ ¢, similar pole-pieces for the enils of the other energizing cireuit, These cireuits are designated, respectively, by ok, the conductor o” forming a common return to the generitorc. Between these poles is mounted au armature —for example, a ring of annular armature, wound with a series of coils ¥, forming 4 closed cirenit or cireuite, The aetion or operation of a motor thus constructed is now well mnderstood. Tt will be observed, however, that the Taignetiam of poles #, forPOLYPHASE CURRENTS, 85 example, established by a current impulee in the coils thereon, precedes the magnetic effect set up in the armature by the in- duced current in coils r, Consequently the mntual attraction between the armature atul fleld-polee is eoneiderably reduced, The same conditions will be found to exist if, instead of assuming: the poles » or c as acting independently, we regard the ideal re- sultant of both acting together, which is the real condition. To remedy this, the motor field is constructed with secondary poles Bc’, whieh are situated hetween the athens, These pule-picees are wound with eoile ’ £’, the former in derivation to the eoils », the latter to cotls &, The main or primary coils n and & are wound for a different velf-induetion from that of the evile'n’ and ; the relations being so fixed that if the currents in p and & differ, for example, hy a qnarter-phase, the currents in each seeondary call, aso’ x’, will differ from those in its appropriate primary Door » by, say, fortytive degrees, or aneeighth of a Now, asemning that an impoles or alternation in circuit or branch & is just beginning, while in the branch 1 it is just falling from maximom, the conditions are those of a quarter-phase difference. The ideal resultant of the attractive foreea of the two seta of poles Be therefore may be coneidered ae progressing from polea to poles o, while the impulse in Eis rising to maximum, and that in is falling to sero or tminimun. The polarity set up in the armature, however, lags behind the wanifestatione of field magnetism, and hence the maximus points of attraction in arma- ture and field, instead of coinciding, are angulurly displaced. This effect ie counteracted by the evpplemental poles a c’. The magnetic phases of these poles aneveed those of poles Bc by the same, or nearly the same, period of time aa clapses between the effect of the poles cand the corresponding induced effect in the armature; henee the magnetic conditions of poles a’ c’ and of the armature more nearly coincide and a botter result is obtained: As poles B' c’ act in conjunction with the poles in the armature established by poles nc, 60 in turn poles oe act similarly with the poles set up by eo’, respectively, Under euch conditions the retardation of the magnetic effect of the armature and that of the sceondary poles will bring the maximum of the two more nearly into coincidence and a correspondingly stronger tarqne or inagnetic attraction secured. Tn soch a disposition as is shown in Fig, 48 it will be observedSt INVENTIONS GF NINGLA FESLA that as the aljacent pole-picees of either cirenit are of like polu- ity they will have a certain weakening effect npon ove another, Mr. Tesla therefore prefers to remove the secondary poles from the direet influence of the others, This may be deve by eon- structing a meteor with two independent sets of fields, and with either ome or two armatures electrically connected, or by ning two armatures and one tiekl, These murlitieations are illustrated Further «0 bisa ditgrainmatie illosteation of a motor and system in whieh the ditterence of phase is artiticially produced, There are two coils vot inne branch and two eoile & x in another heraneh Fig. 7 of the main eirenit from the generster a. These two cirenits or branches are of different self-indoction, one, as n, being higher than the other. This is graphically indicated by making coils p much larger than eoile &. By reason of the difference in the electrical character of the two cireuite, the phases of eurrent in one are retarded to a greater extent tham the other, Let this difference be thirty degreea, A motor thus constructed will rotate under the action of an alternating current; hit as happens in the ease previonsly deseribed the corresponding magnetic ef- fects of the armature and ficld do not eoineide owing to the time that clapses between a given magnetic effeet in the armature andPOLTPHASH CURRENTS, a the condition of the fleld that produces it. The secondary or supplemental poles wp’ o’ are therefore availed of. There being thirty degrece difference of phase between the currents in coils pk, the magnetic effet of poles iw’ c’ showld correspond to that produced by a current differing from the current in coils por ¢ by fifteen degrees. ‘This we can attain by winding each supple- mental pole ac with two eoile mn’, The eoila ware incided in a derived circuit having the same aelfinduet as circuit np, and coils a’ in a cirenit having the sane seltindnetion as eirevit k, 60 that if these cireuits differ hy thirty degrees the magnetism of poles a’ ¢' will correspond to that prodne ed by a eurrent dif- fering from that in either por & by fifteen degrees, This is true inal other cases, For oxanmple, if in Fig. #8 the oils np! be replaced by the coils on’ included in the derived circuits, the inagietiain of the poles n’ c will correepond in effect or phase, if it may be ap termed, to that produced by a current differing from that in either circuit nor « by fortytive degrees, or one- eighth of a period. This invention as applied to a derived cirenit motor is illustra- ted in Figs, 70 and 71. The former is an end view of the motor with the armature in section and a diagram of connections, and Fig. Tl a vertical section throwgh the field, ‘These figuren are alse drawn to show one of the dispositions of two fields that may be adopted in earrving out the prineiple, The poles Bp ¢ care in one field, the remaining polea in the other, The former are wound with primary eoilaicand reeondary ecile t’ a’, the latter with coils kn. The primary coils 10 are in derived cireuita, be- tween which, by reason of their different self-induction, there is a difference of phase, say, of thirty degrees. The coils 1° & are in cireuit with one another, as aleo are coile a 1, and there should be a difference of phase between the enrrents in ecila x and Land their corresponding primaries of, my, lifteen degrees. Lf the poles scare at right angles, the annatarecoile ehould be econ- nected directly arrosa, or a single armature core wound from end to end may be used ; but if the poles nc be in line there should he an angular displacement of the armature coils, ag will he well understood. The operation will be onderstood from the foregoing, The mnaximmm magnetic condition of a pair of poles, as nn’, coincides closely with the maximum effect in the armature, which lage he- hind the corresponding condition in poles wn,CHAPTER XVIII. Motor Basen ox tHe Direxuence or Prask ms Tax Maaneriza- mon oF THE Lvnee ann Outen Parts or an [non Cons, Tr w well known that if a magnetic core, even if laminated or subdivided, be wound with an insulated coil and a current of electricity be directed through the coil, the magnetization of the entire core doce not limmediately ensne, the magnetizing effect not being exhibited in all parte aimeltaneously. This may be at- tributed to the fact that the action of the current is to energize firet those laminw or parte of the core nearest the surface and adjacent to the exeiting-eoil, and from thence the action pro- greases toward the interior, A certain interval of time therefore elapees between the manifestation of magnetism in the external and the internal sections or layers of the core, If the care be thin or of small maas, this effect may Le inappreeiable; but in the case of a thick core, or even of a comparatively thin one, if the nutuber of alternations or rate of change of the current strength be vory great, the time interval occurring between the manifectationa of magnetic in the interior of the eore and in thore parts adjacent ta the coil is more marked, In the eon- struction of such apparatus as motors which are designed to be run by alternating or equivalent enrrenta—such as pulsating or undulating currents genorally—Mr, Tesla found it desirable and even neceszary to give due consideration to this phenomenon and to make special provisions in order to obviate its consequences. With the spocifle object of taking advantage of this action or effect, and to render it more pronounced, he constructs a field magnet in which the parta of the core or cores that exhibit at different iutervala of time the magnetic effect imparted to them by alternating or equivalent eurrenta in an energizing coil or coils, are so placed with relation to a rotating armature as to exert thereon their attractive effect snccessively in the order of their magnetization, by this means he secures a result similar to that whieh he bad previouely attaiued in other forma or typer of inePOLYPHASE CURRENTS. Bo tor in which by means of one or more alternating currents he has produeed the rotation or progression of the magnetic poles. This new mode of operation will now be described. Fig. 72 is aside elevation of such motor. Fig. 73 is a side elevation of a more practicable and efficient embodiment of the invention. Fig. 74 is a central vertical section of the same in the plane of the axis of rotation. Referring to Fig. 72, let x represent a large iron core, which may be composed of a number of sheets or lamine of soft iron or steel. Surrounding this core is a coil +, which is connected with a source & of rapidly varying currents. Let us consider now Pros. 72 and Th the magnetic conditions existing in this core at any point, as b, at or near the centre, and any other point, as a, nearer the sur- face. When a current impulse i ia started in the magnetizing eoil x, the section or part at a, being close to the coil, is immediately energized, while the section or part at 4, which, to use a conveni- ent expression, ie “ protected” by the intervening sections or layers between @ and 4, does not at once exhibit its magnetiem, However, aa the magnetization of @ inereasce, & becomes also affected, reaching finally its maximum strength some time later than «, Upon the weakening of the current the magnetization of « first diminishes, while 4 still exhibits its maximum strength ;i) INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA THSEA, but the continued weakening of «ie attended by a subsequent weakening of & Assuming the current to be an alternating ome, @ will now be reversed, while } still continues of the first imparted polarity. "This action continues the magnetic condition of 4, fol- lowing that of « in the manner above deseribed. If an armature —for instance, a simple dis ¥, mounted to rotate freely on an axis—he brought into proximity to the core, a movement of rota- tion will be imparted ta the dige, the direction depending upon its position relatively to the eore, the tendeney being to torn the portion of the dise nearest to the core from « to 4, as indieated in Fig, 72. This action or principle of operation has been embodied in a practicable form of rotor, which is iMlustrated in Fig. 78. Leta in thar figure repreeent a ciroenlar frame of iron, from diametrie- ally oppisite points of the interior of whieh the cores project. Each core is composed of three main parts x, # and c, and they are similarly formed with a straight portion or body ¢, arownd whieh: the energizing coil is wound, a curved arm or extension ¢, and an inwardly projecting pole or end d, Each eore is made up of two