Você está na página 1de 9

Intro

This assignment is aimed to produce a proposal for forming a new


shop front which be spanning between the surveyed property and
the one adjacent to. The measurements and loading are identical to
the building adjacent. The property that works will be carried out on
is 42 Howard Street, Sheffield. I will be transforming both properties
to have a shop front; the building will need structal work in order to
build the shop front.

The beam is one of most important structural elements in a building


that is capable of with standing load by resistang bend.

The beam is an important structural element in a building that is


capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. The
bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the
external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads
is called a bending moment.

http://www.tensquaremetres.com/drains/inspection.html

http://ctiweb.cf.ac.uk/projects/edg/edg05/resources/desineseaton/2LEA
RNER.pdf

http://www.askthebuilder.com/224___Removing_a_Load_Bearing_Wall.
shtml

http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?
imgurl=http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2476/4086016634_4591f484bc.jpg&
imgrefurl=http://www.diynot.com/forums/viewtopic.php%3Ft
%3D198129&usg=__qUMTQU9P3VQHCvWQvctWyZY0QPk=&h=500&
w=375&sz=111&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=uuMpbY_ykauM1M:&tb
nh=109&tbnw=91&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstrong%2Bboy%2Bacro
%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1026%26bih%3D484%26tbs
%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=266&ei=P9gHTeW6J9CwhQek
hOTtBw&oei=P9gHTeW6J9CwhQekhOTtBw&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=18
&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0&tx=36&ty=44

Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used
to carry horizontal loads (i.e., loads due to an earthquake or wind). The
loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders,
which then transfer the force to adjacent structural compression
members. In light frame construction the joists rest on the beam.
Beams are characterized by their profile (the shape of their cross-
section), their length, and their material. In contemporary construction,
beams are typically made of steel, reinforced concrete, or wood. One of
the most common types of steel beam is the I-beam or wide-flange
beam (also known as a "universal beam" or, for stouter sections, a
"universal column"). This is commonly used in steel-frame buildings and
bridges. Other common beam profiles are the C-channel, the hollow
structural section beam, the pipe, and the angle.

Internally, beams experience compressive, tensile and shear stresses


as a result of the loads applied to them. Typically, under gravity loads,
the original length of the beam is slightly reduced to enclose a smaller
radius arc at the top of the beam, resulting in compression, while the
same original beam length at the bottom of the beam is slightly
stretched to enclose a larger radius arc, and so is under tension. The
same original length of the middle of the beam, generally halfway
between the top and bottom, is the same as the radial arc of bending,
and so it is under neither compression nor tension, and defines the
neutral axis (dotted line in the beam figure). Above the supports, the
beam is exposed to shear stress. There are some reinforced concrete
beams in which the concrete is entirely in compression with tensile
forces taken by steel tendons. These beams are known as prestressed
concrete beams, and are fabricated to produce a compression more
than the expected tension under loading conditions. High strength steel
tendons are stretched while the beam is cast over them. Then, when
the concrete has cured, the tendons are slowly released and the beam
is immediately under eccentric axial loads. This eccentric loading
creates an internal moment, and, in turn, increases the moment carrying
capacity of the beam. They are commonly used on highway bridges.
The primary tool for structural analysis of beams is the Euler–Bernoulli
beam equation. Other mathematical methods for determining the
deflection of beams include "method of virtual work" and the "slope
deflection method". Engineers are interested in determining deflections
because the beam may be in direct contact with a brittle material such
as glass. Beam deflections are also minimized for aesthetic reasons. A
visibly sagging beam, even if structurally safe, is unsightly and to be
avoided. A stiffer beam (high modulus of elasticity and high second
moment of area) produces less deflection.
Mathematical methods for determining the beam forces (internal forces
of the beam and the forces that are imposed on the beam support)
include the "moment distribution method", the force or flexibility method
and the beams in reinforced concrete buildings have rectangular cross
sections, but the most efficient cross section for a simply supported
beam is an I or H section. Because of the parallel axis theorem and the
fact that most of the material is away from the neutral axis, the second
moment of area of the beam increases, which in turn increases the
stiffness.

An I-beam is only the most efficient shape in one direction of bending:


up and down looking at the profile as an I. If the beam is bent side to
side, it functions as an H where it is less efficient. The most efficient
shape for both directions in 2D is a box (a square shell) however the
most efficient shape for bending in any direction is a cylindrical shell or
tube. But, for unidirectional bending, the I or wide flange beam is
superior.
Efficiency means that for the same cross sectional area (volume of
beam per length) subjected to the same loading conditions, the beam
deflects less.
Other shapes, like L (angles), C (channels) or tubes, are also used in
construction when there
The importantance of the beam and the characterstics that
it hold will help determine the correct beam that will be
used to carry out the beam calculations that will suggest
the suitable beam that will be used. Which will be the IBEAM

TEMPORARY WORKS

• Definitions

• Façade Retention CHOSEN

• Falsework & Formwork

• Propping and Shoring


• Alteration and Adaptation

• Underpinning

• Trench Support

• Summar

Temporary Works" means all temporary works of every kind (other


than Contractor's Equipment) required on Site for the execution and
completion of the Permanent Works and the remedying of any
defects.
(FIDIC Conditions of Contract Definition)

"Temporary Works" means all temporary works of every kind


required in or about the construction and completion of the Works.

