SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

SPECIFICATION

OVERVIEWS OF SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

NEEDS OF SRS

FEASIBILITY STUDY

REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

DESIGNING

CODING

TESTING

DEBUGGING

MAINTENANCE
Overview of software development issues
Innovation in computing hardware and software and has brought
a multitude of powerful and sophisticated applications to user’s
desktops and across their networks. This sophistication is accompanied
by problem for application developers, software venders and users.
Some of the problems are:-

 Today’s applications are large and complex. They are time-

consuming to develop, difficult and costly to maintain, risky to
extend with additional functionality.
 Applications are monolithic. They come packed with a wide
range of features but most features can not be removed,
upgraded independently, or replaced.
 Application is not easily integrated. The data and functionality
of one application are not readily available to other
applications, even if they are written in the same programming
language and run on the same computer.
 Operating systems have a related set of problem. They are not
sufficiently modular, and it is difficult to override, upgrade, or
replace OS-provided services in a clean and flexible way.
 Programming modules are inconsistent. They vary widely
depending on whether the services is coming from:-

 A provider in the same address space as a client

program.
 A separate process on the same computer.
 The operating system or
 A provider running on a separate computer across the
network.
 Software requirement specification(SRS)
In software requirement we are dealing with the requirement
of a proposed capability of the system, which is yet to
developed.
It is ultimately ends with the software requirements
specification (SRS). Generally, SRS is a document that
completely describes what the proposed system will do
without describing how the software will do? The basic goal
of requirement analysis to produce SRS, which describe the
complete external behavior of the proposed software.

Needs of SRS: -
The basic purpose of software requirement is to bridge
the communication gap between the customer and a
developer. SRS is a medium through which the client and the
user needs that is actually defined. A SRS establishes the
basis of agreement between the user and supplier on what
software product will do. The basis for the agreement is
frequently obliged into a legal contract between the user and
developer. Through the SRS the client clearly describes-

 What is the expected from the developer and the

developer clearly understand.

 What capability to built in software ?

 An SRS provides a reference or validation of the final
product, i.e., SRS helps the user to determine if the software
needs the client’s requirements.
Without a proper SRS there is no way a user can determine if
the software being delivered is what cost ordered and there is
no way the developer can convince the client that all the
requirements have been fulfilled.
A high quality SRS is prerequisite. It is clear that
the many errors in the SRS will most likely manifesto.
As an error in the final system “implementing” SRS.
After all the SRS documents specifies a long system
then even a correct implementation after SRS will lead
to a system that will not satisfy the user. Yearly, if we
want high quality software that has few errors we must
begin with high quality software.
A high quality SRS reduces the development cost.
A quality of SRS has an impact on the cost of the
product. We have already seen that errors can exists in
the SRS. The cost of fixing an error increases almost
exponentially as the time progresses. A requirement
error is deducted and removed after the system has been
developed can cost up to 100 times. More then the
removing it during the requirement phase. Clearly, we
can have a tremendous reduction in the project by
reducing errors in the SRS.
 FEASIBILITY STUDY

The aim of a feasibility study is to propose one or more

conceptual solutions to the problem set for the project. The
conceptual solutions give an idea of what the new system
will look like. They define what will be done on the
computer and what will remain manual. They also indicate
what input will be needed by the systems and what output
will be produced. These solutions must be proven feasible
and preferred solutions must be accepted.

Many feasibility studies are determining for both users and

analyst. Feasibility the study often taken when the feasibility
document is being prepared, the analyst is in a position to
evaluate solution. Second, most studies stands to overload
the confusion inherent in system development. The
feasibility study is to serve as decision document. It must
answer three key questions: -

i) Is there a new and better way to do the job that will

benefit the user?
ii) What are the cost and savings if the alternatives?
iii) What is recommended?