parts nn, with their polar extensions reaching in one direction, and a part ¢ between the other two, and with its polar extencion reaching in the opposite direction. In order to lessen in the eores the cirenlation of eurrents induced therein, the several sections are insulated from one another in the manner usuallyPOLVIMEASE CURRANT, a followed in such cues, These cores are wound with coils », whieh are connected in the same cirenit, either in parallel or series, and supplied with an alternating or a pulsating current, preferably the former, by a generator 5, represented diagramiuatically. Be- tween the cores ov their polar extensions is mounted a ¢vlindrical or similar armature F, wonnd with magnetizing evils a, closed upon themselves, The operation of this inet is aa follows: When a corrent Lupulse or alternation is direeted through the evils u, the sections Bi af the eorce, being on the surface and in eloze proximity te the coils, are immesliately energized, The sections o, on the other land, are proteeted from the magnetizing intloenee of the coil by the interposed layers of iron ag. Ae the maguetisn of ne increases, however, the sections o are also energized ; hut they do not attain their masinnun atrength until a certain time subse- quent to the exhibition by the eeetiona ap of their maximum. Upon the weakening of the enrrent the magnetic strength of we first diminishes, while the suctions ¢ luye still their maxima strensth; but as pp continue to weaken the interior sections are similarly weakened, eo kiniay then begin to exhibit an opposite polarity, whieh ie followed Jater by a similar elange on oe, and this action continues, Band c may therefore be eoneidered as separate field-magneta, being extented so an to act on the arma- tore in the most efficient positions, and the effvet is similar to that in the other forms of Teela motor—viz., 0 rotation or pro- yression of the maximum pointe of the fieMl of forme, Any annatare—such, for instances, as a dise—ineounted in this eld would rotate from the pole fivet to exhibit ite magnetiam to that which exhibits it later, Lt is evident that the prineiple kere deseribed may be carried out in eonjuietion with other meane for sceenring a more favor- able or efficient action of the motor, For example, the polar extensions of the seetiona c may lw wound or surrounded by closed voils The effect of these coils will be to still more effectively retard the magnetization of the polar extensions of c.CHAPTER XTX. Asotuek Trre or Trana Ispretiox Motor. Iv win. have been gathered by all who are interested in the advance of the electrical arts, and who follow carefully, step by step, the work of pioneers, that Mr. Tesla hat been foremost to utilize inductive effects in permanently closed cirenits, in the operation of alternating motors. In this ehapter one simple type of such a motor is deseribed and illustrated, which will serve as an exemplification of the principle. Let it be assumed that an ordinary alternating current gemera- tor is connected up in a circuit of practically no eelfinduetion, euch, for example, az a cireuit containing incandescent lampe only. On the operation of the machine, alternating currents will he developed in the cirevit, and the phases of these enrrents will theoretically coincide with the phases of the impressed electro- motive force. Such currents may be regarded and designated as the “ auretarded currents.” Tt will be underetood, of course, that in practice there ie al- ways more or less self-induetion in the eireuit, which modifies to 4 corresponding extent theae conditions; but for convenience this may be disregarded in the coneideration of the principle of operation, since the same laws apply, Assume next that a path of currents be formed serosa any two points of the above cir- cuit, consisting, for example, of the primary of an induction de- viee. The phases of the currents passing throngh the primary, owing to the sclfinduction of the same, will not coincide with the phases of the impreseed electromotive foree, but will lag behind, such lag being directly proportional to the self-induetion and inversely proportional to the reelstance of the anid eofl. ‘The insertion of this coil will also cause a lagging or retardation of the enrrente traversing and delivered by the generator behind the improwed electromotive force, such lag being the mean or reeultant of the lag of the current through the primary alone and of the * unrctarded current” in the entire working cirenit. NextPULTEPHASE CURRENTS. ag evneider the conditions imposed by the association in indactive relation with the primary coil, of a secondary coil, The current generated in the aecondary cuil will react upon the primary eur- rent, modifying the retardacion of the same, according to the amonut of selftinduetion and resistance in the secondary eirevit. Tf the secondary civenic has but little aclfinduetion—as, for in- stance, when it contains ineandeseent Taupe only—it will in- ervasc the actual dilferenec uf phase butween ite own and the primary carrent, first, by diininishing the lag between the pri- mary current and the impressed electrinnotive force, and, see- anid, by its own lag ot retardation Lehind tle impressed electro motive foree, fn the other land, if the secondary cireuit have a high ecletaduetiou, tts lag belind the euvrent in the primary ie ditvetly inereazed, while it will be still further inereased if the TWimary have a very low eelfinduetion, The better mesnits are obtained) when the primary haa a bow eel f-iculuction Fig. 75 is a diagram of a Testa motor cmbodying thie princi- we. Fig, Wiis a similar dingran) of a modification of the same. In Fig. in all these motors, is built up of eections or plates, Be are po lar projections upon whieh the eoils are wound, Upon one pair of these poles, as c,are wound primary eoils ov, whieh arc di- reetly connected to the eireuit of am alternating current genera- toro. On the same poles are alan woul secoulary enila Fr, either side by eidly or ever or ander the primary eoils, and these are connected with other eoila e, which surround the poles an. 76 let «designate the fichl-maguet of a motor whieh, asot INVENTIONS C0 ATA TESLA. The currente in both priuary aud secondary eoils in such acto tor will be retarded or will lag behind the lupressed clecteo. inotive force; but tu secure a proper difference in phase between the primary and secondary enrrents themselves, Mr. Tesla in- ereawes the resistance of the eieenit of the secondary and reduees as muck as practicable its selfinduetion, This ix done by using for the secondary eirenit, particularly in the evils 2, wire of com- paratively amall diameter aul having but few turns arownd the cores; or hy using some cotdactor of higher specitic resistance, sneh we German silver: or by introducing: at sane point in the secondary eireuit an artificial resistance x. Thus the scl f-indne- tion of the secondary ja kept low and its resistae increased, with the result of deeroasing: the lap between the inipressed cleetromocive force and the enerent in the prima: ereusing the difference of phase between the primary and seeon- dary currett Tn the disposition shows in Fig, 78, the Jag in the serondary is increase] by increasing the selfindaction of that eireuit, while the inereasing Gendeney of the pritnany to lag ie eonnteracted ly inserting therein a dead resistance, The primary coils o in this case have alow sclf-induction and high resistanee, while the coils eects mid in BF, included in the secondary eireuit, have a high self-indnetion aul low resistance. This may be done liv the proper a ot the eoile; or in the cireuit including the sceoudary cuile BF, we may introdue’ a self-induetion coil s, while in the primary eir- euit from the generator a and including coils v, there may be serted a dead resietunce a Ly this means the difference phase between the primary and eesomdary is ineredeed, It is evi- dent that loth teeana of increasing the difference of pliase— nately, by the special winding as well as by the supplemental or external indnctive and dead resietanvec—iuay be caployed eon. jointly. In the operation of thik motor the current impulses in the pri- mary coils induce currents in the sccondary coils, and by the eon- joint action of the two the points of greatest magnetic attraction are shifted or rorured, In practice it is found desirable to wind the armature with eloeed coila in whieh enrrente are induced hy the action thereon of the primaries,CUAPTER XX. Cosmisations of Byxorkontawc Moror axn Torgre Motor, Ix tan preceding descriptions relative te eynelirouizing motors and methods of operating them, reference has been made to the plan adopted by Mr. Tesla, which consists broadly in winding or arranging the motor in such manner that by means of suitable switehes it could be started as a imultiplecirenit motor, or one operating by a progression of ite magnetic poles, and then, when up tospeed, or nearly so, converte] inte an onlinary aynehroniz- ing motor, or one in which the magactie poles were simply alter- nated. In sone cases, as wlicn a large motor is used and when the number of alternations is very high, there is more ov less difficulty in bringing the motor to speed as 4 double or multiple- eirenit motor, for the plan of conatrnction which renders the motor best adapted to ron as a synchronizing: moter impairs its ney as a torque or douli conditions on the start. This will be readily understood, for in a large aynchronizing motor the length of the magnetic circuit of the polar projections, and their nies, are so great that apparently eomaiderable tine is required for mugnetization and demagnetiza- ti Hence with a current of a very bigh wonber of alternatio the motor may mot respond preperly, Tu avoid this objection and to atart up a aynehronizing motor in whieh these conditions obtain, Mr. Tesla lias combined two motors, one a synchronizing motor, the other a multiple-cireuit or turque metor, and by the latter he bring: the tirtiamed up to speed, au] then either throws the whole current into the synchronizing moter or operates Jointly both of the motors. This invention involves several novel anil weeful features, M1 will be oleerved, in the tirst place, that both imoters are ron, without commutators of any kind, and, eecond]y, that the epee of the torque motor may be higher than that of the synelironiz- ing motor, a8 will be the case when it coutains a fewer number of poles or sets of poles, so thet the motor will be more readily and uit tmirbor under the assuredof INVANTIONS OF NIRGLA TRSLA. easily bronght up to epeed. Thirdly, the synelironiging motor may be constricted soas to have a mach more pronounced ten- deney to aynchronist: without leesening the facility with whieh it is started. Fig. 77 ig a part sectional view of the two motars; Fig. 78 an end view of the synehronizing motor; Fig, 7 au end view and qart section of the torque or double-cireuit motor; Fig. 80 a diagram of the circuit connections employed; aud Figs, SL, $2, 88, 54 and 83 are dingrame of modified dispositions of the two motors. Inasmuch as neither moter is doing any work while the eurrent is acting upon the other, the two armatures are rigidly connected, hoth being mounted npon the same shaft a, the tieldnagnets o of the aynehronizing and cof the torque motor being sceured to a Fie. a. the same base p. The preferably larger synchronizing motor has polar projections on its armature, which rotate in very close prox- imity to the poles of the field, and in other respeets it conforma to the conditions that are necessary to secure synchronous setion. The pole-piecer of the armature are, however, wound