(ICE Conditions of Contract Definition)

The many types of temporary structures include cofferdams; earth-


retaining structures; tunnelling supports; underpinning;
diaphragm/slurry walls; roadway decking; construction ramps,
runways, and platforms; scaffolding; shoring; falsework; concrete
formwork; bracing and guying; site protection structures such as
sidewalk bridges, boards, and nets for protection against falling
objects, barricades and fences, and signs; and unique structures
that are specially conceived, designed, and erected to aid in a
specific construction operation

Façade Retention

• Usually associated with demolition & refurbishment/conversion of


old historic buildings

• Can be as a result of structural damage/decay


• Can be as a result of subsidence, ground movement, natural
disasters

• Purpose:

• To provide temporary support to existing structure during


construction/demolition

• Safety a major factor

• To prevent total collapse of dangerous structure caused by


external factor

Falsework

Refers to temporary structures used in the construction to support


arched structures and concrete forms (moulds) in order to hold the
component in place until its construction is sufficiently far advanced
to support itself.

Found on http://www.acheson-glover.com/community/

• Falsework

Temporary framework to assist the erection of permanent structure.

Found on http://www.corusconstruction.com/en/des

Falsework

temporary bracing for the construction of a more permanent work


Category: Building

industry
Found on http://www.mijnwoordenboek.nl/definition

• Falsework

`Falsework` refers to temporary structures used in construction to


support spanning or arched structures in order to hold the
component in place until its construction is sufficiently advanced to
support itself. Falsework also includes temporary support structures
for formwork and scaffolding to give workers access to the
structure being constructed. BS 5975:1982 Found on
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsework

• Falsework

temporary construction to support arches and similar structures


while the mortar or concrete is setting or the steel is being
joined.Found on http://www.britannica.com

• Falsework

temporary bracing for the construction of a more permanent work


Category: Building industry

Found on http://www.mijnwoordenboek.nl/definition

• Formwork—panels and accessories used to mold concrete to form


a desired shape.

Found on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsework

• Formwork - an arrangement of wooden boards, bolts, etc., used to


shape reinforced concrete while it is setting Also called (esp Brit)
shuttering
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 6th Ed

Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent


moulds into which concrete or similar materials are poured.

http://www.answers.com/topic/formwork

• Formwork. Temporary metal or timber shuttering constructed

as the mould for concrete. When removed (struck) after the


concrete has set, the imprint of the formwork is left on the face of
the concrete, and so the timber boarding can be made to leave a
rugged board-marked finish, much sought a

Propping & Shoring

• Props and shores used for variety of reasons

• To maintain verticality of formwork until concrete cures

• Prevention of collapse of structures

• Additional support for walls until rest of structure in place

• To facilitate safe excavation particularly in basements


ADD DRAWINGS OF TEMPORARY WORKS

REFER TO BS TEMPORARY WORKS

This British Standard is the official English language version


of

EN 12811-2:2004.

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical


Committee B/514, Access and support equipment, to Subcommittee
B/514/21, Access and working scaffolds and their components
(props, tubes and couplers), which has the responsibility to:

A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be


obtained on request to its secretary.

Additional information

As stated in the Scope of EN 12811-2:2004, this standard "…


provides guidance on where to find information on materials often
used in temporary works." It lists standards and provides
information concerning the more commonly used steel, aluminium
alloys, cast iron, timber and timber based materials. The Scope of
EN 12811-2:2004 also states that the standard "draws attention to a
number of points that a designer should take into account". Almost
all the information given in this standard has been selected from the
standards referenced. The information in these referenced
standards may be amended or revised as circumstances dictate.
The latest versions of the referenced standards will themselves
contain the full information, in context, to be used.

8.1 gives three classes of corrosion protection for ferrous metal


products. The friction values of corrosion protection outside these
classes may differ significantly from one another, particularly in the
case of more modern corrosion protection treatments, such as non-
electrolytically applied zinc flake coatings.

Cross-references

The British Standards which implement international or European


publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI
Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards
Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI
Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.

This publication does not purport to include all the necessary


provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself
confer immunity from legal obligations.

— aid enquirers to understand the text;

— present to the responsible international/European committee any


enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep
the

UK interests informed;

— monitor related international and European developments and


promulgate them in the UK.

http://www.alwynrichards.com/

Você também pode gostar