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Biological Resources
Include genetic resources, organisms or parts thereof, populations or other
biotic components of ecosystems, with actual or potential use for humanity
(or other living organisms).
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Sustainable use of Biological Resources is the ability to achieve a balance.
It is about making use of the natural world by harvesting the products it
produces and enjoying the nonmaterial human requirements such as the
spiritual and cultural benefits. At the same time, sustainable use maintains
the natural support and regulatory functions of ecosystem goods and
services including pollination, water purification, pest and disease control,
soil building, nutrient cycling and others. This idea of sustainable use
recognizes the primary importance of maintaining and supporting the
biological processes and functioning ecosystems which provide us with the
food we eat, the textiles we use, the lumber we build our homes with and
also the importance of natural spaces to our quality of life, our spirituality
and our culture.
The impact of agriculture on aspects of biodiversity has been recognized
and, in many cases, solutions have been identified and are being
implemented. Governments, agricultural producers, conservation
organizations and others are addressing problems associated with soil
erosion, the chemical contamination of water, wetland drainage, urban
encroachment, wildlife and habitat impacts, energy efficiency, air and
climate influences, pollution and waste management through programs,
policies and regulations. The environmental programs and policies of the
Agriculture Policy Framework (APF) have contributed significantly to
addressing these issues
It is essential that individual landowners and agricultural producers
continue to be involved in the development and implementation of on
going environmentally sustainable agricultural policies and programs. In
this way we can be assured that future programs will continue to address
ongoing challenges we encounter.
The agriculture and agrifood industry is a major contributor to the
Canadian economy, accounting for eight percent of the Gross Domestic
Product and 15 percent of total employment. Approximately seven percent
of Canada's total land base is under some form of agricultural production,
with half a million farmers engaged in primary food production worth over
$25 billion annually. Not only is the agriculture sector important to the
national economy, it also plays a paramount role in our quality of life and
well being.
Sustainable use of Biological Resources READ.
Sustainable use of Biological Resources is the ability to achieve a balance.
It is about making use of the natural world by harvesting the products it
produces and enjoying the nonmaterial human requirements such as the
spiritual and cultural benefits. At the same time, sustainable use maintains
the natural support and regulatory functions of ecosystem goods and
services including pollination, water purification, pest and disease control,
soil building, nutrient cycling and others. This idea of sustainable use
recognizes the primary importance of maintaining and supporting the
biological processes and functioning ecosystems which provide us with the
food we eat, the textiles we use, the lumber we build our homes with and
also the importance of natural spaces to our quality of life, our spirituality
and our culture.
The impact of agriculture on aspects of biodiversity has been recognized
and, in many cases, solutions have been identified and are being
implemented. Governments, agricultural producers, conservation
organizations and others are addressing problems associated with soil
erosion, the chemical contamination of water, wetland drainage, urban
encroachment, wildlife and habitat impacts, energy efficiency, air and
climate influences, pollution and waste management through programs,
policies and regulations. The environmental programs and policies of the
Agriculture Policy Framework (APF) have contributed significantly to
addressing these issues
It is essential that individual landowners and agricultural producers
continue to be involved in the development and implementation of on
going environmentally sustainable agricultural policies and programs. In
this way we can be assured that future programs will continue to address
ongoing challenges we encounter.
Other aquaculture resources
In addition to the biological resources (species and genetic material) it uses as
seeds, live feeds (e.g. algae, Artemia) and broodstock, aquaculture depends on
other resources such as land, water and feeds. Other resources such as solar
radiation used as source of energy for primary productivity, will not be
mentioned here as it is relatively unlimited.
Land and water
To date, aquaculture development has been restricted to water bodies on land, or
to sea sites close to the coast, but with 70% of the earth's surface being covered
by water, the potential for aquaculture to expand in the open ocean to help
meeting future human food needs is considerable. On the continent and in
coastal areas, land and water are in limited supply and aquaculture must
compete directly or indirectly with other activities such as agriculture,
hydropower, urban and coastal development, capture fisheries etc. The
interaction with agriculture offers also, however, opportunity for synergies,
developing aquaculture in irrigation canals or integrated with poultry farming or
rice culture.
