[The video basics]

[Pragya]
 The video basics

Video Images

Frame and field: -

The images of video signal are related in similar manner to that of

film. Each video image is just like a frame from motion picture
film. Each video image is just like a frame from motion picture
film video is recorded 25 fps as compare to motion picture
photography. Each video frame is divided into two fields such as: -

1. Even Field
2. Odd Field

• The frame is divided into two because to avoid flicker rate.

• It matches the power supply system.

Scanning of images: -

Scanning is process by virtue of which a frame is observed

minutely by an electron beam to get a continuous motion.

Scanning may simply be explained as a process similar to reading

of writing on a page. It starts from top left and process it line by
line and downward to the end at the bottom right. But scanning
rate of video signal in frame is too quicker.
The scanning is done line by line horizontally from left
to right at a fast rate and vertically from top to bottom at a slower
rate.

Types of Scanning: -
 1. Interlace Scanning
2. Progressive Scanning

BROADCAST STANDARDS / COLOR VIDEO SYSTEM

A number of countries devised and tested various video systems

that depend upon the electric power system of their country. Each
country adopt according to their suitability economic and political
consideration.

Broadcast standards mean the protocol followed to broadcast and

receive television signals.

Most countries around the World use one of three main television
broadcast Standards.

These three main standards are: -

1. NTSC: National Television System Committee

2. PAL: Phase Alternating Line
3. SECAM: Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire or Sequential
Color with Memory

1. NTSC: - The first color TV broadcast system was

implemented in the United States in 1953. This was based on
the NTSC (National Television System Committee) standard.
NTSC is used by many countries on the American continent
as well as many Asian countries including Japan.

NTSC runs on 525 lines / 30frame.

2. PAL: - The PAL (Phase Alternating Line) standard was
introduced in the early 1960's and implemented in most
European countries except for France. The PAL standard
utilizes a wider channel bandwidth than NTSC which allows
for better picture quality.

PAL runs on 625 lines / 25frame.

3. SECAM: - The SECAM (Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire

or Sequential Colour with Memory) standard was introduced
in the early 1960's and implemented in France. SECAM uses
the same bandwidth as PAL but transmits the color
information sequentially.

SECAM runs on 625 lines / 25 frames.