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1. Level I

In order for a radioactive CO2 to be released during anaerobic

glycolysis that leads to ethanol formation, the label needs to be
located at the ____ position of glucose.

Your Answer: (a) or (d)

Correct Answer: c) 3

2. Level I

Which of the following metabolites does not regulate glycolysis in

liver cells?

Your Answer: glucose-6-phosphate

Glucokinase is insensitive to glucose-6-phosphate but sensitive to

both fructose monophosphates. The fructose bisphosphate regulates
PFK-1.

3. Level I

Which of the following are substrates for protein kinase A?

Your Answer: (blank)

4. Level I

Which of the following is not a substrate for hexokinase?

Your Answer: fructose

 Correct Answer: galactose

5. Level I

Which of the following is not a potential end product of anaerobic

glycolysis?

Your Answer: (b) and (d)

Both ethanol and lactate use up the reducing equivalent (NADH)

derived from earlier in the pathway.

6. Level I

Arsenate is poisonous because it acts as a _______ analogue in

________.

Your Answer: phosphate; phosphoenolpyruvate

Correct Answer: phosphate; 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

7. Level I

Which of the following sugars cannot be fermented and yield energy?

Your Answer: galactose

Correct Answer: none of these

8. Level I

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes a substrate-level

phosphorylation reaction?

Your Answer: (d) phosphoglycerate kinase

Correct Answer: (b) and (d)

9. Level I

During kinase reactions, the role of magnesium ions is to

Your Answer: interact with the negative charges on phosphate

groups.

Magnesium:phosphate complexes are recognized by the kinases (p.

 345).

10 Level I
. The reactions of glycolysis that are regulated are

Your Answer: reactions that show large free-energy increases.

Correct Answer: (a) and (b)

11 Level II
. In both plant and mammalian phosphoglyceromutases, a
phosphoenzyme intermediate is formed. The phosphate comes from

Your Answer: the 2-position of 3-phosphoglycerate in plants,

the 3-position of bisphosphoglycerate in
mammals.
Correct Answer: The 3-position of 3-phosphoglycerate in plants,
the 3-position of bisphosphoglycerate in
mammals.

12 Level II
. Lactose is a disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose. It can
be hydrolyzed into monosaccharides by a galactosidase. Assuming
fermentation to lactate, what is the net energy yield per lactose
consumed?

Your Answer: 1 ATP generated

Correct Answer: 4 ATP generated

13 Level II
. An organism has a mutant protein kinase A that is overactive. The net
result of this is

Your Answer: a decreased flux of metabolites through glycolysis.

An overactive PKA would phosphorylate both PFK-2 and pyruvate

kinase. Phosphorylation of PFK-2 would lead to increased phosphatase
activity, and thus to lower concentrations of fructose-2,6-
bisphosphate. Since fructose-2,6-bisphosphate increases flux through
glycolysis, a lower concentration of this compound would caused
reduced flux through glycolysis. Similarly, phosphorylation of
pyruvate kinase leads to decreased activity and hence decreased flux.
14 Level II
. How many ATP molecules are produced from fructose during
anaerobic glycolysis?

Your Answer: 0
Correct Answer: 2

15 Level II
. If the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase were missing from
erythrocytes, glycolysis might still take place via the
bisphosphoglycerate mutase shunt (BOX 11.2 on p. 338). How many
ATP molecules would be produced from each glucose in cells that
lacked phosphoglycerate kinase?

Your Answer: 2
Correct Answer: 0

16 Level II
. Why might energy stores be transferred between cells and organs as
glucose rather than as glucose-6-phosphate?

Your Answer: Glucose-6-phosphate cannot readily cross cell

membranes.

The charged molecule glucose-6-phosphate cannot passively cross cell

membranes. Hexose transporters act on unphosphorylated sugars,
and the cell can efficiently maintain intracellular concentrations by
quickly phosphorylating any sugars that enter (p. 359).

17 Level II
. Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) is allosterically regulated. Which of the
following is not a regulatory effect?

Your Answer: AMP activates PFK-1.

Correct Answer: Protons activate PFK-1.

18 Level II
. The effects of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on pyruvate knase are an
example of

Your Answer: feed-forward activation.

 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate allosterically activates pyruvate kinase, an
enzyme that is "downstream" from it in glycolysis (p. 358).

19 Level II
. How many ATP molecules are produced during anaerobic glycolysis of
sucrose?

Your Answer: 4

Two ATP molecules are produced from fructose (problem 5) and two
from glucose.