with closed colle ©, a8 thie obviatce the employment of sliding contacts, The smaller or torque motor, om the other hand, has, preferably, a eylindrical armature , without polar projections and wound with closed coils «The field-coils of the torque motor are connected up in two series audi, and the alternating enrrent from the generator is directed throngh or divided between these two eir- enits in any manner to produce a reasion of the poles or points of maximnin induce fleet. This result earl hy connecting the two metor-cirenits in derivation with the cirenitPOL YINIASE CURRENTS, oT from the generator, inverting in ome motor circuit a dead resist: ance and in the other a eelfinduction eoil, by which means a difference in phase between the two divisions of the current ix seeured, Lf both smotore have the same number of fleld poles, the torque motor for a given number of alternations will tend to ton at double the apeed of the other, for, asking the connec- tiona to be uel aa to give the best results, ite poles are divided inte to series and the wumber of poles is virtually reduced one- half, which being acted npon by the same number of alternations tend to rotate the annacare ar owice the apeel. Ty this means the rutin artatuce is more easily bronglit to or above the required specd, . When the speed neccesary for synchronism is imparted to the main motor, the current is shifted from the torque mater into the other. A convenient arrangement for carrying out thie invention ie Fin. 78, Pre, TH. shawn in Fig. Sin whiel as are the fiell coils of the ayn. ehronizing, and ar the tleld eile ef the torque moter, ae are the conductors of the main line, One und of, say, colle 1 is com nected te wine 1. thromgh a seli-induetion eoif 1. One end of the other set of coils 1 is connected to the same wire through a dead resistance x. The opposite ends of these two cirenite are con- nected to the contact a of a stvitel), the haudlle or lever of whi is in connection with the line-wire 1 Gne end of the fleld eir- euit of the ayuechronizing motor is connected to the wire. The other terminates in the ewitel-contact x. Froan the diagram it will be readily ween that if the lever » be turned upon contact vt, the torqne motor will start by rearen of the difference of phase hetweon the currents in its two energizing Gireuits. Then when the desized speed is attained, if the lever » be shifted upou eon-S INVEN THINS O# NIKOLA TERLA. tact » the entire current will pass through the field coils of the synchronizing motor and the other will be doing no work. The toryue motor may be constructed and operated in various ways, many of which have already heen touched upon, Tt is not necessary that one motor be ent ont of cirenit while the other is in, for both may be acted upon ly current at the same time, and Mr, Tesla has devised yarions dispoeitions or arrangements of the two motors for accomplishing this. Some of these arrangements are illustrated in Figs. #1 to 83. Referring to Fig. S1, let 7 designate the torque or multiple eireuit motor ands the eyuchrouizing wetor, 1 1’ being the line wires from a souree of alternating: current. The two circuits of the torque motor of different. degrees of self-induction, and de- signated by x a, are counceted in derivation to the wire 1. They are then joined and connected to the energizing eireuit of the synehronizil metor, the opposite terminal of which is connceted te wire The owo motors are thus in series, To start them Mr, Tesla short-+irenits the aynchronizing motor by a awitel P', throwing the whole current throngh the torque motor. Then when the desired speed is reached the switel 2° is opened, so that the current passes through both amoters, Ln such an arrange- ment as this it is obviously desirable for economieal and other reaeons that a proper relation letween the speeds of the two inotors shonld be obeerved, In Fig, 82 another disposition is illustrated, 4 is the ayneliron- izing motor and 7 the torque motor, the circuits of both being in parallel. w is a cirenit also in derivation to the motor cirenits and containing a switch y*. 4! is a ewiteh in the synchronizing motor cirenit, On the start the awitel s' is opened, cutting out the motor s. Then p* ja opened, throwing the ontire currentPOLYPHASE CURRENTS. *” through the motor 7, giving ita very strong torque, When the desired speed is reached, switch «' is closed and the eurrent divides Prag. S1, 42, 88, 44 and 85. between both motors, By means of ewiteh »7 loth motors may he eut ont.100 INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TESLA. In Fig. 83 the arrangement is substantially the came, except that « switch 1’ is placed in the cirenit which includes the two cir, enits of the torque motor. Fig. $4 shows the two motors in series, with a ehunt around both containing a awitech ar. There is also a shunt around the synchronizing motor s, with a ewiteh rv’. In Fig. 85 the same disposition is shown; but each motor ie provided with a shunt, in whieh are awitehes r’ and +1”, as shown,CHATTER XXI. Motor with a Coxpenser in THE AmMaTCRE Crrewr. We sow come to a new elass of motors in whieh resort ia lad te condensers for the purpose of developing the required differ- ence of phase and neutralizing the effeets of eelfinduetion, Mr. Tesla early began to apply the condenser to alternating appara- toa, in just how many ways ean only be learned from a perusal of other portions of this volume, especially those cealing with his high frequeney work, Certain laws govern the action or effects produced ly a con- denser when connected to an electric eireuit through which an alternating or in general an uodulating: current te made to peas, Some of the most important of euch effects are as follows: First, if the terminals or plates of a condenser he connected with two pointes of a cirenit, the potentials of whieh are made to rise and fall in rapid sneeession, the condenser allows the passage, or more strictly speaking, the truneferenee of « enrrent, although its Plates or armatures may he so carefully inanlated as to prevent Almost completely the passage of a current of unvarving strength or direction and of moderate electromotive force. Second, if a cirenit, the terminals of whieli are connected with the plates of the condenser, possess a certain relfinduction, the condenser will overcome or counteract to a greater or less degree, dependent upon well-understood conditions, the effects of ench self-indne- tion. Third, if two points of 4 closed or complete einenit through which a rapidly rising and falling current flows be shunted or bridged by a condenser, a variation in the strength of the currents in the branehes and alao a difference of phase of the eurrents therein is produced. These effects Mr. Teela has utilized and applied ina variety of ways in the constrnction and operat of his motors, auch as by producing a difference in phase in the two energizing circuits of an alternating current motor by con- necting the two cirenite in derivation and conneeting up a con- denser in series in one of the cirenite. uA further development,1m INVRMTIONS OF NIKOLA TESLA. however, possesses certain novel fewtures of practical value and in- volves a knowledge of facts lee generally understoul, [t eomprises the use of a condenser or condensers in convection with the indaced or armature cirevit af a motor and certain details of the eon- Fie. =, Fra. Fra, 87, Fre, 1, atruction of such meters. [nan alternating current motor of the type particnlarly referred to above, or in any other which has anarmature coil or eirenit closed upon itself, the latter repre- sents not only an inductive resistance, bud one whieh is period-POLFPHASE OURRENTS. m ically varying in valne, both of which facts complicate and render difficult the attainment of the conditions beet suited to the most eflicient working conditions; in other words, they require, firet, that for a given inductive effect upon the armatare there shonld be the greatest possible enerent through the armature or induced eile, and, second, that there should alwave exiet between the enrrente in the energising and the induced cireuite a piven rela. tion of phase, Lenee whatever tewde to deerewse the salfindnc- Hon and ineresse the eurceot in the jnudaeed eireuite will, other things teeing equal, inerense the output and efficiency of the mo tor, and the same will le true of canses that operate to maintain the mntual attractive effect between the field magnets and arma- tare at ite maxinimn, Mr Tesla seenres these results ly eon necting with the indneed cirenit. or cirenite q condenser, in the inanner described helw, and he also, with this purpose in view, eonetrnets the motor in a special mauner, Referring to the drawings, Fig. 86, is a view, grunmatic, of at alternating enerent motor, in whi principle is applied. Vig. $7 is central sec the ahaft, of a apecial form of armatare entre, lar section of a maditieation of the came. Pig. SM is one of the sections of the core detached. Fig. his a diagrun showing 0 Incdlitied disposition of the armature or indueed cirenits. The general plan of the invention is illustrated ip Fig. 54, A adn this igure represent the the frame and fick! magnets of an alternating eurrent motor, the pole or projections of which are wound with eoile e atul ¢, forming independent energizing cirenuits connected cither to the same or to independent sources of alternating currents, so that the currents flowing thromgh the eirenite, veapectively, will have a difference of phase, Withi the influence of this tield is an armature core mn, woul with evils & Tu motore of this desoviption heretofore these coile have been clowed upou themeelves, or counecter| in a closed series; but the present case each eoil or the connected series of coils tertui- nates in the opposite plates of a condenser e. For thie purpose the ends of the series of coils are Iroughe out through the shaft to collecting rings «©, which are connecter] to the condenser by contact brushes uo ad suitable coumluctors, the eondenser being independent of the machine, The armature coils are wound or conneeted in such manner that adjacent onils produce opposite poles. raainly din14 INVENTIONS OF NINOLA TESLA. The aetion of this motor and the effeet of the plan followed in its construction are a3 followa: The motor being started in operation and the eoila of the field magnets being traversed by alternating currents, currents are induced in the armature coils by one set of field coila, as n, ard the poles thus established are acted upon hy the other set, sec. The armature coils, however, have necessarily a high self-induction, which opposes the flow of the currents thus set up. The condenser F not only permits the passage or traneferenec of theee currents, but aleo counteracts the effeets of self-induction, and by a proper adjuetment of the capacity of the condenser, the self-induction of the coils, and the periods of the currents, the condenser may be made to overcome entirely the effect of self-induetion, Lt is preferable on account uf the undesirability of neing sliding contacts of any kind, to ageociate the condenser with the armature directly, or make ita part of the armature. In some cases Mr. Tesla buikds op the armature of annular plates & EK, held by bolts t between heade wa, which are eeenred to the driving shaft, and in the hollow space thus formed he places a condenser », gener- ally ly winding the two insulated plates spivally around the shaft, [1 other cases he wtilizee the plates of the core itself ae the plates of the condenser, For example, in Figs, 88 and 89, 8 is the driving shaft, ware the heads of the armature-core, and & &’ the iron plates of whieh the core ie built up. These plates are insulated from the haft and from one another, and are held together by ros or bolts 1, The bolts pass throngh a large hole in one place and a emall liele in the one next adjacent, ae so on, connecting electrically all of plates x, as one armature of condenser, and all of plates x’ aa the other. ‘To either of the condensers above deseribed the armature evils may be connected, as explained hy reference to Fig, 80, Iu motors in whieli the armature coils are closed upan them- selvee—as, for example, in any form of alternating current motor in which one armature coil or ect of coila is in the position of inaximum induction with respect to the field eoile or poles, while the other is in the position of minimom induetion—the coils are beet connected in one series, aml two points of the cirenit thus formed ure bridged by a condenser. Tia is illustrated in Fig. 90, in which & represents one set of armature coils and B° the other. Their pointe of union are joined through a eon- denaer F. Tt will be observed thet in this disposition the self-POLYPHASH UURRENTS, 100 induction of the two branches & and 2" varies with their position relatively to the field magnet, and that each branch ie alternately the predominating source of the induced current. Wence the effect of the condenser ris twofold, First, it increases the cur- rent in each of the branches alternately, and, secondly, it alters the phase of the currents in the branches, this being the well- known effeet which results from such a disposition of a con- denser with a cireuit, ae above described, This effeet is favorable to the proper working of the motor, becanze it increasee the flow of current in the armature cirenits due to a given inductive effect, and also because it lirings more nearly into coincidence the inaximom magnetic effects of the coacting field and armature poles, It will be understood, of course, that the causes that econtri- bute to the eflicieney of condenser when applied to such uses as the ahove must be given due consideration in determining the practicability and efficiency of the motors Chief among these is, ae is well known, the periodicity of the current,and hence the improvements deseribed are mgre particularly adapted to systems in which a very high rate of alternation or change is main- tained, Although this invention has been illustrated in connection with o special form of motor, it will be understood that it is equally applicable to any other alternating current moter in which there is a closed armature coil wherein the currents are induced by the action of the fleld, and the feature of utilizing the plates or sections of a magnetic eore for forming the eon- denser is applicable, generally, to otler kinds of alternating cur. rent apparatus.CHATTER XXII. Moror wire Coxnexser ty oxk oF THE Fietp Crrevits. Ir vie field or energising cirenite of a retary phase motor he oth derived Crom the same souree of alternating enrrents and a eondenaer of proper capacity be included in one of the same, ap proximately, the desired difference of phase may be obtained he- tween the enrrents flowing direetly from the source awd those flowing: through the condenser; bet the great size and expense of condensers for this purpose that weuld meet the requirements of the ordinary ayetems of comparatively low potential are par- tientarly prohibitery te their employment, Another, now well-known, metbod or plan of securing a differ enee of phase between the energizing eurrente of motors of this kind is te induee by the enreents inane eirenit those in the other eirenit or cirenits: bot as no means had heen propored that would aeenre in this wav letween the phases of the primary or inducing and the eeeoulary or induced currents that difference— theoretically ninety degrees that is best adapted for practical awl economical working, Mr. Tesla devise a means whieh ren- ders practicable both the abowe deseribed plans or methods, and by which he is enabled to ubtatn an eceonottical and eHHcient al- fernating current motor, His invention consiste in placing a condenser in the seeondary or induced cirenit of the mator ahove deseribed and raising the potential of the secondary currents to sneh a degree that the capacity of the condenser, which i in part dependent on the potential, need be quite small. The valne of this coudenser is determined ina well-understood manner with reforence to the self-indnetion ail ather conditions of the cirenit, so a8 to cause the currents which pass through it to differ from the primary currents by a quarter place. Fig. $1 ilostrates the jivention as embodied in a motor im whieh the inductive relution of the primary and secondary eireuite is serured by winding them ingide the motor partly upon the same eores; but the invention applies, generally, toPOLFPHASE CURRENTS, mw other forms of motor in which one of the energizing currents is induced in any way from the other, Let 4 6 represent the poles of au alternating current motor, of whieh © ie the armature wound with coils 1, closed epen them- selves, as is now the general practice in motera of this kind The poles a, which alternate with poles u,are wound with coil of ordinary or coarse wire Ein anch direction aa to make them of alternate north and south polarity, as indieated in the diagram by the characters x 6. Over tlicee coils, or in other inductive re- lation to the swine, are wound long fine-wire coils r F, and in the Fro. M1, same dircetion thromghout as the coile x These coils are aecon- daries, iu whieh cnrrencs of very high potential are induced. AIT the coils & im one series are conmected], and all the serendaries F in another, Om the intermediate poles eo are wound dine-wire energizing eoile c, whieh are connected in series willl one another, and ales with the series of secondary coils F, the direction of winding be- Jng such that a enrrentdinpalee induced from the primary evils E imparte the same magnetian to the poles a as thet producedme INVENTIONS OF NIKOLA TESLA. in poles a by the primary impale, This condition ix indieated hy the characters y's’, Tn the cirenit formed by the two sets of coils © and a is intro duced a condenser ay otherwise this ecirenit is clove open itself, while the froe ends of the cirenit of coils & are connected toa source of alternating currents. As the condenser capacity which is needed in any partienlar motor of this kind is depend- ent upon the rate of alternation or the potential, or hoth, its size or eost, as before explained, may le brought within economical limite for use with the ordinary cireuits if the potential of the seoondary cirenit in the motor be sufficiently high, By giving to the condenser proper values, any desired difference of phase between the primary and secondary energizing cirenits may be obtaimerd.CHAPTER XXII Testa Potyruase TraxsvorMeEr. Avpiytixe the polyphase: principle to the construction of trans formers as well to the motors already noticed, Mr, Tesla has in- vented some very interesting foros, whieh he considers free from the defects of earlier and, wt preset, more farailiar formes, In these transformers he provides a serics of inducing coils and corresponding induced coila, which are generally wound wpou a core cloeed pon iteelf, wenally a ring of laminated iron, The two sete of evils are wound side by side or superposed or otherwise placed in well-known ways te being then inte the most effective relations to one another and to the core. The inducing or primary coils wound on the eore are divided into pairs or nets by the proper electrical connections, so that while the coils of oue pair or act conperate in fixing tle magnetic poles of the core at two given diametrically opposite points, the eoile of the other pair or set—aasmming, for anke of illustration, that there are bot two—tend to fix the poles ninety degrees from sach point. With this induction device is used an alternating eurrent generator with coile or sets af eails to eorreapond with those of the converter, and the varrespoudiug coils of the generator and converter are then connected up in independent cirenites. [ft re- sulta from this that the different electrical phases in the genera tor are attended by corresponding mayuetic changes in the eon- verter; ur, im other words, that sa the generator coile revalve, the pointe of greatest magnetic intenity in the converter will be progressively shifted or whirled around, Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic Dlustration of the converter and the electrical connections of the anme. Fig. 4) ie a horizontal cen- tral efos-section of Fig, 92. Fig. 4 isa diagram of the cireu of the entire ayetem, the generator being shown in ecetion. Mr. Teala naes a core, a, whieh is closed upon itself—that is to say, of an annular cylindrical or equivalent form—and ar the efficiency of the apparatus is largely increase] by the sulsdivision10 ENERNTTONS OF NIRA PRSLA. of thir wore, he makes it of thin strips, plates, or wires.of soft iron eloetrieally insmlatel as far ae practicable. [pom this core are wound, say, four coils, nau uF’, weed as primary coils, and ‘for which long lengtlie of comparatively fine wire are employed. Over these coils are then wound shorter coils of coarser wire, oc ee’, to econstiqute the indaeed or secondary coil4, The constrie- tion of this or any equivalent form of converter tay be earried further, a above pointed out, by inelosing these coils with irom a, for example, by winding over the coils layers of insulated iron wire, The devie wie provided with enitable binding poste, to whieh ies, 92 and 89, the ends of the coils aru led. The diametrically Opposite edils Brand yw! are connected, rvepectively, in series, and the four terminals are comected to the binding posta, The induced coile ave connected together in any desired manner, For ex: wnple, as shown in Fig. 4, ¢ 4 may be connected in multiple are when a quantity current ix desired—as for Thinning & group of incandescent Iamps—hile co! may be independently eon- neeted in series in a cireuit including arc lamps or the like. The generator in this syste sill be adapted to the converter in thePOLYPHASE CURRENTS, i manner illustrated. For example, in the present case there are employed a pair of ordinary penmanent or cleetro-magnets, 6 &, between which is mounted « eylindrical armature on a shaft, F, and wound with two eoils, au’. The terminals of these coils are connected, respectively, ta font insulated contact or collecting rings, WoW We and the fonr line cirenit wires 1, conneet the brushes x, learing om these rings, te the converter in the order shown. Noting the resulis of this eorubination, it will be ol- served that ata given point of time the eoil c is in its ventral position and is generating littl: or no eur while the other coil, a’, is im a position where it exerte ils maximuce effect, Assuming colle to be commeeted in virewit with coils » of the converter, and coil! with enils 0’ eit is evident that the poles of the ring a will be determined by coile a’ w’ alone; Lot as the armature of the generator revolves, eoi] ¢ develops mare enrrent and coil oo! less, until @ reaches its maximo nod a’ its neutral porition, The obyiows result will le tu shift the poles of the Ting 4 through one-quarter of its periphery, The movement of the coils through the next quarter of a tarn—during which coil a enters a fled of opposite polarity and generates a current of opposite direction and increasing etrength, while eoil , in passing from its maximum te its uweutral position wenervtes a current of deereazing strength and same direetion ax befure—eauaee a further