Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Principles of
General Biology
The Cell Membrane
Cell Structure
• Plasma membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus or nucleoid
▫ contains DNA
Membrane functions
• Physical isolation
• Regulation and exchange with the environment
▫ Membrane is semipermeable
• Sensitivity to the environment
• Structural support
1
9/14/2010
Membrane Proteins
Passive transporters (no energy required)
channels
○ allow water or solutes to move into or out of the cell
cotransporter
○ Chloride and bicarbonate move across a membrane
at the same time but in opposite directions
ion-selective channels
○ open or close in response to a stimulus to let ions
pass
2
9/14/2010
Membrane Proteins
• Active transporters (energy required)
▫ move molecules across the membrane against a
concentration gradient
• Receptors
▫ bind extracellular substances that can trigger
change in cell activities
• Recognition proteins
▫ identity tags for each species- identify self vs.
nonself
Membrane Proteins
• Adhesion proteins
▫ helps cells adhere to each other or to extracellular
proteins
• Communication proteins
▫ create gaps that allow cytoplasm to flow freely
from one cell to another
• Enzymes
Selective Permeability
• The lipids and proteins of the cell membrane
control which substances can cross the
membrane, when they can cross, and how much
can cross
3
9/14/2010
Membrane Crossing
• Phospholipid bilayer
▫ nonpolar
▫ small nonpolar molecules such as O2 and CO2 can
pass through the lipids
▫ although water is polar some can slip through
gaps in the phosholipid bilayer
aquaporins let more through
▫ impermeable to ions and large polar molecules
transport proteins help move them through
Diffusion
• Passive diffusion
▫ The movement of molecules from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lesser
concentration along a concentration gradient
4
9/14/2010
Diffusion Rates
• Steepness of concentration gradient
• Heat
• Smaller molecules diffuse faster than larger
molecules
• Electric gradient
▫ a difference in electric charge
• Pressure gradient
Passive Transport or
Facilitated Diffusion
• A concentration gradient or an electric gradient
drives diffusion of a substance across a cell
membrane through a transport protein
▫ a membrane protein is required
▫ energy is NOT required
▫ some are open channels, others open and close as
needed and are called gated channels
Active Transport
• Membrane proteins move molecules across the
membrane against a concentration gradient
▫ a membrane protein is required
▫ energy IS required
▫ example calcium pumps, sodium/potassium
pumps
5
9/14/2010
Osmosis
• The diffusion of water across a semipermeable
membrane
• Terminology
▫ solvent
▫ solute
• Effects of Tonicity
▫ Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
Membrane Traffic to
and from the Cell Surface
• The lipid bilayer self-seals forming vesicles
• Endocytosis
▫ pinocytosis
▫ phagocytosis- pseudopods engulf object
▫ receptor-mediated endocytosis
• Exocytosis
Membrane Cycling
• Exocytosis and endocytosis are continuously
replacing and withdrawing patches of plasma
membrane
▫ balanced so the total surface area of the plasma
membrane is maintained