20 Level III
. Fructose is much sweeter than glucose, but less abundant in nature.
Therefore, in order to increase the sweetness of foods, glucose is
converted to fructose (high-fructose corn syrup) by heating to induce
isomerization. Unfortunately, since the reaction goes to equilibrium,
the glucose can never be completely converted. What enzymes might
you use to completely convert glucose to fructose?

Your Answer: hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase

Correct Answer: hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase,
fructose-6-phosphatase

21 Level III
. If glucose-6-phosphate can be broken down into four- and two-carbon
units, then so can glucose. The four carbon unit, erythrose, could be
further broken down into 2 two-carbon units. The net result of these
two successive aldolase-style reactions would be the production of
three glycolaldehydes. Assuming that these glycolaldehydes could
undergo a reaction similar to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, what
would the product be, how many ATP molecules could be produced
per glucose, and what would the end product of this alternative to
glycolysis be?

Your Answer: 1-phosphoglycolaldehyde; 2; glycolate

Correct Answer: 1-phosphoglycolate; 3; glycolate

22 Level III
. An organism has a mannose isomerase rather than a
phosphomannose isomerase. What is the product of the mannose
isomerase reaction, and how many ATP molecules are produced
 during its fermentation?

Your Answer: glucose, 2

Correct Answer: fructose, 2

23 Level III
. Assuming that the mechanism for bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BOX
11.2 on p. 338) is similar to that of phosphoglycerate mutase, a
radiolabeled phosphate at the 1 position of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

Your Answer: would end up at the 3 position of 2,3-

bisphosphoglycerate.
Correct Answer: would end up at the 2 position of 2,3-
bisphosphoglycerate.

24 Level III
. In Figure 11.7 (p. 339), what kind of bond is formed during the
phosphorylation of histidine?

Your Answer: phosphoamide (phosphagen)

The phosphoamide (phosphagen) bond, a link between phosphorus

and nitrogen, was described in Chapter 10, p. 328.

25 Level III
. If the aldolase reaction proceeded according to Figure 11.5, then the
hydrogen extracted from the 4-hydroxyl of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
would eventually end up

Your Answer: at the 3 position of dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

During the abstraction of the hydrogen from the base on the enzyme,
the hydrogen becomes part of the hydroxymethyl moiety on
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (note that the numbering in Figure 11-5
reflects the numbering of fructose bisphosphate, not the numbering of
glyceraldehyde phosphate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate).

26 Level III
. Glucagon offsets fructose-1,6-bisphosphate activation of pyruvate
kinase by

Your Answer: d) decreasing the synthesis of fructose-2,6-

 bisphosphate.
Correct Answer: both (b) and (c)

27 Level III
. Because of the regulatory interrelationships between metabolites,
when glucagon is high, fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase is _______, ____
fructose-2,6-phosphate is produced, and therefore there is ____ flux
through glycolysis.

Your Answer: deactivated, less, less

Correct Answer: activated, less, less

28 Level III
. ATP with a 32P label at the gamma position might be used to trace
phosphate flow during glycolysis. Assuming that you can differentiate
"old" radiolabeled ATP from "newly synthesized" radiolabeled ATP (for
example, by pulse labeling), where does the radioactive label end up?

Your Answer: In free phosphate.

Correct Answer: In the gamma position of ATP.

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Home Chapter 12 Chapter Quiz

Chapter Quiz

This activity contains 21 questions.

Level I

Is glycogen a reducing or nonreducing polysaccharide?

reducing

nonreducing
Level I

The immediate product of the degradation of glycogen by

phosphorylase is
fructose-6-phosphate.

glucose-6-phosphate.

glucose.

glucose-1-phosphate.

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

Level I

Glucagon activates all of the following enzymes except

protein kinase A.

glycogen synthase.

glycogen phosphorylase.

phosphorylase kinase.

Level I

What are the three enzymatic steps in glycolysis that are

bypassed with different enzymes in gluconeogenesis?
hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase

hexokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase

phosphofructokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase

hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

Level I

Which of the following pathways in the liver

are stimulated by glucagon?
glycogen synthesis

glycolysis

gluconeogenesis
all of the above

None of the above.

Level I

What is the dinucleotide produced by the pentose

phosphate pathway?
NADP+

NADH

NAD+

NADPH

Level I

The source of blood glucose during the early stages of

starvation (i.e. 8 to 16 hours) is primarily
dietary carbohydrates.

liver glycogen.

fatty acids from triacylglycerols in adipose tissue.

amino acids from the breakdown of protein.

muscle glycogen.