Aquafeeds resources
The growth of aquaculture production over the past decade has been
accompanied in most developing and many developed countries toward
increased use of artificially compounded feeds (aquafeeds) for farmed finfish
and crustaceans, particularly with the progressive intensification of farming
systems. As a consequence, the production of aquafeeds has been widely
recognized as one of the fastest expanding agricultural industries in the world,
with growth rates in excess of 30 percent per year.
Semiintensive pond farming systems depend on the use of natural foods
through proper pond fertilization using inorganic and organic fertilizers
(compost made with plant and animal wastes, animal manure, or plant material)
supplemented with prepared feeds. Prepared feeds range from grass or rice bran
to formulated feeds based on aquatic and terrestrial plants, aquatic and
terrestrial animals, plant processing residues, and animalprocessing by
products.
Genetic aquaculture resources
Genetic resources are the foundation on which species, stocks and genetically
improved strains are based. At the species level, more aquatic animals are being
farmed now than ever before. Although the common carp, Cyprinus carpio and
goldfish, Carasius auratus, were domesticated several thousand years ago into a
variety of shapes and colours, most of the farmed fish today are very similar to
their wild relatives. Improvements in our knowledge of artificial reproduction,
reproductive biology, early larval rearing (training series) and basic genetics
have recently allowed fish breeders to improve genetically species such as
rainbow trout, coho and Atlantic salmon, channel catfish, Nile tilapia, as well as
common carp.
The culture of several important species still relies on the collection of brood
stock or seed from natural populations. Perhaps the most important group of
species whose culture is dependent on natural populations is the marine shrimp
Penaeus spp. Shrimp farming in South and Central America stock production
ponds with wildcaught larvae. Hatcheries that produce shrimp larvae exist in
Asia and the Americas, but the broodstock are generally collected from the
wild. Culturists recognize the problems associated with this harvest of wild
resources and are taking steps to domesticate marine shrimp. Other culture
systems dependent on wild resources include milkfish in the Philippines, yellow
tail in Japan, and eel in Asia and Europe.
However, simply having a domesticated species or genetically improved species
is not sufficient to guarantee optimum production from an aquaculture facility.
In addition to proper husbandry, i.e. water quality, nutrition, health etc.,
broodstock must be managed to ensure conservation of genetic resources, to
maintain the desirable characters of the farmed species and to avoid problems of
inbreeding.
http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/13533/en
THE NEED
India is very vast and densely populated country. The country’s economy is
mainly dependent on agriculture. In the other words, the Indian economy is
primarily an agriculture based economy. Due to the breaking of joint family
system, this led to division of lands in small holding per family. The fast growth
in population also necessitated in conversion of agriculture land for
rehabilitation purpose, hence the lower availability of land for cultivation.
The low return of produce in overall forced to adopt new technology and means.
The excessive use of high degree chemicals to increase the produce per acre
resulted in low nutritional contents of soils and caused varied nature of
environmental problems. The advantages in return were low as compared to
disadvantages and almost touched the alarming situation.
Blind excessive use of harmful inorganic fertilizers by the farming community
e.g. Pesticides, urea and toxic insecticides to get maximum agriproduce added
fuel in the fire. This resulted in waste of fertile land and put the maximum land
unproductive or near to death – it’s just sand.
The residue of excessive harmful chemicals goes deep in the earth and mixed
with the water, leaving highly unhygienic and unsafe to use. The water
consumed by animals caused dangerous diseases and also a question mark on
the health of human beings. As a matter of fact infected milk consumed by
human beings causes ill health problems.