shifting of the poles through the second cjarter of the ring. The second half-revolution will obviously be a repetition of the sane action. By the shifting of the poles of the ring ,a power-ig INVENTIONS UF NIKOLA TESLA, fol dynamic inductive effect on the coils cc’ is produced, Te- sides the currents generated in the secondary coils by dynamo- magnetic induction, other curreuts will be set up in the same coils in consequence of many variations in the utensity of the poles in the ring a. This should be avoided by maintaining the intensity of the poles constant, to accompligh which eare ehould be taken in designing and proportioning the generator and in ‘listributing the coils in the ring: a, and balancing their effect, When this is done, the enrrents are prodnced hy dynamo-anag- netic induction only, the wane reeult being obtained as though the poles were shifted by a cotmmutetor with an infinite number of segments, The modifications which are applicable to other forms of eon- verter are in inany respecte applicable to this, such ae those per- taining more particularly to the form of the core, the relative lengths and resistances of the primary and secondary evils, and the arrangements fur running or operating the same.CHAPTER XXTY. A Cosstant Comnest Traxsroriuk with Maaseric SHteLn Biawxes Coins of Proiary ano Sxoonnarr, Me. Teena has applied his principle of taagnetic shielding of parts tothe construction aleo of transformers, the shield being interposed between the primary and secondary eoils, In trans formers of the ordinary type it will be found that the ware of electromotive foree of the secondary very wearly coincides with that of the primary, being, however, in opposite sign, At thusame time the currents, botl primary and sceondary, lag lehindd) their respective electromotive forees, but as this lag is practionlly or nearly the same in the ease of each it follaws that the masinuen and minimum of the primary and eeondary currents will nearly eoineide, but ditter in sigu or direction, provided the secondary he not loaded or if it contain deviews having the property of self-induction, On the other hand, the lag ef the primary behind the impressed electromotive force may be diminished by loading the secondary with a nondnductive or dead resistanee— such as ineaudesceat lamps—whereby the tine interval between the maxitnum or ininineuin periods of the primary and secondary currents ic increased, This erval, however, ie limited, and the results obtained by phase difference in the operation of such deviees as the Tesla alternating eurrent motore ean only he approximately realized by such means of prodneing or securing this differenee, as above indicated, for it is dusiralle in such eases that there should exist between the pritmary and secondary cur rents, or these which, however produced, pasa through the two cirenite of the motor, a difference of prluuee of ninety degrees; or, in other words, the currenc in one cirenit should be a maxi- mm when thatin the other cirenit isa nnieimum, To attain to this condition more perfectly, an increased retardation of the secomlary current is secured in the following manner: Inetead of bringing the primary and eeeondary coils or cirenita of a transformer into the eclowest posible relations, a has hithertotd IY PRATIONS GF NINGEA TESLA. heen done, Mc. Tesla protects in a tmeasore the secondary fran the inductive action or effuel of the primary Dy surcouncling either the primacy or the seeundary with a eampurativ Inagcetic shield or st Under these moditied co as Jom oe the priuary current has a rinall value, the shield protects the secondary: but as soo ae the primary current as reac a certain strength, whieh is arhitearily determined, the protecting raagnerie alield lecomes saturated sin] the indue- live action npon the secondary Legine It results, therefore, that the sevnden ws ta How at a certain Fraction of a period tater thay it would withont the interpwsed shield, and sitive this retardation viuiy be obraited without ieevesarily” petard- tug the prinwry euerent alse, an additions) bar is secured, and imu ue minimum perieds of the tie interval between the maxi the primary and sveolury currents is inercased, Snel a Lone Pia, 2. former may, ly properly proportioning: ics acwera) elements and determining the proper retutions lietweeu the primary and secncitary windings, the thicknees of the magnetic shield, and odher conclitions, Te constrncted to yiella constant current at all Toads, idacrosesection vf a traneformer embodving this im- sok Biv. Un ik a aimilar view of a omieslified form of trunefortier, elumving Hagramimationlty tha manner af using the SHULL, a aids the qnain eore uf the transformer, compored of a rinse of soft annealed and inanlaced or oxidized imau wire, pon this core ia wound the rerondary circuit or coil aa. This latter is then covered with oa layer or layers of aouceled and ineulated Thon wires ce, wound ina direetion ac right angles ty tle secondaryPOLFPHASE CURRENTS. 14 coil, Over the whole is then wound the primary coil or wire vo. From the mutare of thie couetruction it will be obvious that an long as the shield formed by the wires cis below magnetic situation the eseondary coil or cirenit is effectually protected or ehielded from the inductive influence of the primary, although on-open eirenit it may exhibit some electromative force. When the strength of the primairy reaches a certain value, the shield c, becoming saturated, eenace to proteet the secondary from induc- tive action, and eurrent ia in consequence developed therein. For similar reasons, when the primary current weakens, the wenkening of the secondary ie retunded to the sane or approxi- ately the satwe extent. The specitic courtrnetion of the tranaformer is largely jnma- Fra, ei, terial. In Fig. ti, fur example, the eore ais bmilt up of thin insulated iron plates or discs. The primary ecirenit » is wound next the core a. Cher this is applied the ehield o, which in this case is made wp of thin stripe or plates of iron properly insulated and surrounding the primary, forming a cloeed magnetic circuit. The seeonlury B is wound over the ehicld c. In Fig. ‘4, alao, & is a source of alternating or rapid]y changing etrrenta The primary of the transformer is connected with the circuit of the penerator. Fina trovirenit alternating eurrent motor, one of the eireuits being conneeted with the tain cireuit from the sonree x, and the other being supplicd with eurrents from the secondary of the tranefornier,PART IIL. THE TESLA EFFECTS WITH HIGH FREQUENCY AND HIGH POTENTIAL CURRENTS.CHAPTER XXY. Istropvetios.—Tne Score of tan ‘esa Lecrores. Beroge preceeding to etudy the three Teela leetures here presented, the reader may find it of some assistayee to have his attention direeted to the main points of interest and significance therein. The tiret of thease lectures was delivered in New York, at Columbia College, before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, May 41,1881. The urgent desire expressed immedi- ately from all parte of Europe for an opportunity to witness the brilliant and unusual experiments with whieh the leetare wae accompanied, induced Mr. Tesla to go to England early in 182, when he appeared before the lustitution of Electrical Engineers, and a day later, by special request, before the Roval Institution. His reeeption was of the most cntlinsiastic and flattering nature on both oeeasions, He then went, by invitution, to France, and re- peated his novel demonstrations before the Société Internationale des Electriciens,and the Société Francaise de Physique, Mr, Tesla returned to America in the fall of 1894, and in February, 1893, de- livered his third leeture before the Friuklin lustitute of Philadel- phia, in fulfilment of a long standing promise to Prof. Houston, The following week, at the request of President James 1, Aver, of the National Eleetrie Light Aseociation, the sume leeture was redelivered in St, Louis, Tt had been intended to limit the in- vitations to members, but the appeals from residents in the city were 80 numerous and preesing that it became nceessary to seene avery large hall. Henee it came about that the lecture was listened to by an audience of over 5,000 people, and was in some parte of a more popular nature than either of ite predecessors. Despite this concession to the need of the hour and occasion, Mr. Teela did not hesitate to show many new ani brilliant experi- ments, and to advance the froutier of discovery far beyond any point he had theretefore marked publiely. We may now proceed to a running review of the leetures them- selves, The ground covered by them is a0 vast that only the1 INVES TIONS OF NEROLA THAT A. leading ideas and experiments can here be touched opon; besides, it ie preferable that the lectures should be carefully gone over for their own sake, it being more than likely that each etiudent will discover a new beanty op stimulus in them. Taking up the eouree of reasoning followed by Mr. ‘Tesla in his tirst lecture, it will he noted that he etarted out with the recognition of the fact, which he has now experimentally demonstrated, that. for the pro- duction of light waves, primarily, electrostatic effects must le -brought into play, and continned study has led him to the opinion that all electrical and magnetic effects may be referred to elec trostatic anolecular forces. ‘Thie opinion finds a singular con- firmation in one of the most striking experiments which he deserihes, namely, the production of a veritable flame by the ‘trostatieally charged molecules, It ia of the highest interest to observe that this resnlt points out a way of obtaining a flame whieh soneumes no material and in whieh no chemical action whatever takes place. [et aleo throws a light on the atture of the ordinary flame, whieh Mr, Tesla believes to be dae to electrostatic moloenlar actions, which, if true, would lead directly to the idea that even chemical affinities night be eleetro- static in their nature amd that, as lise already been suggested, molecular formes in general may he referable to one aod the same case, is singular phenenenon accounts in a plausible mau- ner for the unexplained fact that buildings are freqnently set on tire during thunder storms without having heen at all struck by lightning. Lt may also explain the total disappearance of ships at ea, One of the striking proofs of the correctness of the ideas ad- vaniow by Mr. Torla is the fact that, notwithstanding the employ- ment of the raost powerful eleetromagnetic inductive effects, but feeble luminosity is obtainable, and this only in close proximity to the souree of disturlanuce; whereas, when the electroetatic effecta are intensified, the same initial energy suffices to excite luminosity at considerable distances from the souree, That there are only electrostatic effects active scents to be clearly proved by Mr. Tesla’s experiments with an induction coil operated with alternating currents of very high frequency. He shows how tubes may Ie iade to glow brilliantly at considerable distances from any object when placed in a powerful, rapidly alternating, electrostatic Held, and he describes many interesting phenomena observed in sueh a field. His experiments open up the possibilityHG PREQUENUY ANE HIGH POTHNTTAL CURRENTS. 