Level I

What is the source of blood glucose during intermediate

stages of starvation (1 to 4 days)?
lactate from muscle activity

glycerol from triacylglycerol breakdown in adipose tissue

alanine and other amino acids from protein breakdown

all of the above

None of the above.

Level I

Under conditions of prolonged starvation (weeks), the

source of substrates for gluconeogenesis is primarily
glycerol from triacylglycerol breakdown in adipose tissue.

lactate from muscle activity.

alanine and other amino acids from protein breakdown.

all of the above

none of the above

Level II

Although muscle cells synthesize and degrade glycogen, the

glucose monomers released cannot be exported to other
tissues, because these cells lack
glycogen synthase

phosphoglucomutase.

debranching enzyme.

phosphorylase.

glucose-6-phosphatase

Level II

How does glycogen metabolism in the liver differ from that

in skeletal muscle?
Protein phosphatase-1 binds to glycogen phosphorylase a in the liver.

The concentration of glycogen phosphorylase a in the liver is much

greater than the concentration of protein phosphatase-a.
Protein phosphatase-1 is inhibited by inhibitor-1 in skeletal muscle.

all of the above

none of the above

Level II

After vigorous excercise, lactate generated in skeletal

muscle is
converted to glycerol-3-phosphate.

transported to the liver, where it is converted to glucose in by

gluconeogenesis.
imported into muscle mitochondria and further metabolized.

converted back to glucose via gluconeogenesis in skeletal muscle.

Level II

If you purifiy endoplasmic reticulum vesicles

from liver cells, and add glucose-6-phosphate, what product
would you expect to observe in the medium?
glucose

pyruvate

glucose-1-phosphate

fructose-6-phosphate

none of the above

Level II

If you purify endoplasmic reticulum vesicles

from muscle cells and add glucose-6-phosphate, what
product would you expect to observe in the medium?
glucose-1-phosphate

glucose

fructose-1-phosphate

glucose-6-phosphate

pyruvate

fructose-6-phosphate

Level II

The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase step in the pentose

phosphate pathway is mechanistically similar to
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

isocitrate dehydrogenase.
 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

PEP carboxykinase.

Level II

The reaction catalyzed by transketolase is reminiscent of

which other enzyme?
phosphoglyceromutase

transaminase

aldolase

malate dehydrogenase

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Level II

Fatty acids are broken down to acetyl CoA (Chapter 16),

which is a substrate for the TCA cycle. Oxaloacetate is a
component of the TCA cycle and is a substrate for
gluconeogenesis. Does this mean that glucose can be
synthesized from fatty acids in mammals?
yes

no

Level II

Can glucose be synthesized from fatty acids in plants?

no

yes

Level III

McArdle's disease (a glycogen storage disease) results from a

defect or deficiency in one of the enzymes in glycogen
breakdown. Patients with this disease suffer from painful muscle
cramping after strenuous excercise, yet recover after a brief rest.
A deficiency in which enzyme would produce this symptom?
glucose-6-phosphatase

liver glycogen phosphorylase

amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity of the debranching enzyme.

4-α -glucanotransferase actvity of the debranching enzyme.

muscle glycogen phosphorylase

Level III

What is the energetic cost, in ATP equivalents, for adding 1

molecule of free glucose to glycogen?
0

Level III

Calculate the number of ATP equivalents required to

synthesize 1 molecule of glucose from 2 molecules of
lactate via gluconeogenesis.
1

6
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Your Results for: "Chapter Quiz" Print this page

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Location Chapter 14 > Chapter Quiz
on Site:
Date/Time November 6, 2010 at 8:47
Submitted: AM (EDT)

1. Level I

An ‘uncoupler’:

Your Answer: facilitates the transport of protons from the

interior of the mitochondria to the exterior,
breaking down the proton gradient.
Correct Answer: facilitates the transport of protons from the
exterior of the mitochondria to the interior,
breaking down the proton gradient.

2. Level I

What is the net change in the number of protons across the

mitochondrial membrane for each set of two electrons transferred
through Complexes I, III, and IV, respectively?

Your Answer: 4; 2; 4
 Complex I transfers 4 protons, Complex III transfers 2 protons for
each turn of the Q cycle, and Complex IV transfers 2 protons and
eliminates 2 protons on the exterior of the membrane (net change of
4 protons).

