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Back ground
Water is the most important resource of a country and of entire society as a
whole,since no life is possible with out water. It was this unique position
among other natural resources like mineral,fuels,forest,life stock etc,because a
country can survive in the absence of any resource except water.1uch as
micro dam,sate(flood diversion) and water harvesting check dams.
The availability of of adequate and safe water supply is one of the major
requires for the controls of various diseases and to advance the standard of
good health with that community,they are the main duties of health workers
in dead of any community development world should there fore be to see that
a great end plenty full water supply. Water and sanitation(environmental
health) are two related components of public health program(Gebre Emanuel
Teka,1997)
water may occur in nature in liquid,solid as well as in gaseous form. It
can be put inn to various uses, due to this unique properties say for example
the weight of water helps us in running our hydroelectric turbine,the density
of water helps us in floating our ships etc. With out any exaggeration water
can there fore be called as the most help ful servant of man kind and
consequently the most important resource of a society. However this help ful
servant some times becomes our most furious energy,since it can bring
disasters during the times of severe storms and floods.
There are also other uses of water other than domestic use it use for
agricultural,industrial and commercial purposes as basic mean transportation
reaction and source of power and generally any form of life , man, animals
and plants can not survive with out water.
Statement of the problem
Ethiopia is one of the third world countries facing the acute problem of
water supply as can be seen. Ethiopian rural and urban areas have not
sufficient water supply and adequate sanitation facilities .Especially in
eastern tigray(wukro woreda)there is a great problem of water supply both in
poor quality and quantity and poor sanitation in this wereda.
In wukro wereda there are many problems in water supply and I want to focus
on those problems and at the last I will give solutions to the problems. These
problems include shortage of supply sources and miss management. In this
wereda both the people and their domestic animals drink
and use water from different sources , these sources include hand dug
wells,springs pipe lines etc ,but to get the water from these sources the people
may face many problems and I will work much on these problems to solve
the communities problems.
In wukro wereda much of the society is dependent in ground water and this
ground water is distributed to the society by different ways such as by pipe
lines and other mechanisms but these waters has many problems because in
some parts it can be contaminated by some things like wastes and out use of
materials which are used to disturb this water. From the wastes that
contaminate this water some may be sewage wastes,agricultural wastes and
industrial wastes and these wastes can cause many diseases such as
cholera,dysentery,typhoid etc,and I want to work much on the causes and
consequences for these problems and their solutions
in addition there was a check dam which was called genfel check dam in
the study area before some years .This check dam was giving services to
many peoples and animals of the surrounding area, but before some years this
check dam was district and it is totally out of use at present time. I will
foresee the reasons for the destruction of the dam and I will found the feature
actions taken to construct this dam again.
Objective of the study
This research have general and specific objectives
general objectives
➢ to asses the water problem in wukro wereda
➢ to asses the quality and quantity of water in the study area
➢ to asses the existing water supply
➢ to asses the water supply infrastructure management in wukro wereda
➢ to evaluate the role of management in the effective functioningof the
infrastructure
➢ to identify the hydrological condition in the study area in terms of
water supply
specific objectives
➢ to indicate the present pattern infrastructure management for water
supply and sanitation in wukro woreda
➢ to investigate the community altitudes and practices towards water
supply in service and facilities in the study areas. water
➢ to develop my skill about spring and hand dug well. Especially how
spring contaminated and polluted by different things
Research questions
regarding the objective I will prepare the following research questions
➢ from what did the community get water
➢ how does the community get this water
➢ how does they measure the available water they get
➢ what are the main problems the community face to get those water.
➢ what are the reasons for those problems
➢ how does the community use the available water
Hypothesis
The miss management of water will have significant negative impacts on
public health
DATA AND METHODOLOGY
Description of the study area
location
the study area is located 870 kilometers north of Adiss Ababa and 45
kilometers south west of mekelle in the tigray regional state. Geographically
the study area is located between 13 56 39 to 40 00 00 N latitude and 39 33
18 E to 39 38 54 E longitude .the study area have a total area coverage of
76.11 square kilometers.
Accessibility
the study area is nearly at the same distance from mekelle and adigrat
towns. The main asphalt road from mekelle to adigrat passes through the flat
plains land of the study area dividing it to almost to equal parts .one can
observe every section in the area with vehicle using gravel road and even
with out using the roads.
physiography and drainage
the study area is found in the highlands of Ethiopia . It is known for ragged
by mixing with plane land scape. Generally the area deeps gently from east
west with slope ranging from 0 to 88.8 and on its eastern margins. The site is
bounded by steeply slipped cliffs.
The nature of the slope forces the streams to drain towards west (i.e the
low laying parts of the site) . The drainage pattern in the study area is
dendrite. Two main streams are found in the area. The first starts around the
periphery of the eastern margin of the site ,and continues towards the western
margin through the central part of the study area by crossing the main asphalt
road.
The other one which starts from the north eastern periphery also passes
though the same central part of the area by crossing asphalt road until the end
of areas western margin. All the streams in the study area are intermittent.
climate
The study area has temperate climate with mean annual temperature rain
fall450mm and a mean annual temperature of 20.6 .the rain fall reaches its
maximum during July and august times in a year.
Settlement
although there is no statiscal data showing the total number of population
of of overall population of the study area is settled sparsely with a maximum
density near to the main road to adigrat at the central part of the study area.
Land use
discovery with made in the study area indicated that more or less the whole
land covered with seasonal food and cash crops growth in the site by
farmers .They also produce variability like tomato, potato, cabbage and onion
by using irrigation water from hand dug wells and rivers.
Data source type and methods of data collection
To fulfill the objective of the study both qualitative and quantative data
will gathered from primary sources.the qualitative data will gathered through
focused group discussion key informants,interviews and informant discussion
with community and person observation
. Quantative data will gathered through survey method employing structured
interview with the sampled respondents. in additional relivant secondary data
will collect ed from available reports,records,puplications and unpuplished
documents from the concerned offices.
Sampling techniques
multi stratified sampling design will be used to select the respondents. First
wukro woreda was purposively selected because of its water supply
problems .
Methods of data analysis
primarily data collected from individuals through interview scheduled will
analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as measure of central
tendency,frequency percentage and ranking.
TIME AND BUDGET PLAN
time schedule
task1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 Week
0 month
Proposal writing
Instrument
construction
Data collection
coding/processing
Data analysis
Report first
Report final
typing
Table-1 time schedule of the research
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