121 of lighting an apartment by simply creating im it such an electra atatie field, and this, in a certain way, wonk] appear to be the ileal methied of lighting 4 roo, ae it would allow the iltuminat- ing deviee to be freely moved about, The power with which these exhausted tuber, devoid of any electrodes, light up ia cer- tainly remarkable, That the principle propounded by Mr. Tesla is a brond ome ie evident from the many ways in whieh it may he practically ap- plied. We need only refer tu the variety of the deviees shown or deseribed, all of whieh are sevel in character and will, with- ont doubt, lead to further inportant reantte at the hands of Mr. Teele and other investigators, The experiment, for instance, of lighting wp a single filament or hloek of refraecory material with asingle wire, is in itself eutticient ti. give Mr, Tesla’s work the stanp of orivinality, and the moumerims other experiments aud effeets which may be varied at will, are equally mew and interest- ing, Thus, the ineandeseent filament spinning in am mnex- haneted globe, the well-known Crookes experiment on open cir- coit, aml the many othere sugywested, will uot fail to interest the reader, Mr, ‘Teela hae meade an extuuestive study of the varion= fr erated with these rapidly alteruating currents, sturting from the thrend-like discharge ar ptesings through varioné etages to the trie electric flame. A point of great importance in the introdnction of high teu- sion alternating current which Mr. Tesla brings out Is the neces sity of carefully avoiding all gascons matter in the high tension apparatus. Te shows that, at least with very rapidly alternating currents of high potential, the discharge may work through al- most any practicable thickness of the best insnlaters, if air is present. In such eases the air included within the apparatus is violently agitated and by moleeular bombardment the parts may he so greathy heated as to cause a rupture of the. insulation. The practical onteome of this is, that, whereas with steady eur- rents, any kind of insnlation may La ueed, with rapidly alternat- ing currents oile will probably be the lest to employ, a faet which has been observed, but uot until uow satiefactorily ex- plained. The recognition of the above fact ie of special impar- tance in the conatrnetion of the costly commercial indnetion coils which are often rendered useless in an unaccountable manner. The truth of theee views of Mr, Tesla ix made evident by the in- «oof the discharge presented by an iiduetion evil when ope12 INFENTTONS OF NIKOLA TRSLA. teresting experiments illustrative of the behavior of the air be tween charged surfaces, the Inminons streams formed by the charged moteeules appearing even when great thicknesses of the best insulators are interposed between the charged surfaces, These luminons streams afford in themselves a very interesting study for the experimenter. With these rapidly alternating eur- rents they beewime far more pewerfal und produce beantifal light effects when they isene from a wire, pinwheel or other chject at- tached to a terminal of the coil; and it is interesting tu note that they issue from a ball alist a= freely as from a point, when the y high, frequency is ve From these experiments we also obtain a better idea of the importance of taking into acenunt the capacity and selfinduetion in the apparatns emploved and the possibilities offered hy nae of condensers in conjunction with alteruate currents, the em- jployment of enerente of high freyneucy, among other things, ‘making it possible to rednee the condenser to practicable dimen- ‘sions, Another point of interest and practical bearing is the fact, proved by Mr. Tesla, that for alternate currents, especially those of high frequer insulators are required possessing # anall epevitic indnetive capacity, which at the same time lave a high ineulating power, Mr. Tesla alen makes interesting and valuable suggestion in re- ward to the ceunomical utilization of iron in imehines and trans formers, Hv shows low, by inaintaining by continnous magnet- ization afew of lines thromgeh the irou, the latter may be kept near its maaimium permeability and a higher ortpot and economy inay be seenred in such apparntus, This principle may prove of considerable commercial importance in the development of alter- nating svetems, Mr. Tesla’s suggestion thar the same result can be seeured hy heating the irom by liysteresis and eddy eurrents, and increasing the permeability in thie wanner, while it may ap pear lees practical, nevertheless spens another dirvetion for inver tigation amd improvement. The demoustration of the fact that with alternating currents of high freqneney, suttecient energy may be transmitted under practicable conditions through the glass of an incandescent lamp by electrostatic or electromagnetic induction may lead to a de- parture in the construction of ench devices, Another important experimental result achieved is the operation of lamps, and even motors, with the discharge of condensers, this method affordingAGH FREGUENCY AND HIGH POTENTIAL CURRENTS, 123 a Ineans of converting direct or alternating eurrenta, In this connection Mr. Tesi advocates the perfecting of apparatun eapa- ble of generating electricity of igh tensiou from heat energy, believing this to be a better way of obtaining eleetrical energy for practical purposes, particularly for the production of light. While many were probably prepared to encounter curious phenomena of impedance in the use of « condenser discharged ilisruptivel y, the experinuents sluwn were extremely interesting on account of their paradoxical character, The burning of an incandescent lamp at any candle power when connected across a huavy metal bar, the existence of nodes on the Lar and the prosei- bility of exploring the lar by means of an ordinary Cardew voltmeter, are all peculiar developments, but perhape the most interesting observation is the phenomenon of impedance observed in the lamp with a straight filmment, which retains dark while the bulb glows. Mr, Teala's manner of operating an induction coil by means of the disruptive discharge, and thas obtaining enormous differences of potential from comparatively amall and inexpensive eoila, will he appreciated by experimenters and will find valuable applica- tion in laboratories, Indeed, his many suggestions and hints in regard to the construction and wee of apparatus in theee investi- gations will he highly ralned and will aid materially in future research. The London leeture was delivered twiee. In its first fon, before the Institution of Electrieal Engineers, it wae in rome respects an amplification of aeveral points not specially enlarged upon in the New York lecture, but brought forward many addi- tional discoveries -and new investigations, [te repetition, ine another form, at the Royal Tnstiturion, was due to Prof. Dewar, who with Lord Rayleigh, manifveted amost lively interest in Mr. Teala's work, and whoee kindness illustrated once more the strong English love of eeientitic truth and appreciation of its vataries. As an indefatigable experinenter, Mr. Tesla was certainly non where more at heme than in the luunte of Faraday, and as the guest of Faraday’s successor, This Ioyal Institution lectrre summed up the leading points of Mr. Tesla’s work, in the high potential, high frequency field, and we may here avail ourselves of ao valuable a summarization, in a simple form, of a subject by” no Teans eaay of compreltension until it has been thoroughly studied,14 INVENTIONS OF NINGLA TESLA. Tin these London lectures, anong the many potable pomts toade was first, the diffienlty of eonstrueting the alternators to obtain the very high frequencies needed, To obtain the high fre- ies it was necessary te provide several hundred polar pro- jections, whieh were necessarily small and offered anany draw- backs, and this the more as exceedingly high peripheral speeds had to be reserted to, Ji some of the first machines both arma- tore aud field had polar projections, These machines produced 8 eurions noise, especially when the armature was started from the state of rest, the Held being charged. The inoet efficient machine wae found te be one with a drum arnatare, the iron body of whieh consisted of very thin wire annealed with special ware. Tt wae, of course, desirable to avoid the employment of iron in the armature, and several machines of this kind, with ineving or stationary condneters were constructed, but the re sults obtained were not quite satisfactory, on acconut of the nical anc other dithenities ante red, dy oof the properties of the high frequency eurre: obtained from thest waehines is very interesting, as uearly ev experiment discloses eomething new. Two coils traversed hy such a eurrent attract or repel each other with a foree whieh, owing to the imperfeetion of omr sense of toneh, seems contin. nous, An interesting oleervation, alrcady noted under another form, i¢ that a picee of iran, surrounded by a coil through which the emrrent is passing appears to he eontinnonely magnetized. This apparent continuity night be ascribed to the deficiency of the sense of touch, lat there is evidence that in currents of such high frequencies one of the impulses preponderates over the other. As might he expected, eondnetors traversed by sch ourrente are rapidly heated, owing to the increase of the resistance, and the heating clfeets are relatively much greater in the ion. The Ihyeteresia loses in iron are so great that an iron core, even if finely subdivided, is heated in an ineredibly short time. To give an idea of this, an ordinary iron wire gp inch in diameter inserted within a edi] having 230 turns, with a enrrent estimated to be tive amperes passing through the coil, becomes within two seconds time ro horas to scoreh wood, Beyond a certain frequency, an iren core, 0 matter how finely subdivided, exercizes a dampening effect, and it war exey to find a point atHUGH FREQUENCY AND) WTAE POTENTIAL CURRENTS, 125 which the impedance of a coil was not affeeted hy the presence of 4 core consisting of a bondle of very thin well annealed and varnished irot wires, Experiments with a telephone, a eonednetor in a strong a netie field, or with a condenser or are, seen: to afford certain proof that sounds far above the usnally aecepted limit of hew wold be pereeived if prodoced with swtticient power, The are produced Ivy these currents possesses several interesting features, Usually it emits a note the pitch of whieh corresponds to twice the frequeney of the current, lat if the frequemey Ta eufficienthy Jess, the limit of andition being determined principally by the linear dineusious of the arc, A eurions fea- ture of the are is its pereisteney, which is due partly to the in- ability of the gaseous colin to cool and inerease considerably im resistance, ak ik the ease with Jaw freqmenciex, and partly te the teuleney of such a high frequener machin’ to meintin a constant current, Tn connection with these machines che condenser affords a par- Henlorly interesting study. Stiking effeete are produced by proper adjustments of capacity aul self-induetion, It is easy to raise the electromotive force of the machine to many thes the otigiuad value by simply adjusting the capacity of a comlencer qamected in the indweed eirewit, Ef the condenser be at sone dlistance from the machine, the difference of potential on the terminals of the latter may be only a small fraction of that on high it hecomes no the eomlenser. Boat the aneet fiterestings us peri sion of the eorrents from the iaeli indvetion coil La consequences of che cnormons rate of change obtainable in the primary current, mineh higher potential differ- ences are obtained than with eails operated in the usnal ways, and, owing to the high frequeucy, the secondary discharge por serace tlAny striking peculiarities, Hath che electrodes behave e, though it appears from some observations that yothe ather, as before es are gained when the ten- is raised by means of an generally ali one curr