3. Level I

If a ketoglutarate/oxaloacetate shuttle was present, could a new

shuttle be formed that would replace the malate-aspartate shuttle by
eliminating the transamination reactions and the amino acid
translocase?

Your Answer: No. This shuttle would not work, because there
would be a net charge change during the antiport
of ketoglutarate/oxaloacetate.
Correct Answer: Yes. Ketoglutarate/oxaloacetate could substitute
for glutamate/aspartate.

4. Level I

Assume that the pH of the cytosol is 6 and the pH of the matrix of the
mitochondria is 7. The pH of the intermembrane space of the
mitochondria:

Your Answer: It depends heavily on whether oxidative

phosphorylation is possible.
Correct Answer: is 6.

5. Level I

Which of the following enzymes or compounds does not feed into the
electron-transport chain at Complex II or III?

Your Answer: glycerol-3-phosphate

Correct Answer: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

6. Level I

Proton leakage out of the mitochondria:

Your Answer: may function in heat production, especially in

hibernating animals.

7. Level I

In the proposed mechanism for cytochrome c oxidase:

 Your Answer: an oxygen atom is bound, and two electrons and
two protons are added to make water.
Correct Answer: an oxygen molecule is bound, and four electrons
and four protons are added to make two waters.

8. Level I

Which of the following compounds can freely pass through the inner
mitochondrial membrane?

Your Answer: H+
Correct Answer: CO2

9. Level I

Which of the following machines is the F0F1 ATPase most like?

Your Answer: a pinwheel

Unidirectional flow generates rotary motion.

10 Level II
. Based on the values provided in Table 14.1 (p. 423), which of the
following compounds might be able to reduce cytochrome a?

Your Answer: a) cytochrome a3

Correct Answer: (b) and (c)

11 Level II
. You carry out a ‘crossover analysis’ to determine where an inhibitor of
electron transport operates. You look at several different cofactors or
proteins and find: FMN = reduced, cytochrome b560 = oxidized,
cytochrome a = oxidized. Where did the inhibitor act?

Your Answer: At complex I, blocking the transfer of electrons to Q.

Since proteins in both complexes III and IV are oxidized, it is possible

to transfer electrons out of these complexes. Therefore, the block
must be before complexes III and IV, most likely at complex I.

12 Level II
. What is the G for transporting four moles of protons across the
membrane of a respiring mitochondrion (from inside to outside)?
What is the Gfor electron transport across complex I (from NADH to
QH2)?

Your Answer: 19, -35 kJ / mole

Correct Answer: 76, -70 kJ / mole

13 Level II
. For each two electrons transported, there is a net change of 10
protons across the membrane. Given the protonmotive force, how
much energy would be yielded by transporting these 10 protons back
across the membrane?

Your Answer: (blank)

14 Level II
. On p. 432, you find: “The stoichiometry of proton entry per ATP
synthesized is estimated to be 3 H+ per ATP.” Based on the net
change in the number of protons across the membrane per two
electrons transported and the estimate that 2.5 ATP molecules are
made per NADH (Chapter 12), what might you have expected this
number to be?

Your Answer: 3.3 protons / ATP

Correct Answer: 4 protons / ATP

15 Level II
. The difference between the result of problem (5) and the result
described in the book (p. 436) is due to:

Your Answer: the fact that the transport of ADP, ATP, and Pi utilizes
and reduces the protonmotive force.

On p. 452 you will find “The combined energy cost of transporting ATP
out of the matrix, and ADP and Pi into it, is approximately equivalent
to the influx of one proton.” Thus, while four protons are available for
ATP synthesis, one is utilized for transport, and the other three
actually go toward changing the conformation of the F0F1 ATPase.

16 Level II
. In the malate-aspartate shuttle, glutamate and oxaloacetate serve as
amino donors/acceptors for the production/consumption of aspartate.
 Could alanine and pyruvate substitute for glutamate and
oxaloacetate? Assume that the aspartate transaminase can easily use
alanine as an amino donor.

Your Answer: (blank)

17 Level III
. Now consider the contribution of the charge differential across the
membrane. For a dicarboxylic acid, the chemical free-energy change
for movement across a membrane is -4.5 kJ / mole. If the electrical
potential across the membrane is -0.2 V (negative inside), then what
is the total free-energy change for the transport of the dicarboxylic
acid?