There are some considerations involved in feasibility

study. They are economic, technical and behavioral.
a.) Economic Feasibility: Economic analysis is most
frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of
candidate system, more commonly known as cost benefit
analysis. The procedure is to determine the benefits and
savings that are expected from candidate system and
compare with the coast. If benefit is less then coast, then
the decision is to make for not for implementing the
system or reverse of it. System will have to make if it is
have a chance of being approved. This is an ongoing effort
that improves accuracy at each phase of a system. It
includes:
i.) Cost of system study.
ii.)Cost of hardware and software.
b.) Technical Feasibility: It centers on the existing computer
system and to what extent it can support the proposed
addition. For example- if the current system is operating at
80% capacity, then running another application would
require additional hardware. It includes-

i.) Does the necessary technology exist today?

ii.) System has capacity to hold data?
iii.) Provide adequate responses to inquiry for the
expected number of users
iv.) System expandability
v.) Guarantees for accuracy, reliability, ease of
access and data security

After technical feasibility studies it is being found that

necessary technology exist today to develop the proposed
system and the system has the capacity to hold data. The
software can provide adequate response to inquiry for
expected number of users i.e. 3 or 4. As the system should be
developed in modules, so the system can easily be expanded.
The software will also guarantee for accuracy, reliability and
data security.

c.) Behavioral Feasibility: People are inherently resistant to

change and computers have been known to facilitate
changes. An estimate should be made of how strong the
reaction for the user staff is likely to have toward the
development of computerized system. It includes: -
i.) Support of management and user
ii.) No side effect of the proposed system
iii.) Produce proper results
iv.) does not affect customers

After the analysis it is found that the

management and the users to the Organization
would support the software. The software would produce
accurate result and in less time. It would affect customers in
positive direction.

d.)Operational Feasibility: Automated system is easy to

handle and will help the user in all ways. There are many
points that will favors the system and which support is to
be accepted by the management and end users. These are:
-
e.) i.) It will produce desired result.
ii.) Does not affect the customers but help them in
satisfying.
iii.) Will be easy and user interactive.
 iv.) Will not offset the current system in any
way.

REQUIREMENT
ANALYSIS

 SYSTEM REQUIREMENT: -

CHOICE OF HARDWARE
Computer System: We prefer Pentium IV
processor/Celeron Processor.

Primary Memory: It works within 64 MB RAM.

Secondary Memory: It will work on both, hard

disk as well as floppy disk along with VB 6.0 but you
use hard disk\CD-ROM for voluminous data
processing. It will increase the access ability.

Video Adapter and Monitor: it is colored

program. So better to use a colored monitor but it can
perform satisfactory on various monochrome
adapters as
 IBM monochrome adapter.
 Hercules monochrome adapter.
 IBM CGA card 80X25 in text mode.
 IBM CGA/VGA card 80X25 in text mode.
Printers: Any printer supported to PC/AT in
Windows-98\2000 can be used to get printouts but
Laser Printer is most suitable and economic.

CHOICE OF SOFTWARE
For any project the most important part is the choice
of the operating system and application software. We
choose:

 Operating System: We choose Windows-

1998 as an operating system because it is a
device dependent operating system. This mean
that no matter what printer you are using or no
matter what should card is used by user. Another
thing to use it that the user interface is the same
for all windows applications. Therefore, we don’t
have to tell our user how to operate the projects.
 Application Software: We choose VB6.0 as
a front end because during design time, we are
able to see how our program will look during run
time. This is the fret advantage over other
programming language, we are able to change
 and experiment with our design unit we are
satisfied with the color, size and images.

With this we choose ACCESS-2000 as a back-end

because of its compatibility with VB6.0 and data
handling is easy to use.

 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT: -
a) To provide information regarding issued & returned
books,books available,members&defaulters.
b) To give the right to the user to make new entries
regarding transactions, biodata and maintaining
records of the existing ones.

 IMPLEMENTATION: -
Implementation is the process of converting a new
system design into an operational one. Here the implementation of
computer software is being done in order to replace a manual
system. The requirement of this type of this implementation id
converting all the files (breaking them into tables and inserting into
the computer database), training users, this may require giving
instructions to them regarding the operations of the system.