ot impulse preponderates ov physiological effects of the igh tension disehanre are found to be so small that the shork of the evil eam be eluipported without any ineonvenicnes, exeept perhape a sinall barn produced by the discharge npon approaching the hand te one of the ter- iminals, The deecided|y smaller physictagics] effects of these cur-128 IN PREYTIONS OF NERGLA TRELA, rents are thonglt to be due either te a different distribotion through the bedy or to the tieeues aeting as condeneers, But in the ease of an induction coil with o great many twns the harmless nees is principally due ta the fact that but little energy is avail- able in the external cirenit when the same is closed throngh the experimenter's ledy, on aeconut of the great impedance of the wail. In varving the freqneney and etrenth of the currents through the primary of the coil, the character of the secondary discharge is greatly varied, and no lose than tive distinets forme are ob- served >—A weak, sensitive thread discharge, a powerful flaming discharge, and three forms of brreh or streaming discharges, Each of these Jeteses certain noteworthy features, but the moat interesting to study are the latter, Under certain conditions the etrenns, whieh are presnmably due to the violent agitation af the air moleenles, issne freely from all points of the coil, even throngh a thick insulation. If there is the stnallest air epace between the primary and secondary, they will form there and surely ure the coil hy slowly warm- ing the insulation. As they form even with ordinary frequencies when the poteuti«l is oxevesive, the air-epace vet cane- al, These high freqneney streamers iffer in aspect and propertics fron these produced by a static machine, The l prodneed by therm ie emall amd sluenld altogether cease if erably ‘higher freqneneies eould be obtained. A pe- exifinrity is that they issue as freely from surfaces as from points, thwing to this, a metallic vane, iouuted in one of the terminals of the enil so as to rotate freely, and having one of its sides covered with insolation, i# epum rapidly around. Sueha vane would not rotate with a steady potential, bat with a high frequeney will spin, even if it be entirely covered with inenlation, provided the insulation on one side be cither thicker or of a higher specific inductive capacity, A Crookes electric radiometer is also spun wound when connected ta one of the terminals of the coil, but only at very high exhanstion or at ordinary pressures, There i# still another and more etriking peculiarity of such a high fret y streamer, namely, it is hot. The heat is easily reeptible with freqnencice of about 10,0041, even if the poten- tial is not execesively high, The heating effet is, of course, dine to the molecular impacts and collisions. Conld the frequeney and potential be pushed far engl, then a brush contd he pro mast Tae on fnlly aveuHGH PREQUENCT AX? HIGH POTENTIAL CURRENTS. 127 duced resembling in ev particular a flame and giving light and heat, yet without a chetuieal proeees taking place. The het brush, when properly produced, reeenbles a jet of hurning gas escaping under great pressure, and it emits an extra- ovlinary strong stnell of ozone, The great ozonizing action is ascribed to the fact that the agitation of the molecules of the air ja mere viglont in such a lush chan in the ordinary streamer of astatic machine, Bur the moet powerful brush diecharges were prodaced by employing onrrenta of mine higher frequencies than it was possible tu obtain ly teans of the alterusters, These currents were obtained by ilieriptively diccharging a condenser and getting op, oscillations, In this manner eurrents af a fre- queney of several hundred thousand were obtained. Corrente of this kind, Mr, Tesla pointed ont, produce striking effeete. At these frequencies, the impedance of a eopper bar ix eo preat that x potential difference of eevoral liumdred volts ean he inaintained bepreen twe points of a eloert and thick bar, andl itis possible to keep an ordinary incandescent lamp burning at full eandle power ly attaching the terminals of the lamp to two ywints of the bar ne imere than a few ineles apart. When the freqneney ia extremely high, nodes are fount to © bar, ard it is easy te loeate them Dy vans af a dain. By converting the high tensten dlicclaryes of a low frequener eoil in thie manner, it was found practicnble tu keep a few laripe burning on the ordinary eirenit in the laboratory, and by bri ing the andulation te a low yitel, it was pussihle to operate emall motors, This plan likewise allows of converting high tension discharges of owe direction into low tension unidirectional eurrenta, by ad- jus the eiremit so that there are ne upeilations. In pasting, the oscillating discharges throngl the primary of a specially constructed coil, it is eaay to obtain enormous putential differences with only few turtis of the secondary, Great dittieulties were at first experianced in producing a ecssinl coil on this plan, Tt was fom necessary to kevp all air, OF grace nutter in general, away frnn the elurged eurfaees, wd of] Dumersion was resorted to, The wires used were heavily covered with gutta-percha and wound iu vil, or the air was pumped ont by means of a Sprengel pump. The general arrangeime was the following:—An ordinary inne vail, operated from «how frequency alternator, wae mead to charge Leyden jars, The128 INPENEIONS OF NIKOLA TESLA. jare were nade to discharge over a single or multiple gap through the primary of the eceond coil, To insure the action of the gap, the are wae blown out by a magnet ur air blast. To adjust the potential in the seeundary a small oil condenser was nsed, or polished brass spheres of different sizes were screwed on the terminals and their distance adjusted. When the conditions were carefully determined to suit each experiment, magnificent effects were obtained. Two wires, stretehed throngli the row, cach being connected to one of the terminals of the coil, cinitted streams so powerful that the light from them allowed distingnishing the objects in the room; the wires beeame himinons even though covered with thick and pst excellant inenlation. When two straight wires, or two con- eontric circles af wire, are comneeted] to the terminals, and set at the proper distance, a uniform Inminous sheet is produced be- tween them. Tt was possible in this way te eover an area of pre that one meter square completely with the streams. By attaching to one ternrinal a large circle of wire and te the other terminal asimall sphere, the streams are foeused npon the ephere, peedace a etrongly Bglited spot upon the same, and present the appearance of a luminous cone. A very thin wire gine] upon a qilate of hard rubber of great thicknves, on the opposite side of whieh is fastened a tinfoil coating, is rendered intensely Imminons when the conting ix connected to the other terminal of the evil. Such an experiment can be performed ales with low frequency eurrent:, but miele less satiefaetorily. When the terminals of sueh a eoil, even of a very small one, are separated tv a rubber or ulass plate, the discharge spreads over the plate in the form of streams, threads or lrilliant sparks, andl affurds a wagniticent display, whieh cannot be equaled by the largest coil operated in the usual ways. Hy a simple adjust- ment it is possible to produce with the coil a suecession of bril- liant sparks, exactly ax with a Holtz machine, Tider certain conditions, when the frequency of the oscillation is very great, white, phantom-like streams are seen to break fort from the terminals of the eoil. The chief interesting feature about them ig, that they stream freely against the outetretehed hand or other conducting object without producing any sen-a- tion, and the hand may be approached very near to the terminal without a spark being indueed to jump. This ix due presimably to the fact that a considerable portion of the energy is carriedATG PREOUANCY ANT AGH POTENTIAL CURRENTS 13 away oF disipated in the strenimets, aud the difference of poten- tial between the terminal and the hand is diminished, Tt is found in amch experimenta that the frequeney of the vibration and the quieknees of succession of the sparks between the knols affeet to a marked degree the appearance of the streams. When the freqneney ia very low, the air giver way in more or less the same manner as by a steady difference of poten- tial, and the stream: couciet of distinet threads, generally mingled i thin aparka, whieh probably correspond to the enccessive discharges occurring between the knobs. Tot when the fre- queney in very high, and the are of the discharge prodaces 4 sonmd whieh is lowd and ameoth (whieh indicates both that oseil- lation takes place and that the sparks eneeeed each other with great rapidity), then the luminous etrearus formed are perfectly uniform, They are generally af a purplish lime, but when the molecolar vibration is inereased by raising the potential, they as- samc a white color. The hininous inteusity of the streams iuereases rapidly when the potential is inereased; and with frequeneica of only a few lmedred themsand, could the coil le made to withstand « sufti- eiently high potential differcnee, there ie no doubt that the spewe around a wire cond be made to emit a strong light, asnerely by the agitation of the moleenles of the air at ordinary [eresenre. Such discharges of very high frequency whieh render lumi- none the air at ordinary pressure we lave very likely occasion to witness in the aurora borealis, From many of these experi- Mente it eoere reasonable to fier that sudden eoamic distur ances, sncl as eruptions on the ann, set the electrostatic charge of the earth in am extremely rapil vibration, and produce the glow by the violent agitation of the air in the upper and even in the lower strata, It is thonght that if the freqneney were low, oreven nore ao if the change were not at all vibrating, the lower dence strata wonld break down ae in a lightning diecharge. Indications of such breaking down have been repeatedly ob- served, but they can be attributed to the fundamental disturh anées, whieh are fow in number, for the euperimposed vibration wonld be so rapid aa not te allow 4 ciseuptive break. The study of these discharge phoneme has led Mr. Tesla to the reeognition of some important facts, [1 was fonnd, aa already stated, that yscons matter must be most carefally exelnded from10 INVENTIONS OF NIROLA TESLA. any dielectric which is subjected to grent, rapidly changing elec- trostatic stresses. Since it is dificult teexelude the gas perfectly when solid insulators are used, it is neccesary to resort to liquid dielectrics, When a solid dielectric is used, it matters little how thick and how good it is; if air be present, streamer form, whieh gradually heat the dicleetrie and impair ite insulating power, an] the discharge finally breake throngh, Under ordi- nary conditions the best ineulatons are those whieh possess the highest specttic inductive capacity, but sueh imeulator® are not the hest to employ when working with these high frequency currents, for ith most cases the higher sperifie indnetive capacity is rather a disadvantage. The prime quality of the insulating edliun for these eurrenta ie continuity. Far thie renson prin- eipally it is necessary to eriploy liquid insrlators, sneh aa oils, If two metal plates, connected to the terminale of the eoil, are immersed in oil and set a distanee apart, the coil may be kept working for any length of time without a break ceenrring, or without the ail being warmed, lut if air bubbles are introduced, they become luminous; the air molecules, by their impact against