Your Answer: 34.1 kJ / mole

deltaGelec = zFdeltapsi (Equation 14.12, p. 439). z = -2 (dicarboyxlic

acid), F = 96.48 kJ / (V mole). The electrical contribution to the free
energy is therefore 38.6 kJ / mole. The movement of a negative ion
into a more negatively charged environment is energetically
unfavorable.

18 Level III
. If the examples described in (1) and (2) are for the same membrane,
what would the protonmotive force across this membrane be?

Your Answer: 0.023 V

Correct Answer: -0.377 V

19 Level III
. For the membrane system described in (1), (2), and (3), what
fraction of the protonmotive force is due to the chemical free-energy
change?

Your Answer: 47%

-0.177 V / -0.377 V = 0.47.

20 Level III
. The chemical free-energy change for the movement of a compound
across a membrane is 34.2 kJ / mole. The electrical potential across
the membrane is -0.15 V (negative inside). What would the charge on
the compound have to be to ensure energetically favorable
 movement?

Your Answer: -1
Correct Answer: +3

21 Level III
. If we assume that the actual cost of ATP synthesis is roughly 46
kJ/mole (p. 325), rather than the standard free energy of 30 kJ /
mole, then what is the efficiency of the synthesis of one ATP/3
protons transported?

Your Answer: 85%

Correct Answer: 80%

22 Level III
. Based on the results of problems (7) and (8), what is the overall
efficiency of the conversion of the energy of electron transport into
ATP synthesis?

Your Answer: 88%

Correct Answer: 70%

23 Level III
. If the malate-aspartate shuttle were the sole source of electrons
(NADH) for establishing a proton concentration gradient, then the
concentration gradient would be _____ of its value if NADH were
produced from within the citric-acid cycle.

Your Answer: 95%

Correct Answer: 90%

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Home Chapter 17 Chapter Quiz

Chapter Quiz

This activity contains 26 questions.

Level I

Which of the following amino acids is likely responsible for

most transamination reactions in a cell?
glutamate

glutamine

aspartate

alanine

Level I

The amino acid biosynthetic pathways that are missing in

humans and thus lead to requirements for 'essential' amino
acids:
are for amino acids made from citric-acid-cycle intermediates.

are for amino acids made from glycolytic intermediates.

are for amino acids that are derived in whole or in part from erythrose-4-
phosphate.
are for amino acids that are derived from a diverse group of metabolic
intermediates

Level I
Which of the following compounds is phenylpyruvate?

Level I

One of the amino groups of urea comes from carbamoyl

phosphate; the other comes from aspartate. Both are
ultimately derived from glutamate. How does the amino
group make its way from glutamate to aspartate?
Glutamate dehydrogenase generates a free amine from glutamate, and
the free amine reacts with oxaloacetate to aspartate.
Glutamate is converted to glutamine by glutamine synthase, and
glutamine reacts with oxaloacetate to make aspartate.
Glutamine and asparagine freely exchange amino groups, resulting in the
production of aspartate.
A transamination reaction between glutamate and oxaloacetate results in
the production of aspartate.

Level I

Ketoadipate is an intermediate in the degradation of:

(a) lysine.

(b) arginine.

(c) tryptophan.

(a) and (b)

(b) and (c)

(a) and (c)

Level I

Maple syrup urine disease is a deficiency of which amino

acid degradative pathway?
tyrosine

leucine
tryptophan

arginine

Level I

Blood bicarbonate levels are kept intact during acidosis by

the transformation of which amino acid?
glutamate

glutamine

aspartate

asparagine

glycine

Level I

Nitric oxide is synthesized from which amino acid?

arginine

lysine

histidine

tryptophan

Level I

Ubiquitination of proteins occurs via:

an amide bond with the epsilon amino group of lysine.

an amide bond with the alpha amino group of a protein.

an ester bond with the terminal carboxylate of a protein.

an ester bond with the gamma carboxylate group of glutamate.