 OPEARTIONAL REQUIREMENT: -
The software should be accurate regarding all the
information. The data should be updated when information is given
and when entries are made regarding the new an existing members
& books.
 Coding
The coding phase is to transform the design of the system into a
high level language. Software development organization adheres to
some well defined and standard style of coding called standards. A
coding standards sets-out standard ways of doing several things
such as the way variables are to be named the code is to be laid out
the number of source per function etc.
The reasons for adhering to standard for coding are: -
 It gives a uniform appearance to the code written by different
programmers.
 It enhances code understanding.
 It encourages good programming practice after a module has
been coded.
Representative Coding Standards: -
1: - Rule for limiting the use of global variables. What type of data
can be (or not) a global variable?
2: - Contains of the header preceding codes for different modules: -
 Date of Programming.
 Name of the module.
 Name of the programmer.
 Different function supported and I/O parameters require.
 Synopsis of the module.
3: - Naming conventions for global variable, local variables and
constants.
4: - Error return conventions and exceptions handling mechanism.
Representative Coding Guidelines:-
1: - Do not use to clever and difficult to understand coding style.
2: - Avoid obscure effect.
3: - Do not use variable for multiple purpose.
4: - Each variable should be given descriptive name.
5: - The code should be well documented.
6: - The length of any function should not exceed some predefined
value.
7: - Do not use GOTO statement.
Design

Design phase of the software development deals with transforming

the customer requirements as describes in the SRS documents into
a form implement table using a programming language. In order to
code in a programming language, The following items must be
designed during the design phase:-
 Different modules.
 Control relationship between modules.
 Interface among different modules.
 Data structure of the individual modules.
 Algorithm requires implementing module etc.
Characteristics of coding:-
1: - A good design should capture all the functionalities of the
system correcting.
2: - It should be easily understandable.
3: - It should be easily efficient.
4: - It should be easily maintainable.
5: - It should have a clearly decompose set of modules.

TESTING
Testing present an interesting anomaly for the software
engineers. During earlier software engineering activities the
engineer attempts to build software from an abstract concept to a
tangible product. Now comes testing, the engineers creates a series
of test cases that are intended to demolish the software that has
been built. Infact, testing is the one step in the software process
that could be viewed as destructive rather than constructive.
Testing requires that the developer discard preconceived notions of
the “correctness” of software just developed an overcome a
conflict of interest that occurs when errors are uncovered.
  Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of
finding an error.
 A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding
an as yet undiscovered error.
 A success for test is one that uncovers an as yet undiscovered
error.

If testing is conducted successfully, it will uncover errors in

the software. As a secondary benefit testing demonstrates that
software functions appear to be working according to
specification’s that behavioral and performance requirements
appear to have been met. In addition, data collected as testing is
conducted provide a good indication of software reliability and
some show the absence of errors and defects are present.
In developed software, we have performed a full testing
process to meet the desired output. We have tested all the functions
being performed in his software. Testing of the developed software
is actually observing if the software behaves as expected. If the
developed software fails to behave as expected by the organization
than conditions under which a failure occurs are noted for
debugging and correction.
Once code has been generated, program testing begins. The
testing process focuses on the logical internals of the software,
ensuring that all statements have been tested, and on the functional
externals that is conducting test to uncover errors and ensure that
defined input will produce actual results that agree with required
results.

It is virtually impossible for a software developer to foresee

how the user will really use a program. Instructions for use may be
misinterpreted; strange combinations of data may be regularly used
output that seemed clear to the tester may be unintelligible to a
user in the field.
 When software is build for users, a series of acceptance tests
are conducted to enable the user to validate all requirements.
Conducted by the end-user rather than developer, an acceptance
test can range from an informal “test drive” to a planned and
systematically executed series of tests.
If software is developed as a product to be used by many users
it is impractical to perform formal acceptance tests with each one.
Most software developer uses a process called alpha and beta
testing to uncover errors that only the end-user seems able to find.
A user conducts the alpha test as the developer’s site. The
software is used in a natural setting with the developer “ looking
over the shoulder” of the user and recording errors and usage
problems. Alpha test are conducted in a controlled environment.