the oil, heat it, aud after some time conse the inenlation to give way, Uf, iustead of the oil, a solid plate of the best dielectric, even several times thicker than the oil intervening between the metal plates, ie inserted between the latter, the air having free aecees to the eharged eurfaees, the dicleetrie ivari- ably is warmed and breaka down, The employment of oil is advisable of necessary even with how frequencies, if the potentials wre euch that streamers form, but only in such cases, as is evident from the theory of the action, Lf the potentials are so low that streamers do not form, then it iaeven disadvantageous to employ vil, for it may, principally by contining the heat, be the cause of the breaking down of the in- sulation. The exclusion of gaseous matter is not only desirable on ac- count of the sufety of the apparatus, but aleo on account of eronomny, especially ina cordensur, in which considerable waste of power may oceur merely owing to the presence of air, if the dlectric deusity on the charged surfaces ia great. Tn the course of these investigations a phenomenon of special scientific interest was observed. It may be ranked among the brnsh phenomena, iu fact it isa kind of brush which forme at, or near, a single terminal in high vacuum. In a bulb with a con-AIGH FREQUENT AND HIGH POTENTIAL CURRENTS, 131 dueting electrode, even if the latter be of aluminum, the broeh has only a very short existence, but it can he preserved for a con- siderable length of time in a bulb devoid of any conducting elec. trode, To observe the phenomenon it is found beet to employ a large apherieal bulb having in its centre a small bulb supported ona tihe sealed to the neck of the former, The large bulb be- ing exhausted toa high degree, and the inside of the emall bulb being coonected to one of the terminals of the coil, ander certain conditions there appears a misty haze around the small bulb, which, after passing through some stages, assumes the form of a brush, generally at right angles to the tube supporting the small bulb, When the brush assumes this form it may be bronght to astate of extreme sensitivencas to electrostatic and magnetic i- fluence, The bulb hanging straight down, and all objects being remote from it, the approach of the observer within a few pacos will canse the brush to fly to the opposite side, and if he walke around the bulb it will always keep om the opposite side. Tt may begin to epin around the terminal long befove it reaches that sen- sitive stage. When it begine ti turn around, principally, but also before, it is affected by a magiet, and ata certain stage it ie susceptible to magnetic influence to an astonishing degree. A amall permanent magnet, with its poles at ad “eof mo imore than two centimetres will affect it. visibly at a distance of two tme- tres, slowing down or accelerating the rotation according to how it is held relatively to the brush. When the ball hangs with the globe dowu, the rotation is al- ways elockwice, In the southern hemisphere it would oecnr in the opposite direction, and on the {magnetic} equator the brush should not turn atall. The rotation may be reversed by a mag- net kept at some distance, The brush rotates best, seemingly, when it is at right angles to the lines of force of the earth, Tt very likely rotates, when at ite inaximum speed, in eynelroniem with the alternations, aay, 10,000 tities a second. The rotation can be slowed down or accelerated by the approach or recession of the observer, or any conducting body, but it eannot be re- versed by putting the bulb in any position. Very curious experi- ments may be performed with the brush when in ite most sensi- tive state, For inatanee, the bruh resting in one position, the experiinenter may, by selecting a proper position, approach the hand at a certain considerable distance to the bulb, and he may cange the brush to pass off hy merely stiffening the muscles of133 INVENTIONS OF NEKOLA TESLA. the arm, the mere change of configuration of the ann and the consequent imperceptible displacement being sufficient to disturb the delicate balance. When it begine to rotate slowly, and the hands are lekl at a proper distance, it ia impossible to make even the slightest motion without producing a visible effect npon the brush, A metal plate couneeted to the other terminal of the coil affects it at a grent distance, slowing down the rotation often ta one turn a sceoud, Mr. Testa hopes that this phenomenon will prove a valuable ail in the investigation af the aature of the forces acting in an electrostatic or omayuetic tell Ef there is any motion whieh is messrrable going on ia the space, sueh a hrush would be apt te reveal it. [tis «0 to speak, a beam of light, frictionless, devoid af inertiq, On aécount of its marvellous seneitivenes to electro elatie or magnetic disturbances it may be the means of sending: dignals through snbmarine cables with any speed, and even of transmitting intelligence to a distance without wires. In operating an indwetion coil with these rupidly alternatiog rents, it is astonishing to mete, fur the first time, the great importance vf the relation of capacity, self-induetion, and fre- queney ae hearing upor the geueral reenlt. The combined effect of these elements prodaces many curiows effects, For instanee, two metal plites are connected to the terminals and set at a small ilistanee, so that an are ie formed between th This are pre rents 4 strong cnreent from flowing thrangh the eoil, Tf the wre he interrupts] by the interposition of a glass plate, the capacity of the condenser obtained counteracts the self-induction, and a stronger current i4 made to prass, The effects of capacity are the incet striking, for in theee experiments, sinee the selfdinduction. and frequency hoth are high, the eritical capacity is verv small, and need be but slightly varied t+ produce a very considerable change, The experimenter brings his body in eontaet with the terminals of the secondary of the evil, or attaches to one or both terininale iisufated bodies of very siuall bulk, such as exhausted hols, and he produces a considerable rise or fall of potential on the secondary, aud greatly affects the flow of the eurrent through the primary coil. In-mauy of the phenomena observed, the presence of the air, or, generally speaking, of a medium of a gaseous natnre (a this term not to imply epecitic properties, but in contradistinetion ty homegeneity or perfeet continuity) plays an important part,JHGH FREQUENCY AND) HIGH POTENTIAL CURRENTS. 18% as it allows energy to be diskipated Iyy melecular impact or hom- bardiment. The action is thus explained:—When an insulated ledy connected te a terminal of the coil is suddenly charged to high potential, ft aete inductively upon the surrounding air, or whatever gaseous medinm there might be. The ineleenles or atome which are near it ace, of conrse, more attracted, and move through a greater distanec than the further ones. When the nearest molerules strike the body they are repelled, and eollisions weer at all distances: within the induetive distance. Tt is now clear that, if the potential be steady, bot Hirtle loss of energy can he caused in thie way, for the molecales whiell are nearest te the body baving had an additional charge iinparted to them by contact, are not arcraete | wuitil they have parted, if not with all, at least with monet of the additional charge, which ean be accom- plished only after a great uany collisions, This is inferred from the fact that with a eteady potential there is lt littl: loss in dry air, When the potential, inatead of being steady, is alternating, the conditions are entirely different, In this case a rloythinieal hombarlinent aceure, i matter whether the molecules after coming in couteet with the heady lee the imparted! charge or not, and, what is more, if che charge in net Jost, the impacts are all the more violent. Still, if the frequeney of the impulses he very amall, rhe loss eaueed bey the impacts and collisions would not be aeriona unless the potential was excessive, But when extremely high frequencies and more or less Ligh potentials are sed, the loss may be very great. The total energy loet per unit of time is proportionate to the prodact of the mumber of impact per second, or the frequency and the energy lost in each impact, Rat the energy of an impaet must he proportionate to the square of the eleetrie density of the lady, on the axsnmption that the charge imparted to the molecule is proportionate to that density. Tt is concluded from this that the total energy Inet muet be pro portionate to the product of the frequency and the square of the eleetric density; but this law needs experimental eontirmation. Assuming the preceeding considerations to be true, then, by m- ly alternating the potential of a body immersed in an inanlat- ig pAeeone medinin, any smoemut of energy iuay be dissipated inte space, Most of that energy, then, is net dissipated in the form of long ether waves, propagated to eoneiderahle distance, ae ie thought moet generally, but is conaumed in impact and collisional loeses—that ia, heat vibrationa—in tle surface and inTt ENVENTIONS GF NIKOLA TESLA. the ity of the bade. To reduce the diseipation it ie neces ary to work with a smal) electric deusity—the smaller, the higher the frequeney. : The behavior of a gaseous medium to suel rapid alternations of potential makes it appear plamsible that clectrostatie dis- turkances of the earth, produced ly comoic events, may have great influence upon the meteorological conditiogg, When ench disturbances uecur botly the frequeney of the vibrations of the eharge and the potential are in all probability esdive, and the energy converted inte leat tay Le romsilerable, Since the density must he unevenly distributed, either in consequence of the irregularity of the earth's eneface, or on aecomut of the condition of the atmospliere in various places, the effeet pro- duced would accordingly vary from place to place, Considerable variations in the temperature: amd pressure of the atmosphere may in this manner be caused at any point of the surface of the earth The variations way be geadual or very sudden, according te the nature of the original disturbance, and imay produce rain am] stort, ov torally ounmlify the weather in any way. From many experiences gathered in the course of these inves- tigations ie appear certain that in lightning discharges the air is an element of importanee. For instance, during a storm & strain iy form ona ml or pointed projection of a building. Tf lightning etrikes aomewhere in the weighborboody the harm- less static discharge may, in consequence af the oseillations set up, seme the eharacter of a high-frequency streamer, and the nail or projection inary be Lrougtt to a ligh temperature by the violent impact of the air inolecules. Thus, it is thought, a building inay be cet on fire without the Hghtning striking it. In like manner emall metallic objects may be fused aud volatilized —as Frequeutly aeeues in lightning discharges ~merely becanne they are eurrounded by air, Were they immersed in a practh eally continyons mediuin, euch as oil, they would probably be safe, us the enemgy would have to spend itself eleewhere. An instructive experience haviug a hearing on this subject is the following :—A glass tube of an inch or ao in diameter ard several inelice long is taken, and a platnium wire sealed inte it, the wire running through the center of the tube from end to end, The tube is exhansted to a moderate degree. Lf a steady current is passed through the wire it is heated uniformly in all parts and the gas in the tube is of no comsequeuce. But if high