Level II

Normally, yeast can make all of its amino acids. What would
‘essential’ amino acids be for a yeast that lacked glutamate
dehydrogenase, the enzyme that forms glutamate
semialdehyde?
glutamine
glutamine, proline, and arginine

proline

proline and arginine

glutamine and arginine

glutamine and proline

Level II

Under conditions of limiting ammonia, for ammonia to be

transferred into an amino acid, which cofactors must be
utilized?
ATP

ATP, NADH

NADH

NAD+

Level II

Asparagine is sometimes synthesized in a manner

analogous to glutamine (fig. 17.20). If aspartate were made
in a manner analogous to the reaction catalyzed by
glutamate dehydrogenase, then the substrate for its
synthesis would be:
pyruvate

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

oxaloacetate

fumarate

Level II

Glucose is radiolabeled at its 1 position and fed to an

organism. Where does the label end up in serine?
the alpha carbon

the alpha carboxylate

the hydroxymethyl side chain

none of these
Level II

Methionine is radiolabeled at its alpha carboxylate and fed

to humans. Where does the label end up in cysteine?
the alpha carboxylate

the alpha carbon

the beta carbon

none of these

Level II

In some organisms methionine is synthesized via

methyltetrahydrofolate (Figure 17.23). What is the other
substrate that is used in the synthesis of methionine?
homoserine

serine

homocysteine

cysteine

Level II

The three-carbon side chain of chorismate is derived from

phosphoenolpyruvate. An organism is fed glucose labeled in
the 1 position. Where does the label end up in
phenylalanine?
the alpha carboxylate
the alpha carbon

the beta carbon

none of these

Level II
is always in the direction of glutamate.
In the mitochondria, the flux through glutamate
isdehydrogenase:
always in the direction of ketoglutarate.

is in the direction of glutamate when asparate is high.

is in the direction of glutamate when ammonia is high.

Level III

Based on your knowledge of the nitrogen cycle (fig. 17.1),

and discounting the energetic contribution of ATP, what is
the net equation for the synthesis of nitrate from nitrogen
(N2 → 2 NO3-)?
N2 + 6 H2O + 8 e- → 2 NO3- + 12 H+

N2 + 6 H2O → 2 NO3- + 5 H+ + 4 e- + H2

N2 + 6 H2O → 2 NO3- + 10 H+ + 8 e- + H2

N2 + 6 H2O → 2 NO3- + 5 H+ + 8 e-

Level III

Which of the following is a possible structural intermediate

in the synthesis of asparagine from aspartate (section
17.3A)?

Level III

The following compound likely belongs to which

biosynthetic pathway?

biosynthesis of aspartate

biosynthesis of serine

biosynthesis of threonine

biosynthesis of glutamate

biosynthesis of histidine

biosynthesis of phenylalanine
Level III

Which of the following is a likely intermediate for the

glutamine synthetase reaction?

Level III

Based on BOX 17.3, which property of amino acids is the

most ‘expensive’ to synthesize in terms of ATP?
hydrophobicity

negative charge

positive charge

aromaticity

Level III

Glutamate gamma-semialdehyde (Figure 17.13)

spontaneously closes to form pyrroline 5-carboxylate. Why
doesn’t aspartate beta-semialdehyde (Figure 17.11)
undergo a similar reaction?
Aspartate beta-semialdehyde is acetylated to prevent ring closure.

Four-membered rings are much less stable than five-membered rings.

Aspartate beta-semialdehyde branches do form several compounds;

therefore, it is probably swept up into other biosynthetic pathways as soon
as it is formed.
Aspartate beta-semialdehyde remains bound to an enzyme active site in
an open configuration.

Level III

Figure 17.40 describes the flux through pathways feeding

the urea cycle in the case where either ammonia or
aspartate is high. What would the flux through these
pathways be like if glutamate was high?
Since glutamate carries ammonia, it would be the same as when ammonia
 is high.
Since glutamate can be readily transaminated to aspartate, it would be
the same as when aspartate is high.
Since glutamate and ammonia can form glutamine (via glutamine
synthase), ammonia would flow away from the urea cycle.
Glutamate would flow both into ammonia (via glutamate dehydrogenase)
and into aspartate (via aspartate transaminase).

Level III

Why is alanine used to transport ammonia from muscle to

liver, rather than aspartate or glutamate?
No pathways connect glucose to aspartate or glutamate.

The transport of aspartate or glutamate would rob the citric-acid cycle of

key intermediates necessary for respiration.
By transferring alanine, more acid is removed from working muscle than if
aspartate or glutamate were transferred.
By transferring alanine, the body prevents the conversion of pyruvate to
lactate and hence prevents the accumulation of organic acids in muscle.

Level III

A labeled alpha-ketobutyrate is converted to labeled isoleucine,

as shown below. Assuming that the synthesis of valine is
analogous to the synthesis of isoleucine, pyruvate labeled on its
methyl group would produce valine that was labeled:

on the alpha carboxylate.

on the alpha carbon.

on the beta carbon.

on one of the two gamma carbons.