The beta test is conducted at one or more user sites by the

end-user of the software developer. Unlike alpha testing, the
developer is generally not present. Therefore, the beta test is a
“live” application of the developer. The user records all problems
that are encountered during beta testing and reports these to the
developer at regular intervals. As a result of problems reported
during beta tests, software engineers make to the entire user base.
From the both of the testing our software to runs correctly.

Testing is the process of making necessary correction of error to

the programs, procedure and hardware used by a new system.
Inadequate or non-tested system may lead to errors that may take
several months to appear. A newly developed system is tested on
the following basis:-
 Online response: Online systems have a response time that
will not cause a hardship to the user. One way to test this is
to input transactions on as many CRT screen as would
normally used in peak hours and time response to each
online function to establish a true performance level.
  Volume: In this test, as many records are created as would
normally be produced to verify that the hardware and
software will function correct.
 Stress testing: The purpose of stress testing is to prove that
the system doesn’t malfunction under peak loads. Unlike
volume testing, where time is not a factor, we subject the
system to a high volume of data over a short time period.
This stimulates an online environment where a high volume
of activities occurs in spurts.
 Recovery & Security: A forced system failure is induced to
test a backup recovery procedure for file integrity.
Inaccurate data are entered to see how the system responds
in term of error deductions and protections. Related to file
integrity is a test to demonstrates that data and program are
secure from unauthorized access.
 Usability and Procedure: The usability test vrerifies the
user-friendly nature of the system. This relates to normal
operating and error handling procedures.

TYPES OF TESTING
Testing is of the following types:

 Unit Testing: In unit testing, each components or parts of the

system is tested individually. The system programmer does
this testing. This type of testing is restrictive in nature, i.e.,
the programmer should try to test all invalid conditions and
ensure that the program doesn’t break under any
circumstances.
  Module Testing: This testing is an optional form of testing,
which is done only for large system having voluminous
modules.
 System Testing: This is an integrated form of testing which
focuses on functionality and interfaces between units or
modules. System testing is more effective when an
independent team in a controlled environment does it.
 Acceptance Testing: The user of the system does this
testing. The emphasis of this testing is on the user acceptance
of the functionality of the system. This testing is done in a
controlled environment with logging of all errors found in the
system. Depending on the errors and effectiveness, the user
may decide to either accept or reject the system.
 Security Testing: Security testing is done in a specialized
form when there is a high-risk exposure to a certain area of
the system. If the risk of the exposure is not very high, then it
can be done as a part of the system testing. Typically,
security testing would involve trying to break in to system,
trying to execute transaction not allowed to a person, trying
to access on disk where the user is not allowed.

Debugging
It occurs as a consequence of successful testing.
Debugging is the process that results in the removal of the
error. The debugging process begins with the execution of a
test case. Results are assessed and a lack of correspondence
between expected and actual performance is encountered.
The debugging process will always have one of two
outcomes, which are----
  The cause will be found and corrected.
 The cause will not be found.

Debugging is one of the more frustrating parts of

programming. Debugging is a straightforward application of
the scientific method that has been developed over 2,500
years. The basis of debugging is to locate the problems
source.
In the developed software, I tried to remove all the errors to
produce the desired result.

MAINTENANCE

Software Maintenance denotes any changes made to a

software product after it has been delivered to the
customer. Maintenance is inevitable for almost any kind
of product. Most products need maintenance due to the
wear and tear caused by use.

Types of Software Maintenance:-

I
 Corrective Maintenance
  Adaptive Maintenance
 Perfective Maintenance

• Corrective Maintenance: - Corrective

Maintenance of a software product becomes
necessary to rectify the bugs observed while the
system is in use.