Deforestation have further worsens the situation, which led to soil erosion,
dehydration of land and loss of water level of the planet earth. Potential
agriculture land can become a desert and it needs alternative methods on war
footing, something else to happen to save the motherland and future civilization
to survive. The various governments at world level have felt the need to
implements corrective methods and are putting their every effort to early
overcome the problems. As per the annual report of World Health Organization
(W.H.O.) has recognized and described it as ‘Hidden Hunger’ in the many
underdeveloped countries. This occurred when the nutrient contents of the food
is poor due to mineral depletion of soil, resulting in malnutrition even when
there is enough food is available. This issue is high on the W.H.O. agenda and
GEE PEE BIOFERT Is at the forefront in providing products to replace these
missing nutrients.
The Government of India is also aware of the problems and is doing every effort
to put the rail on the road.
In the last five decades, agriculture production was intensified with the extensive use of
fertilizer, improved seeds, irrigation water and pesticide. The increased crop productivity
over the year has put multifold pressure on soil resources causing removal of plant nutrient
from soil. The replenishment of nutrient lost by crop removal through the use of chemical
inputs has been found to decelerate the biological activities in the soil causing impaired soil
health. To meet the increasing demand for food and the other basic agriculture commodities,
the increasing use of fertilizer and other chemical is imperative in developing country like
India. This may raise question regarding the contribution of fertilizer to pollution. The
deterioration of the environment due to fertilizer application may primarily because from
poor fertilizer use efficiency of around 40 % (45% in N, 20% in P, 55% in K) and from
losses occurring through runoff, leaching, volatilization, denitrification etc. detrimental
effect are evidenced by
1) Eutrophication of lake and water resources due to high concentration of P and
NO3.
2) NO3 pollution of ground water through leaching.
3) Gaseous losses of N particularly NO2.
4) Metal toxicities from phosphorus sources.
Now there is a need for adaptation of biological routes of soil fertility
management for preventing soil degradation and for sustaining crop production.
Biofertilizer, a term which refer to all such microorganism which add, fix,
mobilize or solubilize the nutrient in simpler form which is easily use by plants. There
significance lies in their ability to supplement/mobilize soil nutrient with minimal use of
non renewable resources and as components of integrated plants nutrient systems.
Biofertilizers are more aptly termed as Microbial/Bacterial or Fungal inoculants.
Nutrient need of growing plant can be met through a number of sources. The major
sources of plant nutrient are minerals fertilizer, organic manure, recycled waste and
byproduct, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), natural minerals and to lesser extent nutrient
recycled through irrigation water and precipitation. These supplement major plant nutrients
and the plant productivity for sustainable agriculture. They are important and cost effective
inputs in agriculture, plantation and commercial crops. Microbial inoculants/biofertilizer on
their application multiplies in rhizosphere soil and benefits the growing crops. If the soil
conditions are favorable, the populations of added microorganism are built up in the
rhizosphere of plants and frequent application of microbial inoculants can be avoided. They
are inexpensive and help in reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers. The cost of
production of biofertilizer is low and so is the selling price. On nutrient basis, one tonne of
Rhizobium inoculants is equivalent to 100 tonnes of inorganic fertilizer
Benefits
1) Germination increase up to 20 percent. Improved seedling emergence and growth.
2) Increase yield from 10 to 40 percent.
3) Improve the quality of fruit and keeping quality.
4) Saving of 25 to 35 percent inorganic fertilizers.
5) Increase the availability and up take of N and P in plants.
6) Improve the status of soil fertility maintain good soil health and crop productivity.
7) Higher population of beneficial microorganism in soil increase nutrient retention
and availability leading to improve yields.
8) Improve nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer efficiency.
9) It is safe to handle and easy to apply.
10) Leaves no harmful residues in plants or soil.
11) Suppress harmful and pathogenic soil microorganism.
12) Composting waste matter and produce organic manure.
13) They are compatible with organic manures, fertilizers and agrochemicals.
14) They are non polluting and ecofriendly.
15) Biofertilizers are also produce growth promoting substances.
