TELECOMMUNICATION:

A telecommunications network consists of transmission systems, switching systems, and

stations. The assemblies of switching and control devices provided so that any station in a
communications system may be connected as desired with any other station. Transmission
systems carry messages from an originating station to one or more distant stations. They are
engineered and installed in sufficient quantities to provide a quality of service commensurate
with the cost and expected benefits. To enable the transmission facilities to be shared, stations
are connected to and reached through switching system nodes that are part of most
telecommunications networks. Switching systems act under built-in control to direct messages
toward their ultimate destination or address.

Switching:
The switch is known as time division. Switching systems act under built-in control to direct
messages toward their ultimate destination or address. Most switching systems, known as central
or end offices in the public network and as private branch exchanges (PBXs) when applied to
business needs are used to serve stations. These switching systems are at nodes that are
strategically and centrally located with respect to the community of interest of the served
stations. With improvements in technology, it has become practical to distribute switching nodes
closer to stations. In some cases to serve stations within a premise, switching is distributed to
take place at the stations themselves. A smaller number of systems serve as tandem
(intermediate) switching offices for large urban areas or toll (long-distance) offices for interurban
switching. These end and intermediate office functions are sometimes combined in the same
switching system.

Switching system fundamentals:

Telecommunications switching systems generally perform three basic functions: they transmit
signals over the connection or over separate channels to convey the identity of the called (and
sometimes the calling) address (for example, the telephone number), and alert (ring) the called
station; they establish connections through a switching network for conversational use during the
entire call; and they process the signal information to control and supervise the establishment and
disconnection of the switching network connection.

In some data or message switching when real-time communication is not needed, the switching
network is replaced by a temporary memory for the storage of messages. This type of switching
is known as store-and-forward switching.

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General Problems:
The on-line input/output devices in a computer system may be classified as local or remote. The
local peripherals such as drums, discs, tapes, line printers, card readers and punches are typically
connected to the computer by short, many-conductor cables. The computer system usually has
considerable status information available about local devices and has operators to assist in their
care and feeding.

Conclusion:
The communication and input/output problems inherent in a large-scale multiplex computer
system have been discussed. Hardware and software philosophies and a description of a general
input/output controller intended to cope with these problems have been presented.

It is felt that the modular and dynamic structure of the input/output software and its flexible
stream switching ability are essential to the success of a multiplex computer system. Similarly,
the hardware flexibility and the uniform software approach permitted by the new controller
greatly simplify the design of such computer systems.

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ABDUL & WASEEM 17-08 to 22-08-2009