• Adaptive Maintenance: - A software product

might need Maintenance when the customers
need the product to run on new platforms, on new
operating systems or when they need the product
to be interfaced with new hardware or software.

• Perfective maintenance: - A software product

needs maintenance to support the new features
that users want it to support, to change
different functionalities of the system according
to customer demands, or the enhance the
performance of the system.

Maintenance Is Required Because: -

 Error may exist even after testing.

 Error may be introduced because of
mishandling.
 Customer may require some functional
changes.
 There may be change of environment.
 INTRODUCTION TO
DATABASE
A database is a collection of data that is related to one
another to support a common application. Worlds along with
their meanings in a Dictionary, Employees details in a file
cabinet, Names and addresses in an address diary - each of
these collections of database. In a computerized database,
data is organized and stored in a table comprising of rows
and columns are Fields.
A database Management System (DBMS) is a system that
manages the storage and retrieval of data in a database,
which can be like the directory, the file cabinet or the address
diary. A computerized DBMS is a program that is a relational
database Management System, which stores and retrieve data
on the computer. Microsoft Access is a relational database
Management System, which stores and retrieves information
according to the relationships defined.

In a RDBMS, the database is the container of tables in which

all data is stored and the relationships are formed by data
values. Each record in the table has a unique key field that
identifies it and is used to link the tables.

VISUAL BASIC-THE
FRONTEND

 WHY VISUAL BASIC

  EDITIONS OF VISUAL BASIC

 FEATURES OF VISUAL BASIC

6.0

Front End – Visual Basic

Why Visual Basic???

Graphical User Interface, or GUI, have revolutionized the microcomputer

industry.
They demonstrate that the proverb “A picture is worth a thousand words”
has not lost its truth to most computer users. Instead of cryptic C:> prompt
that the DOS users have long seen, you are presented with a desktop field
with icons and with programs that use mice and menus.
 Perhaps even more important than the look of the Microsoft Windows
applications is the feel that the application developed for windows have.
Windows application generally have the consistent user interface. This
means that the users can spend more time mastering the application and less
time worrying about which key strokes do what within menus and dialogue
boxes.

While programmers have long had mixed feelings about GUI,

beginning users like them, and so windows programs are expected to be
based on GUI model. Therefore if you need to develop programs for any
version of windows, you will want a tool developer. GUI based applications
efficiently.

For a long time there are a few such tools for developing windows
applications.
Before visual basic was introduced in 1991, developing windows application
was, much harder than developing DOS application. Programmers had too
much to worry about such as what the mouse was doing, where the users
were inside a menu, and whether key was clicking or double clicking at a
given place. Developing a windows application s required expert C
programmers and hundreds of lines of code for the simplest task.

This is why, when visual Basic 1.0 was released, Bill Gates, Chairman
and CEO of Microsoft, described it “Awesome”. Steve Gibson in info world
said Visual Basic is a “ Stunning new miracle”. And will “Dramatically
change the way people feel about and use Microsoft Windows.

Visual Basic lets you add menus, text boxes, command buttons,
option buttons, check boxes, list box, scroll bars, and file and directory
boxes to blank windows. You can use grids to handle tabular data. And most
importantly, you will an easy method to let users control and access
databases.

You can have multiple windows on a screen. You can use Visual
Basic to communicate with other applications running under windows, using
the most modern version of Microsoft’s COM/ OLE technology.

However, the earlier versions of Visual Basic (especially VB 5) could do

most, if not all of what I just described. What’s so special about the newest
version of Visual Basic? In a nutshell, the answer is that Visual Basic 6
offers you more; are internet features, better support for database
development, more language features to make your programming easier,
more Wizards, more, more, more.

Features of Front End (Visual Basic)

Visual Basic comes in three Flavours:

1. The Visual Basic Learning Edition

2. The Visual Basic Professional Edition.
3. The Visual Basic Enterprise Edition.

The Visual Basic Learning Edition is the introductory

edition that lets you easily create windows application. It comes with all the
tools you need to build mainstream windows applications.