Classification of biofertilizer
Biofertilizer can be divided into Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Phosphate solubilizing and
mobilizing microorganism and organic matter decomposer etc. some of these micro
organism are also being reported to produce plant growth promoting substance. These
biofertilizer have an important role play in rain fed agriculture primarily because they are
low in cost input. In India about 70% of the cultivated area is under rain fed condition. Of
this nearly 50% is under unsure rainfall condition.
In recent year biofertilizer/microbial inoculants containing microorganism such as
Symbiotic system rhizobium, frankia, azolla.
Non symbiotic system azotobacter, azospirillum, blue green algae.
Phosphate solubilizing microorganism.
Symbiotic system
Rhizobium:
It belongs to rhizobiaceae family and fixed 50100 kg atmospheric nitrogen
per hectare. Obviously most interest among biofertilizer surround rhizobium inoculants
because of their ability to fix nitrogen in association with leguminous plants which result
not only in meeting the nitrogen required of the plant but also the symbiotic system leaves
behind sizeable amount of air over a hectare of land contain approximately 80000 tones of
inert nitrogen which is not available to plants and animals as such but can be utilized by
plants in association with bacteria having capability to fix atmospheric nitrogen.
Pulses, soybean and groundnut occupy nearly 25 million hectare in India and the
bacteria present in nodule of this plants fix the atmospheric nitrogen to meet their needs.
However, the rhizobium bacteria present in the nodules of these crops are not always
efficient. Therefore, the competitive, efficient bacteria are isolated, screened, selected and
produced as carrier based inoculants
Morphology:
1) Unicellular, cell size less than 2µ wide. Short to medium rod, pleomorphic
2) Motile with peritricus flagella
3) Gram negative
4) Accumulate poly βhydroxyl butyrate granules.
Physiology
1) Nature : chemo heterotrophic, symbiotic with legume
2) C source: supplied by legume through photosynthesis, mono & disaccharide.
3) N source: fixed from atmosphere.
4) Respiration: aerobic.
5) Growth: fast ( rhizobium), slow(bradyrhizobium)
6) Doubling time: fast grower 24 hours slow grower 612 hours.
7) Growth media : YEMA
Contribution
1) Direct contribution of N symbiotically with legume:
AlfaAlfa 100200 kg N/ha Pigeon pea 168200 kg N/ha
Clover 100150 kg N/ha Chickpea 85110 kg N/ha
Cowpea 8085 kg N/ha Groundnut 5060 kg N/ha
Lentil 90100kg N/ha Greengram/Blackgram 5055 kg N/ha
Pea 5277 kg N/ha Soybean 6080 kg N/ha
2) Residual nitrogen benefit for the succeeding crop.
Recommended for
Pulses: chickpea, pea, lentil, blackgram, greengram, cowpea, pigeonpea.
Oil seeds: soybean, groundnut.
Fodders: berseem, lucern.
Increase in yield: 1035%
Non symbiotic system
Azotobacter
It belongs to azotobacteriaceae. The use of azotobacter help in saving 10 to 20 kg
N/ha. It produces growth promoting substances which improve seed germination and growth
of extended root system. It produces polysaccharides which improve soil aggregation.
Azotobacter suppresses the growth of saprophytic and pathogenic microorganism near the
root system of crop plants. In a country like India where the application of chemical
fertilizer in rain fed cultivated area is low and in irrigated area its application is much less as
compared to many developed country its benefit have been reported.
Morphology:
1) Cell size: Large ovoid cells, size ranging from 2.07.0×1.02.5µ.
2) Cell character: polymorphic
3) Accumulate poly βhydroxyl butyrate granules.
4) Gram reaction: negative
Physiology
1) Nature: chemo heterotrophic, free living
2) C source: a variety of carbon source ( mono, di and certain polysaccharide) organic
acids.
3) N sources: Nitrogen through fixation, amino acid, NH4, NO3
4) Respiration: aerobic
5) Growth media: Ashby Jensen’s medium
6) Doubling time: 3 hours
Contribution
1) 2040 mg BNF/g of C source in laboratory condition equivalent to 2040 kg N/ha.