The Visual Basic Professional edition is for computer professionals and

includes advanced features such as tools to develop Active X and Internet
controls.

The Visual Basic Enterprise edition is the most advanced edition and is
aimed to programmers to build distributed edition in a team environment .It
include all the features of the professional edition, plus tools to such as
Visual SourceSafe and a automation and a component manager.

“Main features of Visual Basic Edition are:”

 The Integrated Development Environment

 The Menu Bar
 The Tool Bar
 The Project Explorer
 The Tool Box
 The Properties Windows
 The Form Designer
 The Form Layout
 The Immediate Window
 The Integrated Development Environment
Visual Basic is not just a language. Its an integrated development
environment in which you can develop, run, test and debug your
applications , With Visual Basic we can create following type of
applications:-

a) Standard EXE
b) Active X EXE, Active X DLL
c) Active X Control
d) Active X Document EXE, Active X Document DLL
e) VB Application Wizard, VB Wizard manager.
f) Data Project
g) DHTML Project
h) DHTML Application
i) US Application
j) Addin

The Menu Bar

The Menu Bar contains the command you need to work with Visual
Basic. The BASIC menus are:
File contains the command for opening and saving projects and creating
executable files and a list of recent projects.
Edit contains editing commands for ex.- Cut , Copy, Paste
View contains commands for showing or hiding components of the IDE.
Project contains commands that ad components to the current projects,
references to windows objects and new tools to the tool box.
Format contains commands for aligning the controls on the form.
Debug the usual debugging commands
Run contains the commands that start, break and the End execution of
the current application.
Query contains the commands that simplify the design of structured
query language(SQL) queries . This menu is available when building
database applications.
Diagram contains commands for editing database programs. This menu
is available when building database applications.
 Tools contains tools you need in building active X components and
activates controls; contains the commands to starts the menu editor.
Add-in contains the Add-ins that you can add and remove as needed.
By default only the visual data manager Add-in is installed in this menu.
Window is the window standard menu of an application
that contains commands to arrange windows on the screen.
Help contains information to help as you want.

The Tool Bars:

The tool bars give you quick access to commonly use menu commands.
Besides the main tool bar , which is displayed by default the menu bar .the
Visual Basic IDE provides the additional tools bars for specific purpose,
such as editing, or design, and Debugging.

The Project Explorer:

The window titled project is the Project Explorer, which displays the
components of the project. The project components are organized in folders
and the project window is called Project Explorer.

The Tool Box:

The tool Box contains the icons of controls you can place on a form to create
the application’s users interface. By default, the tool box contains the pointer
icons and the icons of 20 Active X controls. To place the control on a form.
You First select it with the mouse over the form when mouse is over the
form the cursor turns into a cross, and you can draw the control on the form,
just as word draws a rectangle using a drawing applications.

The Properties Window:

The properties windows contains the properties settings for the selected
control, properties are attributes of an object, such as its size , caption and
color.
You can adjust the appearance of the control on the form . with point-and-
click operations.
 The Form Designer

The form designer is the main window in the middle of the screen, and in it
you design and edit the application’s user interface. The same windows
displays the text editor in which you can enter and edit the application’s
code. The form designer displays two windows for each form.
The form itself (the elements of the visible user interface)
A code window (the code behind the elements of the form)

The Form Layout:

You use the form layout window, which is the lower right corner of the
visual basic IDE,
To determine the initial position of the forms in your application .you can
move forms around and place them on top of each other. This window is
useful in applications that use multiple forms because you can specify how
each form is positioned with respect to main form.

The Immediate Window:

The immediate window at the button of the IDE is a debug aid. While
an application is running, you can stop it and use the immediate
window to examine or changes the values.
of the applications variable and to execute visual basic commands in
immediate mode.

FEATURES OF VISUAL
BASIC

Visual Basic 6.0 has many powerful features that are required in
today’s programming environment. Some of these features are:-
*Based on the BASIC language

*Programming objects and events: The Visual forms and objects

like boxes and radio buttons that the user use on the forms, helps
the user to interact with the application in order ton find out the
flow of program. The forms and objects perform a specific action
when an event occurs. This is known as Event-driven
programming.

*A common programming platform across all Microsoft office

applications: Almost all Microsoft office applications support
Visual Basic by sharing and reusing code across applications.

*Native code complication: One of the most significant features

of Visual Basic is the native code complication.

*32-bit support: Visual Basic support 32-bit applications.

*A quick and easy way to develop applications: Visual Basic

includes many wizards’ tasks or even automates coding. Visual
Basic 6.0 has a new collection of wizard to perform some difficult
and routine tasks. Some of these are:

• The package and development wizards

• The class builder utility
• Data object generator wizard
• The add-in designer
• The application wizard

• Object types: New object types, called file system objects

FSO, have been added to Visual Basic 6.0. These objects
enable you to work faster and more easily with files and
directories.
 • Functions: There are fourteen additional functions in Visual
Basic 6.0. All of them deal with string data. Some of these
are called by name, filter, format currency, format date time,
format number and format percent.

• ActiveX features: Visual Basic allows use to migrate

applications to an Active X document, which Enable the
application to install and run from a web browser. Thus, the
developer need not know the languages like java or HTML.
Visual Basic also enables the user to create Active X
controls. New active X controls have been added and some of
the existing controls have been enhanced in Visual Basic 6.0.

• Data base enhancements: Earlier version of Visual Basic

used data access object (DAO) and remote data object
(RDO). Visual Basic 6.0 includes active x data objects
(ADO) as the Visual data access tools. Data access features
allows the user to create database and front-end applications
for most popular database formats, including Microsoft SQL
server and other enterprise-level databases. ADO requires
very little coding to interact with a data source.

• SDI/MDI/Explorer-style interface Options: The Visual

Basic has the functionality to create single, multiple or
windows explorer-style document interface.

*Quick editing, testing, and debugging: The Visual Basic

development includes Extensive editing and debugging tools.

*Internet features: Server-side applications, responding to user

request from a Browser can be written the help of IIS applications.
The methods property and events of every element on a web page
can be exposed using the dynamic HTML technology. Without
having to transfer processing to the server, this technology also
allows you to write Visual Basic codes to respond to actions on a
HTML page.

*Package and development wizard: The package and

Deployment wizard previously called setup wizard, has been
enhanced to include a wider range of data access formats like
ADO, DAO, ODBC, and RDO. A Visual Basic project is
composed into a cab file or an executable setup program. The
package can be deployed on a distribution site, like the Internet
server, just moved to a local or a network folder.

In a nutshell the answer is that Visual Basic 6.0 offers us

more: more internet features, better support for database
development, more language features to make your programming
jobs easier, more wizards, more, more, and more.

MS-ACCESS-THE
BACKENED
  INTRODUCTION TO MS-
BACKENED

 MAIN ELEMENTS OF ACCESS

 MODULES IN OUR PROJECT

 A database is a collection of data that is related to one
another to support a common application. Words along with their
meanings in a dictionary, Employee details in a file cabinet, Names
and address in an addresses in an address diary- each of these
collections of database. In a computerized database, data is
organized and stored in a table comprising of rows and columns.
Rows in a table are called Records and columns are Fields.
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a system that
manages the storages and retrieval of data in a database, which can
be like the directory, the file cabinet or the address diary. A
computerized DBMS is a program that is used to store and retrieve
data on the computer. Microsoft Access is a relational database
management System, which stores and retrieves information
according to the relationships defined.

Microsoft Access: - Access is a Relational Database Management

System (RDBMS) designed for the graphical environment of
Windows. We can use access to store and manipulate large amount
information. It consists of tables of related information that are
linked together on a key field. The related of Access are user
friendly and provide a powerful database development
environment. With access, we can perform the following tasks:
 Organized data into manageable related units.
 Enter, locate and modify data.
 Extract records(s) based on specific criteria.
 Create custom forms and reports.
 Automate common database tasks.
 Graph data relationship.