2) Production of growth promoting substance like vitamins of B groups, indole acetic
acid and gibberellic acid.
3) Biological control of plant disease by suppressing Aspergillus, Fusarium.
Recommended for
Rice, wheat, millets, other cereals, cotton, vegetable, sunflower, mustard, flowers.
Increase in yield: 20 to 30%
Azospirillium
It belongs to family spirillaceae. The bacteria have been found to live within the
root of sorghum, bajra and rage plants. They are chemoheterotrophic and association in
nature. They fix atmospheric nitrogen at the rate of 1530 kg N/ha and secrete growth
regulatory substance
The use of azospirillium inoculants help in increasing yield of millets. It
significantly increase the growth, chlorophyll content and mycorrhyzal infection in root.
Increased growth and nutrient uptake by barley plants were observed when seed were co
inoculated with A. brasilense and Glomus versiforme.
Morphology
1) Cell size: curved rod, 1mm in diameter, size and shape vary.
2) Accumulate: poly βhydroxyl butyric acid.
3) Gram reaction: negative
4) Development of white pellicles 24mm below the surface of NFB medium.
Physiology
1) Nature: chemoheterotrophic, associative.
2) C source: organic acid, Larabinose, Dgluconate, Dfructose, Dglucose, sucrose,
pectin.
3) N sources: nitrogen through fixation, amino acids, NH4, NO3
4) Respiration: aerobic, micro aerobic.
5) Growth media: N free bromothymol blue (NBF)
6) Doubling time: 1hr in ammonia containing medium, 5.5 to 7hr. on malate
containing semisolid medium
Contribution:
1) 2040 mg N/g malate under laboratory condition equivalent to 2040 kg N/ha.
2) Results in increase mineral and water uptake, root development, vegetative growth
and crop yield.
Recommended for:
Rice, millets maize, wheat, sorghum, sugarcane and coinoculants for
legumes.
Response: Average increase in yield 1530%.
Phosphate solubilizing biofertilizer
Phosphorus is one of the most important plant nutrients and may be critical
nutrient for the optimum growth of plants. Most of our soils are in available forms of
phosphorus required phosphate application. The proliferation of efficient strain of phosphate
solubilization microorganism. In the rhizosphere of crops will render insoluble soil
phosphate available to plants due to production and secretion of organic acid by them. The
use of this biofertilizer will also increase the availability of phosphate from rock phosphate
applied directly even to neutral to alkaline soil or when used for preparation of phosphor
compost. Phosphate solubilizing microorganism include efficient strain of bacteria, fungi,
yeast and actinomycetes in that order
Bacteria
Morphology
1) Cell size: rod shape, 1.1 to 2.2µm in diameter.
2) Gram reaction: for Bacillus positive and for Pseudomonas negative
3) Transparent zones of clearing around microbial colonies indicate extent of P
solubilization.
Physiology
1) Nature: chemoheterotrophic.
2) C source: Glucose is the main C source but they can utilize other carbon sources.
3) Respiration: aerobic, micro aerobic.
3) Growth media: Pikovskaya’s media.
Fungi
Morphology
For Aspergillus, conidial heads colored, conidiophores pitted, often appearing rough
in general, arise separately from the substratum, 400700µ or 1000µ long 515 µ in diameter.
For Penicillium, penicillin typically in single verticles of phalides borne or branches or
consisting of three or more series of veticles.
Physiology
1) Nature: chemoheterotrophic.
2) C source: Glucose is the main C source but they can utilize other carbon sources.
3) Respiration: strictly aerobic
4) Growth media: Pikovskaya’s media.
Contribution
1) These microorganisms possess the ability to bring insoluble soil phosphate into
soluble forms by secreting several organic acids.
2) Under favorable conditions, they can solubilize 2030% of insoluble phosphate.
Recommended for: All crops
Increase in yield: 10 to 20%