Main Elements of Access:-

Access is an object-oriented application. Objects provide
information and are used to develop database programs. These
information and programs can be used directly by the user to create
applications. Everything in Access is an object, including the
application created by the user. Each object has properties that
define how the object looks and works. Access has following
objects:

Tables: Tables are the primary objects of an Access database. All

data that information is stored in tables. Every table in the database
focuses on one subject. Every row, or record on the table is a
unique instance of the subject of the table.

Queries: A query is a question that you ask DBMS to access the

data that is stored in the table of your database. Most Access
databases contain more than one table. User can combine specific
fields from multiple tables into one datasheet. The datasheet that a
query returns is called a record set.
 CONNECTIVITY

 CONNECTION BETWEEN FRONTEND AND

BACKENED

 ODBC

 DATA ACCESS OBJECT

 REMOTE DATA OBJECT

 ACTIVE X DATA OBJECT

 ADOs PRIMARY OBJECTS

 CONNECTION BETWEEN FRONTEND AND
BACKENED

As we know that backend is used to manage our database and front

end is the interface between the user and the backend. We have to
establish a connection between these two. Visual Basic provides
many type of connection tool. These tools are as follows.

ODBC: open database connectivity (ODBC) provides a universal

interface for accessing data in a database. Database developers will
write ODBC- compliant drivers to interface with their data base
management system. Then tools developers can write one interface
for working with ODBC. This makes for an elegant universal
interface for accessing data.

To establish connection with ODBC we have to mane a data

source. A data source is any collection of data that can be and
referenced for data retrieval. A data name will point to the access
file and provide the link between our Visual Basic and the
database.

DAO: The Data Access Object (DAO) paradigm was the first
object-oriented interface that allowed programmers to manipulate
the Microsoft engine. That jet database engine is a technology used
to access the fields and records in access tables and other data
sources. We can connect jet database via ODBC drivers. DAO is
still popular and effective for single-system database application
and small size to medium-size workgroup networks.
RDO: The Remote Data Objects (RDO) paradigm in an object-
oriented interface to Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) sources.
RDO is the object model used by most database development that
Work intensively with Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle and other
large relational databases. RDO offers a set of objects that make
easy to connect to a database, execute queries ant stored
procedures, manipulate results and commit changes to the server.

We have used ADODB and ADODC for our software. The ADO
ActiveX control to display the fields and records in an Access
database on a form. The ADO control does not include a database
Name property that lets you connect directly to a database file. The
ADO control contains a Connection String property that lets you
connect to an ActiveX data source.

ADO consists of three primary objects.

 Connection Object: - The Connection object is the highest

level object in the ADO object model. It is used make a connection
and an external data source, such as Microsoft access.

 Command object: - The command object is used is to build

queries, including users specific parameters, in order to access
records from a data source. Typically, these records are returned in
a record set object.

 Record set object: - The Record set object is used to access

the records retuned from a SQL query. Using this object, user
can navigate through the record returned, modify the existing
records, add new records and delete specific records.

ER- DIAGRAM:-
 The graphical representation of object relationship pair is one of
the element of data modeling known as ER-D. A set of primary
components:-
 data object.
 Relationship and
 Various type indication are the basic components of an ER-D.
The primary purpose of the ER-D is to represent data objects
and their corresponding relationship.

Data Flow Diagram:-

Data Flow Diagram shows how the data is processed by a system in
terms of input and output.Data Flow Diagram shows flow of data and
shows use of data.There are many processes in the system. The
data flow diagram abbreviates the flow of data.Data Flow Diagram
is the graphical representation of the data flow.Data Flow Diagram
of a system is the graphic network showing the data flow, data
store, data processes, data source and destination.

Basic Symbols In Data Flow Diagram:-

Data source or Destination

When Source And Destination Are Same

Process That Transforms The Data

Data Flow
& Data Store